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The Role of Metabolic Signaling in Nutrient Partitioning During Lactation- [electronic resource]
The Role of Metabolic Signaling in Nutrient Partitioning During Lactation - [electronic re...
The Role of Metabolic Signaling in Nutrient Partitioning During Lactation- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214101252
ISBN  
9798379728151
DDC  
612
저자명  
Pszczolkowski, Virginia Loretta.
서명/저자  
The Role of Metabolic Signaling in Nutrient Partitioning During Lactation - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : The University of Wisconsin - Madison., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(238 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Arriola Apelo, Sebastian I.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약This thesis examines the hypothesis that metabolic signaling regulates how nutrients are partitioned to support milk synthesis during lactation, with particular emphasis on the dairy cow. First we explored the role of the protein complex mTORC1, a cellular hub of metabolic regulation, in mediating dietary amino acid regulation of murine lactation. Kinase activity of mTORC1 positively regulates cellular anabolic signaling, including protein translation and fat synthesis. Amino acids are both the substrate for protein synthesis-including milk protein-and intracellular signaling molecules that stimulate mTORC1. Feeding lactating animals a protein-restricted diet, therefore, should limit the substrate supply for milk synthesis, as well as reduces anabolic signaling driving that synthesis. Increasing the synthesis of milk components, by definition, means that those components' precursors are simultaneously being partitioned to the synthesizing tissue. We hypothesized that inhibiting mTORC1 activity would reduce lactation performance similarly to restricting protein. We fed lactating mice isoenergetic diets containing adequate protein or restricted protein, and treated half of the adequate protein dams with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. The dams receiving rapamycin under an adequate protein background and the dams receiving the protein-restricted diet all exhibited reduced pup growth and milk production. In this way, we demonstrated that pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC1 mimics dietary protein restriction in lactating mouse dams, positioning mTORC1 signaling as essential in milk production and successful lactation.Next, we further examined mTORC1 signaling in MAC-T, an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line. Amino acids function to induce mTORC1 localization to the lysosome, where its insulin-activated binding partner Rheb resides. In other models, it has been established that in order for mTORC1 activity to commence following amino acid-driven lysosomal localization, insulin signaling must also be present. We hypothesized that this was also the case in MAC-T. By testing the response in mTORC1 activity to varying concentrations of individual amino acids and insulin, we found that, out of the 10 essential amino acids, only Arg, Ile, Leu, Met, and Thr activate mTORC1 signaling in MAC-T cells, and that this activation requires concurrent stimulation by insulin for greatest response. Following the establishment of which amino acids best interact with insulin to regulate mTORC1 activity in a mammary epithelial cell line, we then sought to test this interaction in lactating cows. We hypothesized that the combination of insulin with Leu and Met-two of the amino acids identified as key in our in vitro study-would result in improved mammary utilization of nutrients for milk synthesis. In this cow study, we raised circulating insulin by means of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and increased circulating Leu and Met by abomasal infusion. We found that the simplicity suggested by our in vitro experiment belies the complexity of lactation in a cow: there was no interaction between insulin and the amino acids, nor did either treatment independently result in any positive effects on mammary utilization of nutrients or milk production. We did, however, observe responses in plasma concentrations of several nutrients and metabolites, including free fatty acids and amino acids, which were reduced in response to insulin. Insulin is a particularly complex hormone in the context of a lactating dairy cow, because despite the necessity of insulin signaling for cellular metabolic functions like mTORC1 activity in the mammary cells, insulin can also reduce the availability of nutrients for the mammary gland by inducing uptake in non-mammary tissues. Because we did not see evidence