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The Beginnings of Cold Ion Outflow at Mars: Supply and Energization Near the Exobase- [electronic resource]
The Beginnings of Cold Ion Outflow at Mars: Supply and Energization Near the Exobase - [el...
The Beginnings of Cold Ion Outflow at Mars: Supply and Energization Near the Exobase- [electronic resource]

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100125
ISBN  
9798380381994
DDC  
551.5
저자명  
Hanley, Kathleen Gwen.
서명/저자  
The Beginnings of Cold Ion Outflow at Mars: Supply and Energization Near the Exobase - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(107 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Mitchell, David;Bale, Stuart.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약The study of planetary ionospheres dates back thousands of years, to humanity's first attempts to explain the polar aurora. Ionospheric physics is a study of one pathway for energy to enter a planetary atmosphere: transfer from sunlight and solar wind plasma to planetary plasma, and from the planetary plasma to the neutral atmosphere. In the modern era of ionospheric physics, electrostatic analyzers with attached time-of-flight velocity analyzers are excellent tools for the study of planetary ionospheres because they can measure mass-resolved 3-dimensional ion velocity distribution functions over a wide range of energies and fluxes, with large fields-of-view and moderate angular resolution.One example of an electrostatic analyzer with attached time-of-flight section is the SupraThermal And Thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) instrument onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. MAVEN has been collecting data since 2014 with the goal of illuminating how Martian climate and habitability have been affected by the escape of the atmosphere to space. To that end, STATIC was designed to measure the main ionospheric and escaping species, operating from deep in the collisional atmosphere out to the tenuous exosphere and magnetotail. STATIC samples ion velocity distribution functions every 4 seconds across a field-of-view covering 2π steradians for ions with energies between 0.1 eV and 30 keV and masses between 1 and 60 amu. This work will treat STATIC as a case study in order to examine some of the challenges associated with using electrostatic analyzers in space, including the effects of background counts, spacecraft potential, and supersonic spacecraft motion on the measurement and analysis of distribution functions. Before the discussion of those details, we first provide an introduction to the geometry of electrostatic analyzers and how the measured count rates are related to physical quantities. This work also describes the results of several investigations in which MAVEN-STATIC data were used to examine the beginnings of cold ion outflow at Mars. Models of the Martian ionosphere show that the vast majority of ions are created at altitudes near 120 km, the location of the main ionospheric peak. The peak is located deep in the collisional atmosphere, where collisions are theorized to keep the ions in thermal equilibrium with the cold neutral atmosphere. The vast majority of the ionospheric ions are therefore gravitationally bound to the planet. Most ions that have the potential to escape the planet's gravity are created near a boundary called the exobase, where the mean free path between collisions becomes equal to the scale height and the ions no longer thermalize with the neutrals. The exobase can be considered the top of the collisional atmosphere and varies between 140 and 210 km altitude dependent on local time and season. In the present epoch, 10-20% of atmospheric loss is attributable to the loss of ions from hundreds or thousands of kilometers above the main peak and the exobase region. The mechanisms by which ions gain enough energy to escape the planet's gravity between the exobase and the altitudes where they escape are not yet understood, but we have used STATIC data to begin analysis of ion distribution functions in the vicinity of the exobase.The analysis of ion velocity distribution functions measured near the exobase is experimentally challenging because the spacecraft travels supersonically with respect to the cold ions, affecting observations of both the energy and angular distributions. The details of how the instrumentation affects measurements of the distribution function must be understood in detail in order to extract accurate plasma parameters. In this work, we describe many of the procedures used to extract accurate plasma parameters from STATIC data. We use these corrections to begin to bridge the gap between studies of ion outflow conducted high above the exobase and studies of the cold, thermal ionosphere near the main peak. Specifically, we report the first measurements of Martian ionospheric ion temperatures since the Viking landers in 1975 and 1976, including the results of both a case study and a statistical study of over 10,000 MAVEN orbits. Unexpectedly, ion temperatures are significantly elevated over neutral gas temperatures many scale heights below the exobase, and none of the obvious mechanisms for ion heating explained the observed temperature difference. This surprising result was noted both in the case study and the study using the majority of the STATIC dataset, suggesting that a fundamental piece of physics is missing from current models of the Martian ionosphere.Finally, we also report the results of a statistical study with the goal of determining where signatures of ion energization are observed in STATIC data. By fitting the measured distribution functions with drifting Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, we identified distributions in which suprathermal ions produced a significant portion of the measured energy flux. Most distributions are well-described by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution below the exobase region-in other words, the neutral atmosphere dominates low-altitude ion dynamics. Suprathermal ions are observed just above the exobase at all solar zenith angles. A comparison of results inside and outside Mars' strong crustal magnetic field regions showed that more thermal plasma is observed inside crustal fields on the dayside, while more suprathermal plasma is observed inside crustal fields on the nightside. These results suggest that crustal fields shield dayside plasma from energization by the solar wind while enhancing energization and outflow on the nightside. The techniques developed in this work provide tools for continued investigation into the physics of initial ion acceleration at Mars using STATIC data, while the results reported here provide context for case studies in which the processes responsible for ion acceleration can be analyzed. The study of initial ion acceleration at Mars is just one context in which electrostatic analyzers in combination with time-of-flight analyzers provide insight into the physics that cannot be matched by any other instrument.
