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Recruitment and Spread of Heterochromatin in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae- [electronic resource]
Recruitment and Spread of Heterochromatin in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - ...
Recruitment and Spread of Heterochromatin in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214095902
ISBN  
9798380621472
DDC  
574
저자명  
Brothers, Molly Elizabeth.
서명/저자  
Recruitment and Spread of Heterochromatin in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2021
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2021
형태사항  
1 online resource(104 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Rine, Jasper.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2021.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약Transcriptional silencing in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at the cryptic mating-type loci HML and HMR on chromosome III and at all 32 telomeres. Transcriptional silencing occurs through the formation of a repressive chromatin structure, featuring nucleosome compaction and removal of active chromatin marks. These features are the result of the activity of the Silent Information Regulator (SIR) complex, made up of Sir2, Sir3, and Sir4. Sir2, founding member of the wide spread class of protein deacetylases known as sirtuins, deacetylates histone tails, whereas Sir3 and Sir4 serve structural roles, binding to histones and compacting chromatin.The formation of silent chromatin by the SIR complex conceptually involves two steps: recruitment and spreading. Recruitment, also referred to as nucleation, occurs at DNA sequence elements called silencers that are present at telomeres and flank HML and HMR. The E and I silencers that flank both HML and HMR contain different combinations of binding sites for the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) and the general transcription factors Rap1 and Abf1. Silencers at telomeres are less well characterized, but include an array of Rap1 binding sites in telomere repeats and possibly ORC/Abf1 sites further into the chromosome. Fully silent chromatin displays SIR complex binding beyond recruitment sites for multiple kilobases. The difference in SIR complex occupancy between nucleation and full silencing occurs through an ill-defined process referred to as 'spreading'.To date, most studies on spreading of the SIR complex have focused on telomeres, sometimes only one, and relied on low-resolution ChIP-PCR, inducible systems that resulted in massive overexpression of Sir3, or both. These studies defined to a limited resolution positions of SIR complex binding and occupancy, and provided a foundation for genome-wide studies with higher temporal and spatial resolution. My work further characterized and distinguished the two processes of recruitment and spread at telomeres as well as HML and HMR. I accomplished this by developing a new method for tracing the history and trajectory of SIR complex binding: measuring DNA methylation by long-read nanopore sequencing of DNA from cells expressing a fusion protein between Sir3 and an N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase, M.EcoGII.The fusion protein Sir3-M.EcoGII strongly and specifically methylated HML, HMR, and telomeres and was able to detect transient or low-affinity Sir3-chromatin interactions better than ChIP-seq. This new method allowed me to characterize the occupancy of a SIR3 allele encoding a protein deficient in binding to nucleosomes, sir3-bah∆. The sir3-bah∆-M.EcoGII fusion protein methylated DNA only at recruitment sites, clearly providing evidence that recruitment and spread of Sir3 were separable processes and that the interaction between Sir3 and nucleosomes was not required for recruitment but was required for spread. I also tested prior claims that overexpression of SIR3 results in binding of the protein at even longer distances from recruitment sites. The overexpression of SIR3-M.ECOGII, with few exceptions, did not extend regions of DNA methylation.I also defined the dynamics of Sir3 spreading during silencing establishment and how its occupancy related to transcriptional silencing of HML and HMR. A fusion between sir3-8-a temperature sensitive allele of SIR3-and M.ECOGII allowed for regulated induction of DNA methylation without straying above the endogenous level of SIR3 expression. Over the course of about one cell cycle, methylation appeared only at the E and I silencers and the promoters of HML and HMR, demonstrating recruitment. Despite a lack of Sir3 occupancy between these recruitment sites, repression of transcription occurred early in the time course, suggesting that the early stages of silencing did not require Sir3 occupancy across the entire locus.Once silent chromatin is established, it must be faithfully inherited through the disruptive process of DNA replication. Certain point mutations in PCNA (POL30), the processivity clamp for DNA polymerase at replication forks, result in loss of transcriptional silencing at HML and HMR. I used classical genetics to study three of these alleles, pol30-6, pol30-8, and pol30-79, in more detail. All three alleles disrupted silencing only in actively-cycling cells, and the disruption in silencing was only transient, suggesting that the inheritance of silent chromatin through cell division was not as robust as in wild-type cells. All three alleles of POL30 destabilized silencing through disrupting the function of histone chaperones, highlighting the importance of histone trafficking at the replication fork for the stability of transcriptional silencing.
일반주제명  
Biology.
일반주제명  
Genetics.
일반주제명  
Molecular biology.
일반주제명  
Bioengineering.
키워드  
Histone deacetylation
키워드  
Replisome
키워드  
Sirtuins
키워드  
Transcriptional silencing
키워드  
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Molecular & Cell Biology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-04B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■020    ▼a9798380621472
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI28865708
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a574
■1001  ▼aBrothers,  Molly  Elizabeth.