that the free fatty acids nor amino acids decreased in circulation were being utilized by the mammary glands for milk synthesis, it is likely that in the context of this experiment, insulin instead stimulated nutrient uptake by other insulin sensitive tissues, partitioning nutrients away from the mammary glands.As insulin partitions nutrients away from the mammary glands, we then sought to investigate the effect of serotonin in nutrient partitioning, a hormone that in lactating cows has been shown to decrease circulating insulin concentration, act as an autocrine-paracrine regulator of mammary and calcium homeostasis in lactation, and perform a variety of other metabolic roles outside of lactation. We raised peripheral serotonin in lactating cows by intravenously infusing them with the serotonin precursor 5-HTP and conducted several experiments in these cows over the course of three weeks to investigate how serotonin may participate in nutrient partitioning to the mammary glands.In performing an intravenous glucose tolerance test on the cows, we determined that elevated serotonin both reduced the insulin response and blunted the decrease in free fatty acids following the glucose challenge, without altering the glucose dynamics themselves. The maintenance of normoglycemia under lower insulin conditions, coupled with elevated free fatty acids, suggests that serotonin stimulates insulin-independent glucose disposal, and increases free fatty acid availability for mammary gland usage. When we then assessed serotonin's broader effects on metabolic function, mammary extraction of nutrients, and subsequent milk production, we found transiently decreased circulating insulin, increased circulating free fatty acids, and increased mammary free fatty acid extraction, all of which indicate increased free fatty acid partitioning to the mammary glands. This partitioning was not, however, borne out in improved milk production, which was instead decreased in concert with infusion of 5-HTP. Elevated serotonin also increased the incidence and frequency of loose manure during and shortly after infusion, in line with its known effects on gut motility, and reduced feed intake in a manner antithetical to the support of lactation. This work in serotonin may have been limited by the experimental approach used, with 5-HTP rather than serotonin itself administered in a bolus fashion, potentially driving strongly transient effects in both the periphery and central nervous system. This could effect serotonergic responses that are disparate from what is possible with endogenous mammary serotonin production alone.Overall, through the work of this dissertation, we have identified the importance of insulin in cellular signaling within the mammary epithelial cells to drive milk synthesis, but also that, within the physiologic context of a lactating animal, insulin has non-mammary functions that may contradict its signaling role in mammary cells, reducing substrate availability for milk synthesis. As with insulin, peripheral serotonin is part of a complex system that can yield equally complex outcomes. While serotonin can improve milk substrate availability in the circulation and improve the mammary extraction of some of those substrates, it can simultaneously reduce the availability of other substrates by limiting their availability and absorption from the diet. Broadly, understanding how amino acids, insulin, and serotonin interact to regulate metabolism function during lactation will better position lactation physiologists and nutritionists to understand and manipulate metabolism during lactation. In this way, this work advances the pursuit of improved productive efficiency and treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders in dairy cows.
일반주제명  
Endocrinology.
일반주제명  
Physiology.
일반주제명  
Molecular biology.
일반주제명  
Biochemistry.
키워드  
Amino acids
키워드  
Energy
키워드  
Lactation
키워드  
Metabolism
키워드  
Serotonin
키워드  
mTORC1
기타저자  
The University of Wisconsin - Madison Dairy Science
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 84-12B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI30529839
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a612
■1001  ▼aPszczolkowski,  Virginia  Loretta.
