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Structural Issues in Macroeconomics- [electronic resource]
Structural Issues in Macroeconomics - [electronic resource]
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Structural Issues in Macroeconomics- [electronic resource]
자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100121
ISBN  
9798379753986
DDC  
658
저자명  
Vieira Marto, Ricardo Jorge.
서명/저자  
Structural Issues in Macroeconomics - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of Pennsylvania., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(319 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Greenwood, Jeremy.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation consists of four chapters addressing structural issues that will permeate the macroeconomic landscape for years to come: (1) the rise in markups; (2) the importance of college admissions in building human capital; (3) the transformation of the family; and (4) the emergence of digital advertising. The first chapter, titled "Structural Change and the Rise in Markups," studies the sources of the rise in markups over the last forty years. Was the recent rise in markups in the United States and Europe caused by increased monopoly power or was it a natural consequence of structural change in the economy? That chapter shows that the rise in aggregate markups was driven by a reallocation of market share away from non-services to services-producing firms and a faster increase of services' markups. I develop a two-sector model of structural change to assess the sources of the rise in markups between 1980 and 2015. The two forces of structural change play opposing roles in the model. On one hand, an increase in the relative productivity of manufacturing leads to a decline of the relative price of manufactured goods. The pass-through to consumers is however smaller than one, pushing up the markups of goods-producing firms. On the other hand, increasing incomes trigger the rise of the services sector, leading to higher markups for firms in services. The higher markups result from preferences that imply the price elasticity of demand falls with income. The model matches key trends in the United States, specifically the rise of the service sector and the fall of the relative price of manufactured goods. I show that the rise in markups is in line with these observed shifts and may not necessarily reflect a decline of competition. I provide novel experimental evidence supporting the notion that the price elasticity of demand decreases with income.The second chapter, titled "College Admissions and the (Mis)Allocation of Talent," delves into the college market to analyze the role of admissions in the allocation of students across selective and nonselective colleges. Why are high-achieving, low-income students less likely to apply to selective colleges despite the generous financial aid typically offered? To reconcile this seeming puzzle, an equilibrium model of the college market featuring tuition discrimination and a noisy application and admissions system is presented and estimated. Students differ in their financial resources and innate ability. They can apply to multiple colleges, yet they are uncertain about their prospective admissions and financial aid. Colleges in turn only observe a signal of students' ability and compete by choosing admission standards and tuition schedules. We show that low-income students receive generous financial aid at selective colleges because only the highest-ability among them apply, making their signals highly informative. If signals were less informative (e.g. colleges stopped using the SAT), high-ability students would be worse off and only high-income, low-ability students would benefit. Finally, there are welfare gains from increasing need-based financial aid (e.g. Pell Grants). Despite its fiscal cost, the policy would greatly benefit low-income, high-ability students.The third chapter, titled "The Great Transition: Kuznets Facts for Family-Economists," examines the dramatic transformation the family goes through as an economy develops. Six Kuznets-style facts regarding structural change in the family are presented in this chapter. Over the course of the 20th century in the United States, (1) housework fell and leisure increased, (2) fertility dropped, (3) marriage waned, (4) household size declined, (5) educational attainment waxed, and (6) jobs shifted from blue to white collar. These trends are also observed in the cross-country data. A model is developed, and then calibrated, to address the trends in the U.S. data over the last 140 years. The calibration procedure is closely connected to the underlying economic logic. Three drivers of the great transition are considered: neutral technological progress, skill-biased technological change, and drops in the price of labor-saving household durables. The fourth chapter, titled "The Expansion of Product Varieties in the New Age of Advertising," dissects the increase in firms' offering of product varieties. The last decades have seen large improvements in advertising technology that allowed firms to target better specific consumers' tastes. The relationship between advertising, the rise of product varieties, and economic welfare is studied in this chapter. A model of advertising and product varieties is developed, where firms choose the intensity of digital ads directed at specific consumers as well traditional ads that are undirected. The calibrated model shows that improvements in digital advertising have driven the rise in product varieties over time. Causal empirical evidence, using detailed micro data on firms' products and advertising choices for the 1995-2015 period and exogenous variation in consumers' differential access to the internet, supports the suggested theoretical mechanism.
일반주제명  
Finance.
키워드  
Macroeconomics
키워드  
Structural issues
키워드  
Manufactured goods
키워드  
Financial resources
키워드  
Economic welfare
기타저자  
University of Pennsylvania Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 84-12A.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
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