일반주제명  
Aeronomy.
일반주제명  
Plasma physics.
일반주제명  
Planetology.
일반주제명  
Physics.
키워드  
Electrostatic analyzer
키워드  
Ion energization
키워드  
Ion temperature
키워드  
Mars
키워드  
Exobase region
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Physics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-03B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■020    ▼a9798380381994
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI30425124
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a551.5
■1001  ▼aHanley,  Kathleen  Gwen.
■24510▼aThe  Beginnings  of  Cold  Ion  Outflow  at  Mars:  Supply  and  Energization  Near  the  Exobase▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(107  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Mitchell,  David;Bale,  Stuart.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThe  study  of  planetary  ionospheres  dates  back  thousands  of  years,  to  humanity's  first  attempts  to  explain  the  polar  aurora.  Ionospheric  physics  is  a  study  of  one  pathway  for  energy  to  enter  a  planetary  atmosphere:  transfer  from  sunlight  and  solar  wind  plasma  to  planetary  plasma,  and  from  the  planetary  plasma  to  the  neutral  atmosphere.  In  the  modern  era  of  ionospheric  physics,  electrostatic  analyzers  with  attached  time-of-flight  velocity  analyzers  are  excellent  tools  for  the  study  of  planetary  ionospheres  because  they  can  measure  mass-resolved  3-dimensional  ion  velocity  distribution  functions  over  a  wide  range  of  energies  and  fluxes,  with  large  fields-of-view  and  moderate  angular  resolution.One  example  of  an  electrostatic  analyzer  with  attached  time-of-flight  section  is  the  SupraThermal  And  Thermal  Ion  Composition  (STATIC)  instrument  onboard  the  Mars  Atmosphere  and  Volatile  EvolutioN  (MAVEN)  mission.  MAVEN  has  been  collecting  data  since  2014  with  the  goal  of  illuminating  how  Martian  climate  and  habitability  have  been  affected  by  the  escape  of  the  atmosphere  to  space.  To  that  end,  STATIC  was  designed  to  measure  the  main  ionospheric  and  escaping  species,  operating  from  deep  in  the  collisional  atmosphere  out  to  the  tenuous  exosphere  and  magnetotail.  STATIC  samples  ion  velocity  distribution  functions  every  4  seconds  across  a  field-of-view  covering  2π  steradians  for  ions  with  energies  between  0.1  eV  and  30  keV  and  masses  between  1  and  60  amu.  This  work  will  treat  STATIC  as  a  case  study  in  order  to  examine  some  of  the  challenges  associated  with  using  electrostatic  analyzers  in  space,  including  the  effects  of  background  counts,  spacecraft  potential,  and  supersonic  spacecraft  motion  on  the  measurement  and  analysis  of  distribution  functions.  Before  the  discussion  of  those  details,  we  first  provide  an  introduction  to  the  geometry  of  electrostatic  analyzers  and  how  the  measured  count  rates  are  related  to  physical  quantities. This  work  also  describes  the  results  of  several  investigations  in  which  MAVEN-STATIC  data  were  used  to  examine  the  beginnings  of  cold  ion  outflow  at  Mars.  Models  of  the  Martian  ionosphere  show  that  the  vast  majority  of  ions  are  created  at  altitudes  near  120  km,  the  location  of  the  main  ionospheric  peak.  The  peak  is  located  deep  in  the  collisional  atmosphere,  where  collisions  are  theorized  to  keep  the  ions  in  thermal  equilibrium  with  the  cold  neutral  atmosphere.  The  vast  majority  of  the  ionospheric  ions  are  therefore  gravitationally  bound  to  the  planet.  Most  ions  that  have  the  potential  to  escape  the  planet's  gravity  are  created  near  a  boundary  called  the  exobase,  where  the  mean  free  path  between  collisions  becomes  equal  to  the  scale  height  and  the  ions  no  longer  thermalize  with  the  neutrals.  The  exobase  can  be  considered  the  top  of  the  collisional  atmosphere  and  varies  between  140  and  210  km  altitude  dependent  on  local  time  and  season.  In  the  present  epoch,  10-20%  of  atmospheric  loss  is  attributable  to  the  loss  of  ions  from  hundreds  or  thousands  of  kilometers  above  the  main  peak  and  the  exobase  region.  