■24510▼aThe  Role  of  Metabolic  Signaling  in  Nutrient  Partitioning  During  Lactation▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bThe  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(238  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  84-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Arriola  Apelo,  Sebastian  I.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThis  thesis  examines  the  hypothesis  that  metabolic  signaling  regulates  how  nutrients  are  partitioned  to  support  milk  synthesis  during  lactation,  with  particular  emphasis  on  the  dairy  cow.  First  we  explored  the  role  of  the  protein  complex  mTORC1,  a  cellular  hub  of  metabolic  regulation,  in  mediating  dietary  amino  acid  regulation  of  murine  lactation.  Kinase  activity  of  mTORC1  positively  regulates  cellular  anabolic  signaling,  including  protein  translation  and  fat  synthesis.  Amino  acids  are  both  the  substrate  for  protein  synthesis-including  milk  protein-and  intracellular  signaling  molecules  that  stimulate  mTORC1.  Feeding  lactating  animals  a  protein-restricted  diet,  therefore,  should  limit  the  substrate  supply  for  milk  synthesis,  as  well  as  reduces  anabolic  signaling  driving  that  synthesis.  Increasing  the  synthesis  of  milk  components,  by  definition,  means  that  those  components'  precursors  are  simultaneously  being  partitioned  to  the  synthesizing  tissue.  We  hypothesized  that  inhibiting  mTORC1  activity  would  reduce  lactation  performance  similarly  to  restricting  protein.  We  fed  lactating  mice  isoenergetic  diets  containing  adequate  protein  or  restricted  protein,  and  treated  half  of  the  adequate  protein  dams  with  the  mTORC1  inhibitor  rapamycin.  The  dams  receiving  rapamycin  under  an  adequate  protein  background  and  the  dams  receiving  the  protein-restricted  diet  all  exhibited  reduced  pup  growth  and  milk  production.  In  this  way,  we  demonstrated  that  pharmacologic  inhibition  of  mTORC1  mimics  dietary  protein  restriction  in  lactating  mouse  dams,  positioning  mTORC1  signaling  as  essential  in  milk  production  and  successful  lactation.Next,  we  further  examined  mTORC1  signaling  in  MAC-T,  an  immortalized  mammary  epithelial  cell  line.  Amino  acids  function  to  induce  mTORC1  localization  to  the  lysosome,  where  its  insulin-activated  binding  partner  Rheb  resides.  In  other  models,  it  has  been  established  that  in  order  for  mTORC1  activity  to  commence  following  amino  acid-driven  lysosomal  localization,  insulin  signaling  must  also  be  present.  We  hypothesized  that  this  was  also  the  case  in  MAC-T.  By  testing  the  response  in  mTORC1  activity  to  varying  concentrations  of  individual  amino  acids  and  insulin,  we  found  that,  out  of  the  10  essential  amino  acids,  only  Arg,  Ile,  Leu,  Met,  and  Thr  activate  mTORC1  signaling  in  MAC-T  cells,  and  that  this  activation  requires  concurrent  stimulation  by  insulin  for  greatest  response.  Following  the  establishment  of  which  amino  acids  best  interact  with  insulin  to  regulate  mTORC1  activity  in  a  mammary  epithelial  cell  line,  we  then  sought  to  test  this  interaction  in  lactating  cows.  We  hypothesized  that  the  combination  of  insulin  with  Leu  and  Met-two  of  the  amino  acids  identified  as  key  in  our  in  vitro  study-would  result  in  improved  mammary  utilization  of  nutrients  for  milk  synthesis.  In  this  cow  study,  we  raised  circulating  insulin  by  means  of  the  hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic  clamp,  and  increased  circulating  Leu  and  Met  by  abomasal  infusion.  We  found  that  the  simplicity  suggested  by  our  in  vitro  experiment  belies  the  complexity  of  lactation  in  a  cow:  there  was  no  interaction  between  insulin  and  the  amino  acids,  nor  did  either  treatment  independently  result  in  any  positive  effects  on  mammary  utilization  of  nutrients  or  milk  production.  We  did,  however,  observe  responses  in  plasma  concentrations  of  several  nutrients  and  metabolites,  including  free  fatty  acids  and  amino  acids,  which  were  reduced  in  response  to  insulin.  Insulin  is  a  particularly  complex  hormone  in  the  context  of  a  lactating  dairy  cow,  because  despite  the  necessity  of  insulin  signaling  for  cellular  metabolic  functions  like  mTORC1  activity  in  the  mammary  cells,  insulin  can  also  reduce  the  availability  of  nutrients  for  the  mammary  gland  by  inducing  uptake  in  non-mammary  tissues.  