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Bridging Implementation Science and Demography to Understand the Dynamics of Child Survival in Tanzania During the Millennium Development Goal Era- [electronic resource]
Bridging Implementation Science and Demography to Understand the Dynamics of Child Surviva...
Bridging Implementation Science and Demography to Understand the Dynamics of Child Survival in Tanzania During the Millennium Development Goal Era- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214101220
ISBN  
9798379910006
DDC  
614
저자명  
Baynes, Colin.
서명/저자  
Bridging Implementation Science and Demography to Understand the Dynamics of Child Survival in Tanzania During the Millennium Development Goal Era - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of Washington., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(158 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Sherr, Kenneth.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약Although on the decline, the global burden of preventable child mortality remains concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. In recent decades, governments in the region have sought to ameliorate this disparity by introducing numerous evidence-based interventions known to improve child survival. In Tanzania, these strategies were effective, as evidenced in 2015 by the country's achievement of the child survival Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Contemporaneously, however, fertility levels in Tanzania stalled despite anticipation that a transition would ensue in the wake of widespread child mortality reduction. Understanding the determinants and mechanisms through which child survival interventions in Tanzania achieved impact can guide strategy to address global inequalities in child mortality risk. Furthermore, knowledge about how mortality and fertility processes are linked in the context of rural Tanzania in the MDG era (2000-15) can help programs influence the course of population change in this region. In this dissertation, we bridge theory and methods from demography and implementation science to address those objectives. In Chapters 2 and 3, we use data from a cluster-randomized trial of the impact of a community-health worker (CHW) program that was conducted from 2011-15 in rural settings of Tanzania that comprised sentinel areas of the Ifakara and Rufiji Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS). The first paper uses data from a 2011 facility survey that quantified the implementation of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH)-related inputs at the health facility level. We combined weighted-additive methods, principal components analysis and Bayesian mixed effects modelling to reduce these data into three scales of the implementation strength exerted by groups of facilities on communities from which their clients came. We linked these scales to longitudinal data on the survival of children that were born in these communities in 2011 and followed up through 2015. We fit survival time regression models which reported that increases in the strength of MNCH implementation gauged by two scales were associated with child mortality risks that were appreciably lower. We conclude that strong implementation of MNCH services can enhance child survival, and that routine data from facilities can be used to detect small area inequalities in the effectiveness of MNCH coverage and to measure the impacts of health systems strengthening. In Chapter 3, we report on a mixed methods analysis that explains the outcomes of the CHW intervention. Program effects on MNCH service utilization, childhood morbidity and sick childcare seeking were evaluated using difference-in-difference regression analysis with outcomes measured through pre- and post-intervention household surveys in intervention and comparison trial arms. A qualitative process evaluation was conducted from 2012-2014. The CHW program reduced incidence of childhood illness and improved access to timely and appropriate sick childcare; however, there was no effect on MNCH service utilization. The positive outcomes were achieved through mechanisms that triggered high levels of acceptability of CHW among community-members, and motivation and confidence of the CHW. Implementation factors that generated these effects were related to the engagement of communities in program startup; the training, remuneration and configuration of supervision and support to the CHW from the health system and community. Null results were attributed to the fragile health systems context and health systems' limited capacity for strategic change. We conclude that strategies that strengthen and align communities' and health systems core capacities, as well as their ability to learn, adapt and integrate evidence-based interventions, are needed to maximize the MNCH impact of CHW. Our third paper, in Chapter 4, we employ generalized hazard regression analysis to examine the fertility response to child mortality using longitudinal data compiled by the Ifakara and Rufiji HDSS from 2000-2015. The analysis adjusts for individual and contextual covariates, including annual cluster-level child mortality rates. Results show that child mortality accelerates parity progression. Time to conception is most reduced if a child dies during its subsequent birth interval, representing the "replacement" effect of child loss on fertility. Deaths occurring during prior birth intervals were, to a lesser magnitude, associated with accelerated time to conception during future intervals, which is consistent with hypothesized "insurance" effects of anticipating future child loss. Investigation of interactions suggests that contrary to evidence from similar studies and expectations raised by classical demographic theory, insurance effects on fertility tend to be greater, and replacement effects lower, in communities in which child mortality is relatively rare. We conclude that future research should interrogate this finding and generate evidence on ways that programs can optimize women's opportunities and abilities to adapt their fertility intentions, and achieve them, in the context of demographic change in transitional societies, like Tanzania.  
일반주제명  
Public health.
일반주제명  
Demography.
일반주제명  
Health care management.
일반주제명  
Obstetrics.
키워드  
Child survival
키워드  
Demography
키워드  
Implementation science
키워드  
Maternal and child health
키워드  
Tanzania
기타저자  
University of Washington Global Health
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-01B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a614
■1001  ▼aBaynes,  Colin.