■24510▼aRecruitment  and  Spread  of  Heterochromatin  in  the  Budding  Yeast  Saccharomyces  cerevisiae▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2021
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2021
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(104  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Rine,  Jasper.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2021.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aTranscriptional  silencing  in  the  budding  yeast  Saccharomyces  cerevisiae  occurs  at  the  cryptic  mating-type  loci  HML  and  HMR  on  chromosome  III  and  at  all  32  telomeres.  Transcriptional  silencing  occurs  through  the  formation  of  a  repressive  chromatin  structure,  featuring  nucleosome  compaction  and  removal  of  active  chromatin  marks.  These  features  are  the  result  of  the  activity  of  the  Silent  Information  Regulator  (SIR)  complex,  made  up  of  Sir2,  Sir3,  and  Sir4.  Sir2,  founding  member  of  the  wide  spread  class  of  protein  deacetylases  known  as  sirtuins,  deacetylates  histone  tails,  whereas  Sir3  and  Sir4  serve  structural  roles,  binding  to  histones  and  compacting  chromatin.The  formation  of  silent  chromatin  by  the  SIR  complex  conceptually  involves  two  steps:  recruitment  and  spreading.  Recruitment,  also  referred  to  as  nucleation,  occurs  at  DNA  sequence  elements  called  silencers  that  are  present  at  telomeres  and  flank  HML  and  HMR.  The  E  and  I  silencers  that  flank  both  HML  and  HMR  contain  different  combinations  of  binding  sites  for  the  Origin  Recognition  Complex  (ORC)  and  the  general  transcription  factors  Rap1  and  Abf1.  Silencers  at  telomeres  are  less  well  characterized,  but  include  an  array  of  Rap1  binding  sites  in  telomere  repeats  and  possibly  ORC/Abf1  sites  further  into  the  chromosome.  Fully  silent  chromatin  displays  SIR  complex  binding  beyond  recruitment  sites  for  multiple  kilobases.  The  difference  in  SIR  complex  occupancy  between  nucleation  and  full  silencing  occurs  through  an  ill-defined  process  referred  to  as  'spreading'.To  date,  most  studies  on  spreading  of  the  SIR  complex  have  focused  on  telomeres,  sometimes  only  one,  and  relied  on  low-resolution  ChIP-PCR,  inducible  systems  that  resulted  in  massive  overexpression  of  Sir3,  or  both.  These  studies  defined  to  a  limited  resolution  positions  of  SIR  complex  binding  and  occupancy,  and  provided  a  foundation  for  genome-wide  studies  with  higher  temporal  and  spatial  resolution.  My  work  further  characterized  and  distinguished  the  two  processes  of  recruitment  and  spread  at  telomeres  as  well  as  HML  and  HMR.  I  accomplished  this  by  developing  a  new  method  for  tracing  the  history  and  trajectory  of  SIR  complex  binding:  measuring  DNA  methylation  by  long-read  nanopore  sequencing  of  DNA  from  cells  expressing  a  fusion  protein  between  Sir3  and  an  N6-methyladenosine  methyltransferase,  M.EcoGII.The  fusion  protein  Sir3-M.EcoGII  strongly  and  specifically  methylated  HML,  HMR,  and  telomeres  and  was  able  to  detect  transient  or  low-affinity  Sir3-chromatin  interactions  better  than  ChIP-seq.  This  new  method  allowed  me  to  characterize  the  occupancy  of  a  SIR3  allele  encoding  a  protein  deficient  in  binding  to  nucleosomes,  sir3-bah∆.  The  sir3-bah∆-M.EcoGII  fusion  protein  methylated  DNA  only  at  recruitment  sites,  clearly  providing  evidence  that  recruitment  and  spread  of  Sir3  were  separable  processes  and  that  the  interaction  between  Sir3  and  nucleosomes  was  not  required  for  recruitment  but  was  required  for  spread.  I  also  tested  prior  claims  that  overexpression  of  SIR3  results  in  binding  of  the  protein  at  even  longer  distances  from  recruitment  sites.  The  overexpression  of  SIR3-M.ECOGII,  with  few  exceptions,  did  not  extend  regions  of  DNA  methylation.I  also  defined  the  dynamics  of  Sir3  spreading  during  silencing  establishment  and  how  its  occupancy  related  to  transcriptional  silencing  of  HML  and  HMR.  A  fusion  between  sir3-8-a  temperature  sensitive  allele  of  SIR3-and  M.ECOGII  allowed  for  regulated  induction  of  DNA  methylation  without  straying  above  the  endogenous  level  of  SIR3  expression.  Over  the  course  of  about  one  cell  cycle,  methylation  appeared  only  at  the  E  and  I  silencers  and  the  promoters  of  HML  and  HMR,  demonstrating  recruitment.  Despite  a  lack  of  Sir3  occupancy  between  these  recruitment  sites,  repression  of  transcription  occurred  early  in  the  time  course,  suggesting  that  the  early  stages  of  silencing  did  not  require  Sir3  occupancy  across  the  entire  locus.Once  silent  chromatin  is  established,  it  must  be  faithfully  inherited  through  the  disruptive  process  of  DNA  replication.  Certain  point  mutations  in  PCNA  (POL30),  the  processivity  clamp  for  DNA  polymerase  at  replication  forks,  result  in  loss  of  transcriptional  silencing  at  HML  and  HMR.  I  used  classical  genetics  to  study  three  of  these  alleles,  pol30-6,  pol30-8,  and  pol30-79,  in  more  detail.  All  three  alleles  disrupted  silencing  only  in  actively-cycling  cells,  and  the  disruption  in  silencing  was  only  transient,  suggesting  that  the  inheritance  of  silent  chromatin  through  cell  division  was  not  as  robust  as  in  wild-type  cells.  All  three  alleles  of  POL30  destabilized  silencing  through  disrupting  the  function  of  histone  chaperones,  highlighting  the  importance  of  histone  trafficking  at  the  replication  fork  for  the  stability  of  transcriptional  silencing.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aBiology.
■650  4▼aGenetics.
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology.
■650  4▼aBioengineering.
■653    ▼aHistone  deacetylation
■653    ▼aReplisome
■653    ▼aSirtuins
■653    ▼aTranscriptional  silencing
■653    ▼aSaccharomyces  cerevisiae
■690    ▼a0306
■690    ▼a0369
■690    ▼a0307
■690    ▼a0202
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bMolecular  &  Cell  Biology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-04B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2021
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931060▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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