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Exploiting Diffusional Constraints in Microporous Materials for Methane Reforming Reactions With Insights From Isotopic Exchange Experiments- [electronic resource]
Exploiting Diffusional Constraints in Microporous Materials for Methane Reforming Reaction...
Exploiting Diffusional Constraints in Microporous Materials for Methane Reforming Reactions With Insights From Isotopic Exchange Experiments- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214095856
ISBN  
9798380620772
DDC  
660
저자명  
Tin Chee Leung, Samuel Lin.
서명/저자  
Exploiting Diffusional Constraints in Microporous Materials for Methane Reforming Reactions With Insights From Isotopic Exchange Experiments - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2021
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2021
형태사항  
1 online resource(198 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Iglesia, Enrique.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2021.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약Steam methane reforming (CH4-H2O) is the most widely used process for the production of H2 and is also a key reaction in the production of a wide variety of value-added chemicals and products from natural gas resources. Ni-based materials are the most commonly used catalysts in these processes but suffer from the undesired formation of carbonaceous deposits, most often in the form of filaments that can lead not only to deactivation but also catalyst disintegration. Low CH4/H2O feed ratios are frequently used to mitigate such carbon formation. These strategies reflect the wider effects and consequences of carbon thermodynamic activities on the catalyst surface during steady-state catalysis. The dynamics of carbon deposition during CH4-H2O and CH4-CO2 reactions (800-1000 K) on Ni-based catalysts and kinetic treatments show that carbon activities and thus carbon formation rates are uniquely determined by a ratio of pressures ψ ((CH4)(H2)/(H2O)) for a given temperature. These carbon activities provide the thermodynamic driving force for the diffusion of carbon through Ni nanoparticles and subsequent formation of filaments. The diameters of carbon filaments are correlated with the diameters of the Ni particles (5-11 nm). Smaller filaments are less stable and exhibit higher thermodynamic carbon activities, rendering their formation more difficult and decreasing thermodynamic driving force for their formation, thus decreasing also rates of carbon deposition. The conclusions from these carbon formation studies inform subsequent strategies for encapsulating metal (Pt) clusters in microporous materials.The encapsulation of metals in zeolites provides many advantages over conventional metal-oxide supported metal nanoparticles, including the retention of small nanoparticles even at high temperatures. Such microporous materials are frequently used in catalytic applications to selectively sieve molecules based on their size and shape and can therefore be used to selectively impose intracrystalline concentration gradients, leading to changes in reactant ratios within the channels of molecular dimensions. These properties can be exploited for CH4-H2O reactions, where the diffusivity of smaller H2O molecules is expected to be much greater than for CH4 in pores of molecular dimensions. The extrapolation of diffusion data to reaction temperatures, however, can involve significant error. Furthermore, the measurement of H2O and CH4 can (R2/De) at reaction temperatures by conventional transient uptake measurements is not feasible because of the extremely short timescales of these processes and low uptakes at such temperatures. The measurement of diffusion time constants (R2/De) at reaction temperatures is therefore accomplished here by analyzing effective reaction rates, specifically isotopic exchange rates, in mass transport limited systems using reaction-diffusion models.The extraction of diffusion time constants (R2/De) from reaction-diffusion models can only be rigorously performed with accurate kinetic models. The kinetics of H2O-D2 and H2-D2 exchange and their mechanistic interpretations are therefore addressed here to allow for such calculations of diffusion time constants. H2-D2 isotopic exchange rates (5-80 kPa H2, 5-80 kPa D2; 383 K; H2/D2 = 0.0625-16) on Pt-based