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Essays in Political Economy- [electronic resource]
Essays in Political Economy - [electronic resource]
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Essays in Political Economy- [electronic resource]
자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100354
ISBN  
9798379654290
DDC  
324
저자명  
Nowacki, Tobias.
서명/저자  
Essays in Political Economy - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : Stanford University., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(240 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Cox, Gary.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약In this dissertation, I study how elections - and electoral rules, in particular - shape the selection of candidates with distinct attributes into office. While there is a large and well-developed literature on how different electoral institutions shape the number of parties and candidates running and winning, we know far less about how the same institutions affect what types of candidates end up being elected to office. In the following chapters, I examine how electoral rules applied to local politics - the very first rung of the tall ladder of political careers - shape the nature of electoral competition by affecting female candidates' career trajectories and allowing independent candidates without a partisan affiliation to thrive. I do so using modern causal inference techniques and introduce new methods to study heterogeneous effects in close elections.My dissertation highlights salient tradeoffs for policymakers and electoral reformers when designing electoral institutions, and offers new methodological tools to study these questions in the context of close elections. In choosing how to design electoral systems, decision-makers may also have to navigate tradeoffs between conflicting normative desiderata, such as individual accountability of legislators versus representation of otherwise underrepresented groups; or the representation of salient, highly local issues versus parties' responsiveness across multiple layers of government. This work also emphasises the importance of electoral design even at the most local levels of politics, demonstrating these rules' widespread effect on representation, policymaking, and the nature of political competition. Who gets elected (and possibly re-elected) in the first steps of a political career has repercussion for the quality and characteristics of the candidate pool for higher-order elections. Altogether, I hope that it will form a valuable contribution, and a stepping stone towards further research, towards understanding how we should design our electoral rules in line with various democratic values.In the first paper (Chapter 2), I examine under what conditions elections held under different forms of proportional representation can help or hinder women's political careers by affecting the gender gap in incumbency advantages. I argue that women's incumbency advantages may be smaller in open-list systems where voters can determine individual candidates' list positions. By contrast, incumbency advantages in closed-list systems are party-driven and more likely to be of an equal magnitude for women. Using heterogeneity-in-discontinuity designs with data from candidates in local elections across Norway, Poland, and Spain, I present empirical evidence in support of this argument; additional results also rule out alternative explanations and strengthen confidence in the key role of gender in the underlying mechanism. I also demonstrate that, consistent with my theoretical argument, voters in right-wing parties in open-list elections likely award a smaller increase in preference votes to female winners. Overall, my findings contribute an important new perspective on the consequences of electoral rules and institutions for gender equity in politics.In the second paper (Chapter 3), I study how independent candidates in two-round runoff elections can attract greater support from the electorate vis-`a-vis partisan candidates. I distinguish several competing explanations of why political parties fail to penetrate local elections successfully (despite fielding candidates) before focussing on the case of mayoral elections in Poland, where independents routinely win up to 70% of these elections. I use the runoff rule to compare elections in which an independent candidate barely qualifies for the runoff to elections in which a partisan candidate does so.
일반주제명  
Electoral reform.
일반주제명  
Nominations.
일반주제명  
Local elections.
일반주제명  
Legislatures.
일반주제명  
Political parties.
일반주제명  
Design.
일반주제명  
Election results.
일반주제명  
Probability.
일반주제명  
Negative campaigning.
일반주제명  
Women.
일반주제명  
Incumbency.
일반주제명  
Voters.
일반주제명  
Voter behavior.
일반주제명  
Competition.
일반주제명  
Behavioral psychology.
일반주제명  
Finance.
일반주제명  
Political science.
일반주제명  
Psychology.
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 84-12B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
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