The  mechanisms  by  which  ions  gain  enough  energy  to  escape  the  planet's  gravity  between  the  exobase  and  the  altitudes  where  they  escape  are  not  yet  understood,  but  we  have  used  STATIC  data  to  begin  analysis  of  ion  distribution  functions  in  the  vicinity  of  the  exobase.The  analysis  of  ion  velocity  distribution  functions  measured  near  the  exobase  is  experimentally  challenging  because  the  spacecraft  travels  supersonically  with  respect  to  the  cold  ions,  affecting  observations  of  both  the  energy  and  angular  distributions.  The  details  of  how  the  instrumentation  affects  measurements  of  the  distribution  function  must  be  understood  in  detail  in  order  to  extract  accurate  plasma  parameters.  In  this  work,  we  describe  many  of  the  procedures  used  to  extract  accurate  plasma  parameters  from  STATIC  data.  We  use  these  corrections  to  begin  to  bridge  the  gap  between  studies  of  ion  outflow  conducted  high  above  the  exobase  and  studies  of  the  cold,  thermal  ionosphere  near  the  main  peak. Specifically,  we  report  the  first  measurements  of  Martian  ionospheric  ion  temperatures  since  the  Viking  landers  in  1975  and  1976,  including  the  results  of  both  a  case  study  and  a  statistical  study  of  over  10,000  MAVEN  orbits.  Unexpectedly,  ion  temperatures  are  significantly  elevated  over  neutral  gas  temperatures  many  scale  heights  below  the  exobase,  and  none  of  the  obvious  mechanisms  for  ion  heating  explained  the  observed  temperature  difference.  This  surprising  result  was  noted  both  in  the  case  study  and  the  study  using  the  majority  of  the  STATIC  dataset,  suggesting  that  a  fundamental  piece  of  physics  is  missing  from  current  models  of  the  Martian  ionosphere.Finally,  we  also  report  the  results  of  a  statistical  study  with  the  goal  of  determining  where  signatures  of  ion  energization  are  observed  in  STATIC  data.  By  fitting  the  measured  distribution  functions  with  drifting  Maxwell-Boltzmann  distributions,  we  identified  distributions  in  which  suprathermal  ions  produced  a  significant  portion  of  the  measured  energy  flux.  Most  distributions  are  well-described  by  the  Maxwell-Boltzmann  distribution  below  the  exobase  region-in  other  words,  the  neutral  atmosphere  dominates  low-altitude  ion  dynamics.  Suprathermal  ions  are  observed  just  above  the  exobase  at  all  solar  zenith  angles.  A  comparison  of  results  inside  and  outside  Mars'  strong  crustal  magnetic  field  regions  showed  that  more  thermal  plasma  is  observed  inside  crustal  fields  on  the  dayside,  while  more  suprathermal  plasma  is  observed  inside  crustal  fields  on  the  nightside.  These  results  suggest  that  crustal  fields  shield  dayside  plasma  from  energization  by  the  solar  wind  while  enhancing  energization  and  outflow  on  the  nightside. The  techniques  developed  in  this  work  provide  tools  for  continued  investigation  into  the  physics  of  initial  ion  acceleration  at  Mars  using  STATIC  data,  while  the  results  reported  here  provide  context  for  case  studies  in  which  the  processes  responsible  for  ion  acceleration  can  be  analyzed.  The  study  of  initial  ion  acceleration  at  Mars  is  just  one  context  in  which  electrostatic  analyzers  in  combination  with  time-of-flight  analyzers  provide  insight  into  the  physics  that  cannot  be  matched  by  any  other  instrument.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aAeronomy.
■650  4▼aPlasma  physics.
■650  4▼aPlanetology.
■650  4▼aPhysics.
■653    ▼aElectrostatic  analyzer
■653    ▼aIon  energization
■653    ▼aIon  temperature
■653    ▼aMars
■653    ▼aExobase  region
■690    ▼a0367
■690    ▼a0759
■690    ▼a0590
■690    ▼a0605
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bPhysics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-03B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931837▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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