catalysts show monotonic increases in rate with H2 and D2 pressures, in contrast with the kinetics expected from the commonly cited recombinative desorption (H* + D*) pathway. Such recombination events only become significant at temperatures greater than 700 K and at low combined pressures (10 kPa) of H2 and D2. H2-D2 exchange is instead shown to proceed via the reaction of H2 with D* and D2 with H* in a single-site mechanism that does not exhibit a kinetic isotope effect. These exchange events are shown, using theoretical calculations, to occur via the dissociative adsorption of H2 (or D2) at entropically-favorable vacancies that arise from fluctuations in mobile H*-adlayers. These reaction pathways circumvent desorption/recombination reactions; such exchange reactions therefore cannot be used to demonstrate reversibility of H2 adsorption on catalytic surfaces at conditions of practice for hydrogenation reactions, as is commonly practiced. The kinetics of H2O-D2 isotopic exchange reactions (473 K, 5-80 kPa D2, 2.5-40 kPa H2O) are consistent with the reaction between D2 and molecularly adsorbed H2O*. This reaction pathway remains the predominant pathway for temperatures below 900 K, at which point the dissociation of H2O (to form OH* and H*) and recombination of OH* and D* likely becomes the primary pathway for exchange. These kinetic studies also show that H2O irreversibly titrates Pt surface sites by the formation of OH* species that can only be fully removed by reductive treatments at temperatures greater than 700 K.The kinetics of exchange inform the rigorous calculation of diffusion time constants from isotopic exchange rates in mass transport limited materials. CH4-D2 (5-35 kPa CH4, 5-30 kPa D2) H2O-D2 (5-30 kPa H2O, 5-30 D2), and H2-D2 (10 kPa H2, 10 kPa D2) isotopic exchange rates are measured here on Pt/SiO2, Pt/g-Al2O3, Pt/Na-LTA, and Pt/Ca-LTA samples at temperatures (573- 900 K) relevant for CH4-H2O reforming reactions. Effectiveness factors for CH4-D2 and H2O-D2 exchange on Pt/Na-LTA and Pt/Ca-LTA are used to extract diffusion time constants (R2/De) for CH4 and H2O using classical reaction-diffusion models. CH4 exhibits significantly larger diffusion time constants (by factors of more than 102) than H2O in both Pt/Na-LTA and Pt/Ca-LTA throughout this temperature range (573-900 K), indicating that H2O diffuses more readily in these materials, as required for elevated intracrystalline H2O/CH4 ratios during CH4-H2O reactions. H2-D2 exchange reactions do not exhibit mass transport limitations in these materials at these conditions.The measured CH4 and H2O diffusion time constants are used in the interpretation of deactivation rates during CH4-H2O reactions at 873 K on Pt/γ-Al2O3, Pt/Na-LTA, and Pt/Ca-LTA samples. Deactivation rates on Pt/γ-Al2O3 are linearly dependent on a ψ ((CH4)(H2)/H2O)), as expected from carbon formation studies on Ni. Deactivation rates on Pt/Na-LTA and Pt/Ca-LTA are undetectable for ψ ((CH4)(H2)/H2O)) values below 10 (including stoichiometric CH4/H2O ratios) and are 3-8 times slower than on Pt/γ-Al2O3 for ψ values between 10 and 40. These improvements reflect the high H2O/CH4 ratios within the zeolite pores, as indicated by extensive numerical models. Simulations of deactivation behavior are also used to provide additional insight into further optimizing these materials. The strategies for exploiting differences in diffusivity in microporous materials, demonstrated here for CH4-H2O reforming reactions, are generally applicable to reactions where selective access of smaller reactants is desirable.
일반주제명  
Chemical engineering.
일반주제명  
Materials science.
일반주제명  
Thermodynamics.
키워드  
Catalysis
키워드  
Diffusion
키워드  
Isotopic exchange
키워드  
Methane reforming
키워드  
Microporous materials
키워드  
Zeolites
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Chemical Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-04B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

 008240612s2021      us  |||||||||||||||c||eng  d
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■00520240214095856
■006m          o    d                
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■020    ▼a9798380620772
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI28720628
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a660
■1001  ▼aTin  Chee  Leung,  Samuel  Lin.