Because  we  did  not  see  evidence  that  the  free  fatty  acids  nor  amino  acids  decreased  in  circulation  were  being  utilized  by  the  mammary  glands  for  milk  synthesis,  it  is  likely  that  in  the  context  of  this  experiment,  insulin  instead  stimulated  nutrient  uptake  by  other  insulin  sensitive  tissues,  partitioning  nutrients  away  from  the  mammary  glands.As  insulin  partitions  nutrients  away  from  the  mammary  glands,  we  then  sought  to  investigate  the  effect  of  serotonin  in  nutrient  partitioning,  a  hormone  that  in  lactating  cows  has  been  shown  to  decrease  circulating  insulin  concentration,  act  as  an  autocrine-paracrine  regulator  of  mammary  and  calcium  homeostasis  in  lactation,  and  perform  a  variety  of  other  metabolic  roles  outside  of  lactation.  We  raised  peripheral  serotonin  in  lactating  cows  by  intravenously  infusing  them  with  the  serotonin  precursor  5-HTP  and  conducted  several  experiments  in  these  cows  over  the  course  of  three  weeks  to  investigate  how  serotonin  may  participate  in  nutrient  partitioning  to  the  mammary  glands.In  performing  an  intravenous  glucose  tolerance  test  on  the  cows,  we  determined  that  elevated  serotonin  both  reduced  the  insulin  response  and  blunted  the  decrease  in  free  fatty  acids  following  the  glucose  challenge,  without  altering  the  glucose  dynamics  themselves.  The  maintenance  of  normoglycemia  under  lower  insulin  conditions,  coupled  with  elevated  free  fatty  acids,  suggests  that  serotonin  stimulates  insulin-independent  glucose  disposal,  and  increases  free  fatty  acid  availability  for  mammary  gland  usage.  When  we  then  assessed  serotonin's  broader  effects  on  metabolic  function,  mammary  extraction  of  nutrients,  and  subsequent  milk  production,  we  found  transiently  decreased  circulating  insulin,  increased  circulating  free  fatty  acids,  and  increased  mammary  free  fatty  acid  extraction,  all  of  which  indicate  increased  free  fatty  acid  partitioning  to  the  mammary  glands.  This  partitioning  was  not,  however,  borne  out  in  improved  milk  production,  which  was  instead  decreased  in  concert  with  infusion  of  5-HTP.  Elevated  serotonin  also  increased  the  incidence  and  frequency  of  loose  manure  during  and  shortly  after  infusion,  in  line  with  its  known  effects  on  gut  motility,  and  reduced  feed  intake  in  a  manner  antithetical  to  the  support  of  lactation.  This  work  in  serotonin  may  have  been  limited  by  the  experimental  approach  used,  with  5-HTP  rather  than  serotonin  itself  administered  in  a  bolus  fashion,  potentially  driving  strongly  transient  effects  in  both  the  periphery  and  central  nervous  system.  This  could  effect  serotonergic  responses  that  are  disparate  from  what  is  possible  with  endogenous  mammary  serotonin  production  alone.Overall,  through  the  work  of  this  dissertation,  we  have  identified  the  importance  of  insulin  in  cellular  signaling  within  the  mammary  epithelial  cells  to  drive  milk  synthesis,  but  also  that,  within  the  physiologic  context  of  a  lactating  animal,  insulin  has  non-mammary  functions  that  may  contradict  its  signaling  role  in  mammary  cells,  reducing  substrate  availability  for  milk  synthesis.  As  with  insulin,  peripheral  serotonin  is  part  of  a  complex  system  that  can  yield  equally  complex  outcomes.  While  serotonin  can  improve  milk  substrate  availability  in  the  circulation  and  improve  the  mammary  extraction  of  some  of  those  substrates,  it  can  simultaneously  reduce  the  availability  of  other  substrates  by  limiting  their  availability  and  absorption  from  the  diet.  Broadly,  understanding  how  amino  acids,  insulin,  and  serotonin  interact  to  regulate  metabolism  function  during  lactation  will  better  position  lactation  physiologists  and  nutritionists  to  understand  and  manipulate  metabolism  during  lactation.  In  this  way,  this  work  advances  the  pursuit  of  improved  productive  efficiency  and  treatment  and  prevention  of  metabolic  disorders  in  dairy  cows.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0262.
■650  4▼aEndocrinology.
■650  4▼aPhysiology.
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology.
■650  4▼aBiochemistry.
■653    ▼aAmino  acids
■653    ▼aEnergy
■653    ▼aLactation
■653    ▼aMetabolism
■653    ▼aSerotonin
■653    ▼amTORC1
■690    ▼a0409
■690    ▼a0719
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0307
■71020▼aThe  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison▼bDairy  Science.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g84-12B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0262
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16933484▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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