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Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norms- [electronic resource]
Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norm...
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Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norms- [electronic resource]
자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214101215
ISBN  
9798379919467
DDC  
150
저자명  
Hagen, Renee Vera.
서명/저자  
Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norms - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Los Angeles., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(161 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Scelza, Brooke Anne.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약How do social norms spread in a population? Which processes affect whether a social norm persists over time or disappears quickly? These are the questions that guide this dissertation. In modeling the spread and maintenance of social norms, I employ and integrate two theoretical frameworks: cultural evolution theory, an anthropological framework that aims to model how culture changes over time and space and understands cultural change as somewhat analogous to Darwinian evolution; and sexual conflict theory, a theoretical perspective from evolutionary biology that investigates how conflicts of interests between the sexes are played out over evolutionary time. Throughout this work, I apply Bayesian statistical inference to empirically test hypotheses on norm change.The term 'social norm' as used colloquially can have various meanings. Descriptive social norms refer to what most people in a population do; they describe common behaviors or conventions of a group. On the other hand, prescriptive social norms say something about what is morally right, about how the world ought to be, and how people should behave. I argue that this distinction is crucial for pinpointing the processes affecting the dynamics of social norms, as descriptive and prescriptive norms are likely subject to some shared as well as distinct selective pressures and processes of change.In Chapter 1, I apply the framework of cultural evolution theory to examine how a set of descriptive norms introduced by a cultural outgroup spreads in a population. Here the norms under study are perinatal care practices as recommended by the WHO and locally promoted by the Red Cross and government health workers among Himba women in the Kunene region of Namibia. Access to formal medical care is on the rise in this region, and medical workers regularly visit communities to promote WHO-recommended perinatal care practices. Based on interviews with 100 Himba mothers, I use Bayesian multilevel logistical regression models to examine how perceptions of group preferences, prestige ascribed to outgroup conformers, interaction with the outgroup, and access to resources affect women's uptake of medical recommendations concerning perinatal care. I find that women who perceive medical recommendations as common in their group prefer, plan and practice these recommendations more often themselves, and my analyses show that an observed shift towards medical recommendations regarding hospital birth and use of contraceptives is in line with predictions of conformity-biased social learning. Concluding this chapter, I argue that norm changes and the cultural evolutionary processes that can lead to them are not uniform, either in process or pace. Empirical studies like this one provide important examples of how these changes reflect local culture and circumstance. They are critical for better understanding the models that currently predominate in cultural evolution work, and can help bridge the gap between anthropology and public health by demonstrating where norm change campaigns might be most effective. Chapter 2 takes as point of departure the somewhat paradoxical observation that many women support social norms that seem - from the perspective of western feminism - against their own self-interest. Women around the world support and promote patriarchal gender norms that justify men's dominance over women, assign men more rights than women, or that otherwise favor men over women. In this chapter, I employ sexual conflict theory to consider whether women's attitudes towards patriarchal gender norms reflect their anticipated fitness costs and benefits. Using Bayesian multilevel cumulative probit models, I test whether these hypothesized fitness payoffs are consistent with self-reported attitudes of people in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (n = 18,317). I find that as expected, women's gender norms are more egalitarian than men's but that older age is associated with increasing support for patriarchal gender norms. This age-effect is stronger for women, and this gender difference suggests the effect cannot be explained by a generational shifts in norms alone, but is in line with predicted changes in fitness interests. Unlike predicted under the 'gendered fitness hypothesis', I find little evidence that having more sons leads to more patriarchal gender norms. An association between the two seems largely driven by a preference for sons, and the gender of women's children is mostly unrelated to other gender norms. Lastly, in most populations higher social status correlates with egalitarian attitudes more so for women than for men. I conclude that part of the variation in women's attitudes towards gender norms may be explained through their varying interests in such norms depending on their age and marital status. Women's increased interests in patriarchy may in some cases result from a real decrease in the costs they experience, but can also reflect higher costs of social deviance from the culturally dominant gender ideology. Social status may be protective against the costs of contesting culturally dominant norms, and future work may investigate how social status and other factors may mitigate the price of going against the grain. Lastly, in Chapter 3 I bring the two theoretical perspectives, cultural evolution and sexual conflict theory, together and argue that an underappreciation of the complex relationship between gender norms and sex ratios has hampered a successful understanding of sexual conflict in humans. This complexity may explain why some classic findings regarding sex ratios and bargaining power from the non-human animal literature are not always replicated in human populations. I review and expand upon existing theory to increase its applicability to humans, where gender norms regulate sex ratio-effects on sexual conflict and bargaining. Importantly, gender norms are in part a product of women's and men's sometimes conflicting reproductive interests, but these norms are also subject to other evolutionary processes, and their flexibility is constrained. Gender norms shape sex ratio effects by constraining who is on the marriage market, how they are valued, and by affecting people's reproductive decision-making power. Norms about the value and status of women and men also directly affect sex ratios in many of the world's populations, and I hypothesize that they structure how individuals respond to market value gained or lost through biased sex ratios. In conclusion, an integration of sexual conflict theory and cultural evolutionary theory is required to address these complexities and vital to a full understanding of sexual conflict in humans. 
일반주제명  
Behavioral sciences.
일반주제명  
Sociology.
일반주제명  
Demography.
일반주제명  
Public health.
일반주제명  
Statistics.
키워드  
Cultural evolution
키워드  
Gender norms
키워드  
Maternal health
키워드  
Sexual conflicts
키워드  
Social norms
기타저자  
University of California, Los Angeles Anthropology 0063
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-01B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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