■24510▼aExploiting  Diffusional  Constraints  in  Microporous  Materials  for  Methane  Reforming  Reactions  With  Insights  From  Isotopic  Exchange  Experiments▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2021
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2021
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(198  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Iglesia,  Enrique.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2021.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aSteam  methane  reforming  (CH4-H2O)  is  the  most  widely  used  process  for  the  production  of  H2  and  is  also  a  key  reaction  in  the  production  of  a  wide  variety  of  value-added  chemicals  and  products  from  natural  gas  resources.  Ni-based  materials  are  the  most  commonly  used  catalysts  in  these  processes  but  suffer  from  the  undesired  formation  of  carbonaceous  deposits,  most  often  in  the  form  of  filaments  that  can  lead  not  only  to  deactivation  but  also  catalyst  disintegration.  Low  CH4/H2O  feed  ratios  are  frequently  used  to  mitigate  such  carbon  formation.  These  strategies  reflect  the  wider  effects  and  consequences  of  carbon  thermodynamic  activities  on  the  catalyst  surface  during  steady-state  catalysis.  The  dynamics  of  carbon  deposition  during  CH4-H2O  and  CH4-CO2  reactions  (800-1000  K)  on  Ni-based  catalysts  and  kinetic  treatments  show  that  carbon  activities  and  thus  carbon  formation  rates  are  uniquely  determined  by  a  ratio  of  pressures  ψ  ((CH4)(H2)/(H2O))  for  a  given  temperature.  These  carbon  activities  provide  the  thermodynamic  driving  force  for  the  diffusion  of  carbon  through  Ni  nanoparticles  and  subsequent  formation  of  filaments.  The  diameters  of  carbon  filaments  are  correlated  with  the  diameters  of  the  Ni  particles  (5-11  nm).  Smaller  filaments  are  less  stable  and  exhibit  higher  thermodynamic  carbon  activities,  rendering  their  formation  more  difficult  and  decreasing  thermodynamic  driving  force  for  their  formation,  thus  decreasing  also  rates  of  carbon  deposition.  The  conclusions  from  these  carbon  formation  studies  inform  subsequent  strategies  for  encapsulating  metal  (Pt)  clusters  in  microporous  materials.The  encapsulation  of  metals  in  zeolites  provides  many  advantages  over  conventional  metal-oxide  supported  metal  nanoparticles,  including  the  retention  of  small  nanoparticles  even  at  high  temperatures.  Such  microporous  materials  are  frequently  used  in  catalytic  applications  to  selectively  sieve  molecules  based  on  their  size  and  shape  and  can  therefore  be  used  to  selectively  impose  intracrystalline  concentration  gradients,  leading  to  changes  in  reactant  ratios  within  the  channels  of  molecular  dimensions.  These  properties  can  be  exploited  for  CH4-H2O  reactions,  where  the  diffusivity  of  smaller  H2O  molecules  is  expected  to  be  much  greater  than  for  CH4  in  pores  of  molecular  dimensions.  The  extrapolation  of  diffusion  data  to  reaction  temperatures,  however,  can  involve  significant  error.  Furthermore,  the  measurement  of  H2O  and  CH4  can  (R2/De)  at  reaction  temperatures  by  conventional  transient  uptake  measurements  is  not  feasible  because  of  the  extremely  short  timescales  of  these  processes  and  low  uptakes  at  such  temperatures.  The  measurement  of  diffusion  time  constants  (R2/De)  at  reaction  temperatures  is  therefore  accomplished  here  by  analyzing  effective  reaction  rates,  specifically  isotopic  exchange  rates,  in  mass  transport  limited  systems  using  reaction-diffusion  models.The  extraction  of  diffusion  time  constants  (R2/De)  from  reaction-diffusion  models  can  only  be  rigorously  performed  with  accurate  kinetic  models.  The  kinetics  of  H2O-D2  and  H2-D2  exchange  and  their  mechanistic  interpretations  are  therefore  addressed  here  to  allow  for  such  calculations  of  diffusion  time  constants.  H2-D2  isotopic  exchange  rates  (5-80  kPa  H2,  5-80  kPa  D2;  383  K;  H2/D2  =  0.0625-16)  on  Pt-based  catalysts  show  monotonic  increases  in  rate  with  H2  and  D2  pressures,  in  contrast  with  the  kinetics  expected  from  the  commonly  cited  recombinative  desorption  (H*  +  D*)  pathway.  