■24510▼aBridging  Implementation  Science  and  Demography  to  Understand  the  Dynamics  of  Child  Survival  in  Tanzania  During  the  Millennium  Development  Goal  Era▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  Washington.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(158  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Sherr,  Kenneth.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Washington,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aAlthough  on  the  decline,  the  global  burden  of  preventable  child  mortality  remains  concentrated  in  sub-Saharan  Africa.  In  recent  decades,  governments  in  the  region  have  sought  to  ameliorate  this  disparity  by  introducing  numerous  evidence-based  interventions  known  to  improve  child  survival.  In  Tanzania,  these  strategies  were  effective,  as  evidenced  in  2015  by  the  country's  achievement  of  the  child  survival  Millennium  Development  Goal  (MDG).  Contemporaneously,  however,  fertility  levels  in  Tanzania  stalled  despite  anticipation  that  a  transition  would  ensue  in  the  wake  of  widespread  child  mortality  reduction.  Understanding  the  determinants  and  mechanisms  through  which  child  survival  interventions  in  Tanzania  achieved  impact  can  guide  strategy  to  address  global  inequalities  in  child  mortality  risk.  Furthermore,  knowledge  about  how  mortality  and  fertility  processes  are  linked  in  the  context  of  rural  Tanzania  in  the  MDG  era  (2000-15)  can  help  programs  influence  the  course  of  population  change  in  this  region.  In  this  dissertation,  we  bridge  theory  and  methods  from  demography  and  implementation  science  to  address  those  objectives.  In  Chapters  2  and  3,  we  use  data  from  a  cluster-randomized  trial  of  the  impact  of  a  community-health  worker  (CHW)  program  that  was  conducted  from  2011-15  in  rural  settings  of  Tanzania  that  comprised  sentinel  areas  of  the  Ifakara  and  Rufiji  Demographic  Surveillance  Systems  (HDSS). The  first  paper  uses  data  from  a  2011  facility  survey  that  quantified  the  implementation  of  maternal,  newborn  and  child  health  (MNCH)-related  inputs  at  the  health  facility  level.  We  combined  weighted-additive  methods,  principal  components  analysis  and  Bayesian  mixed  effects  modelling  to  reduce  these  data  into  three  scales  of  the  implementation  strength  exerted  by  groups  of  facilities  on  communities  from  which  their  clients  came.  We  linked  these  scales  to  longitudinal  data  on  the  survival  of  children  that  were  born  in  these  communities  in  2011  and  followed  up  through  2015.  We  fit  survival  time  regression  models  which  reported  that  increases  in  the  strength  of  MNCH  implementation  gauged  by  two  scales  were  associated  with  child  mortality  risks  that  were  appreciably  lower.  We  conclude  that  strong  implementation  of  MNCH  services  can  enhance  child  survival,  and  that  routine  data  from  facilities  can  be  used  to  detect  small  area  inequalities  in  the  effectiveness  of  MNCH  coverage  and  to  measure  the  impacts  of  health  systems  strengthening. In  Chapter  3,  we  report  on  a  mixed  methods  analysis  that  explains  the  outcomes  of  the  CHW  intervention.  Program  effects  on  MNCH  service  utilization,  childhood  morbidity  and  sick  childcare  seeking  were  evaluated  using  difference-in-difference  regression  analysis  with  outcomes  measured  through  pre-  and  post-intervention  household  surveys  in  intervention  and  comparison  trial  arms.  A  qualitative  process  evaluation  was  conducted  from  2012-2014.  The  CHW  program  reduced  incidence  of  childhood  illness  and  improved  access  to  timely  and  appropriate  sick  childcare;  however,  there  was  no  effect  on  MNCH  service  utilization.  The  positive  outcomes  were  achieved  through  mechanisms  that  triggered  high  levels  of  acceptability  of  CHW  among  community-members,  and  motivation  and  confidence  of  the  CHW.  Implementation  factors  that  generated  these  effects  were  related  to  the  engagement  of  communities  in  program  startup;  the  training,  remuneration  and  configuration  of  supervision  and  support  to  the  CHW  from  the  health  system  and  community.  Null  results  were  attributed  to  the  fragile  health  systems  context  and  health systems'  limited  capacity  for  strategic  change.  We  conclude  that  strategies  that  strengthen  and  align  communities'  and  health  systems  core  capacities,  as  well  as  their  ability  to  learn,  adapt  and  integrate  evidence-based  interventions,  are  needed  to  maximize  the  MNCH  impact  of  CHW. Our  third  paper,  in  Chapter  4,  we  employ  generalized  hazard  regression  analysis  to  examine  the  fertility  response  to  child  mortality  using  longitudinal  data  compiled  by  the  Ifakara  and  Rufiji  HDSS  from  2000-2015.  The  analysis  adjusts  for  individual  and  contextual  covariates,  including  annual  cluster-level  child  mortality  rates.  Results  show  that  child  mortality  accelerates  parity  progression.  Time  to  conception  is  most  reduced  if  a  child  dies  during  its  subsequent  birth  interval,  representing  the  "replacement"  effect  of  child  loss  on  fertility.  Deaths  occurring  during  prior  birth  intervals  were,  to  a  lesser  magnitude,  associated  with  accelerated  time  to  conception  during  future  intervals,  which  is  consistent  with  hypothesized  "insurance"  effects  of  anticipating  future  child  loss.  Investigation  of  interactions  suggests  that  contrary  to  evidence  from  similar  studies  and  expectations  raised  by  classical  demographic  theory,  insurance  effects  on  fertility  tend  to  be  greater,  and  replacement  effects  lower,  in  communities  in  which  child  mortality  is  relatively  rare.  We  conclude  that  future  research  should  interrogate  this  finding  and  generate  evidence  on  ways  that  programs  can  optimize  women's  opportunities  and  abilities  to  adapt  their  fertility  intentions,  and  achieve  them,  in  the  context  of  demographic  change  in  transitional  societies,  like  Tanzania.  
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0250.
■650  4▼aPublic  health.
■650  4▼aDemography.
■650  4▼aHealth  care  management.
■650  4▼aObstetrics.
■653    ▼aChild  survival
■653    ▼aDemography
■653    ▼aImplementation  science
■653    ▼aMaternal  and  child  health
■653    ▼aTanzania
■690    ▼a0573
■690    ▼a0938
■690    ▼a0769
■690    ▼a0380
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Washington▼bGlobal  Health.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-01B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0250
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16933223▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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