Such  recombination  events  only  become  significant  at  temperatures  greater  than  700  K  and  at  low  combined  pressures  (10  kPa)  of  H2  and  D2.  H2-D2  exchange  is  instead  shown  to  proceed  via  the  reaction  of  H2  with  D*  and  D2  with  H*  in  a  single-site  mechanism  that  does  not  exhibit  a  kinetic  isotope  effect.  These  exchange  events  are  shown,  using  theoretical  calculations,  to  occur  via  the  dissociative  adsorption  of  H2  (or  D2)  at  entropically-favorable  vacancies  that  arise  from  fluctuations  in  mobile  H*-adlayers.  These  reaction  pathways  circumvent  desorption/recombination  reactions;  such  exchange  reactions  therefore  cannot  be  used  to  demonstrate  reversibility  of  H2  adsorption  on  catalytic  surfaces  at  conditions  of  practice  for  hydrogenation  reactions,  as  is  commonly  practiced.  The  kinetics  of  H2O-D2  isotopic  exchange  reactions  (473  K,  5-80  kPa  D2,  2.5-40  kPa  H2O)  are  consistent  with  the  reaction  between  D2  and  molecularly  adsorbed  H2O*.  This  reaction  pathway  remains  the  predominant  pathway  for  temperatures  below  900  K,  at  which  point  the  dissociation  of  H2O  (to  form  OH*  and  H*)  and  recombination  of  OH*  and  D*  likely  becomes  the  primary  pathway  for  exchange.  These  kinetic  studies  also  show  that  H2O  irreversibly  titrates  Pt  surface  sites  by  the  formation  of  OH*  species  that  can  only  be  fully  removed  by  reductive  treatments  at  temperatures  greater  than  700  K.The  kinetics  of  exchange  inform  the  rigorous  calculation  of  diffusion  time  constants  from  isotopic  exchange  rates  in  mass  transport  limited  materials.  CH4-D2  (5-35  kPa  CH4,  5-30  kPa  D2)  H2O-D2  (5-30  kPa  H2O,  5-30  D2),  and  H2-D2  (10  kPa  H2,  10  kPa  D2)  isotopic  exchange  rates  are  measured  here  on  Pt/SiO2,  Pt/g-Al2O3,  Pt/Na-LTA,  and  Pt/Ca-LTA  samples  at  temperatures  (573-  900  K)  relevant  for  CH4-H2O  reforming  reactions.  Effectiveness  factors  for  CH4-D2  and  H2O-D2  exchange  on  Pt/Na-LTA  and  Pt/Ca-LTA  are  used  to  extract  diffusion  time  constants  (R2/De)  for  CH4  and  H2O  using  classical  reaction-diffusion  models.  CH4  exhibits  significantly  larger  diffusion  time  constants  (by  factors  of  more  than  102)  than  H2O  in  both  Pt/Na-LTA  and  Pt/Ca-LTA  throughout  this  temperature  range  (573-900  K),  indicating  that  H2O  diffuses  more  readily  in  these  materials,  as  required  for  elevated  intracrystalline  H2O/CH4  ratios  during  CH4-H2O  reactions.  H2-D2  exchange  reactions  do  not  exhibit  mass  transport  limitations  in  these  materials  at  these  conditions.The  measured  CH4  and  H2O  diffusion  time  constants  are  used  in  the  interpretation  of  deactivation  rates  during  CH4-H2O  reactions  at  873  K  on  Pt/γ-Al2O3,  Pt/Na-LTA,  and  Pt/Ca-LTA  samples.  Deactivation  rates  on  Pt/γ-Al2O3  are  linearly  dependent  on  a  ψ  ((CH4)(H2)/H2O)),  as  expected  from  carbon  formation  studies  on  Ni.  Deactivation  rates  on  Pt/Na-LTA  and  Pt/Ca-LTA  are  undetectable  for  ψ  ((CH4)(H2)/H2O))  values  below  10  (including  stoichiometric  CH4/H2O  ratios)  and  are  3-8  times  slower  than  on  Pt/γ-Al2O3  for  ψ  values  between  10  and  40.  These  improvements  reflect  the  high  H2O/CH4  ratios  within  the  zeolite  pores,  as  indicated  by  extensive  numerical  models.  Simulations  of  deactivation  behavior  are  also  used  to  provide  additional  insight  into  further  optimizing  these  materials.  The  strategies  for  exploiting  differences  in  diffusivity  in  microporous  materials,  demonstrated  here  for  CH4-H2O  reforming  reactions,  are  generally  applicable  to  reactions  where  selective  access  of  smaller  reactants  is  desirable.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aChemical  engineering.
■650  4▼aMaterials  science.
■650  4▼aThermodynamics.
■653    ▼aCatalysis
■653    ▼aDiffusion
■653    ▼aIsotopic  exchange
■653    ▼aMethane  reforming
■653    ▼aMicroporous  materials
■653    ▼aZeolites
■690    ▼a0542
■690    ▼a0794
■690    ▼a0348
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bChemical  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-04B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2021
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931030▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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