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The Heat Index: An Apparent Temperature that Maps Climate to Human Physiology- [electronic resource]
The Heat Index: An Apparent Temperature that Maps Climate to Human Physiology - [electroni...
The Heat Index: An Apparent Temperature that Maps Climate to Human Physiology- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100503
ISBN  
9798380879170
DDC  
530
저자명  
Lu, Yi-Chuan.
서명/저자  
The Heat Index: An Apparent Temperature that Maps Climate to Human Physiology - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(104 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-06, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Romps, David M.;Muller, Holger.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약The heat index is an apparent temperature that measures how hot it feels when humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature. Defined in 1979 by Robert Steadman, the heat index is based on a model of human thermoregulation, and each value maps to a unique physiological and behavioral state of the human. The heat index thus defined is widely used by weather agencies to communicate the health risk associated with high heat and humidity. However, Steadman's model gives unphysical results at sufficiently high temperature and humidity, leading to an undefined heat index. In the 1970s, instances of an undefined heat index were uncommon, but global warming is increasing the frequency of conditions that leads to an undefined heat index. In this dissertation, the problem with the model is identified and fixed, allowing the heat index to be defined for all temperature and humidity. Similar to the existing heat index, the extended part also maps to physiological states of a human under extreme heat stress, such as hyperthermia or heat death, providing a tool to assess the regional health outcomes at different levels of global warming.Before the problem with the model is fixed, weather agencies relied on a widespread polynomial extrapolation designed by the National Weather Service to estimate the heat index at high temperature and humidity. Now, with the extended heat index, we have an opportunity to reassess past heat waves in the United States. In this dissertation, three-hourly temperature and humidity are used to evaluate the extended heat index over the contiguous United States during the years 1984 to 2020. It is found that the 99.9th percentile of the daily maximum heat index is highest over the Midwest. Identifying and ranking heat waves by the spatially integrated exceedance of that percentile, the Midwest once again stands out as home to the most extreme heat waves, including the top-ranked July 2011 and July 1995 heat waves. The extended heat index can also be used to evaluate the physiological stress induced by heat and humidity. It is found that the most extreme Midwest heat waves tax the cardiovascular system with a skin blood flow that is elevated several fold, approaching the physiological limit. These effects are not captured by the National Weather Service's polynomial extrapolation, which underestimates the heat index by as much as 10 K during severe heat waves.Another long-lasting problem of the heat index is that it has never been validated against laboratory data. In this dissertation, we use the laboratory data obtained by physiologists at Penn State, showing that the model underlying the heat index can correctly predict the combinations of temperature and humidity that cause hyperthermia. This is the first time the heat-index model has been validated against physiological data from laboratory experiments. For light and moderate exertion in an indoor setting, the heat-index model predicts hyperthermia would occur at the heat-index value of 345 K, consistent with the experimental results. For the same setting and exertion, the heat-index model predicts the core body temperature would equilibrate at the fatal value of 315 K at the heat-index value of 366 K, establishing a heat-index threshold for the survivability of humans.Global warming poses a direct threat to human health. Many previous studies of future impacts have relied on the wet-bulb temperature, defined as the equilibrium temperature of a wet thermometer under an infinite wind, to predict human survivability. However, the wet-bulb temperature is not an accurate metric for human heat stress because it does not account for human exertion, finite wind speed and radiation heat exchange. With the laboratory-validated heat index, we find that a commonly used survivability threshold of 35 °C for wet-bulb temperature would overestimate the occurrence of heat death, but would underestimate the occurrence of hyperthermia. For example, in a world warmer than pre-industrial by 10 K, the best estimate is that 30% of the world's population would be exposed once or more per year to a wet-bulb temperature above 35 °C, but less than 2% would be exposed to fatal conditions and over 60% would be exposed to conditions that would cause hyperthermia.
일반주제명  
Physics.
일반주제명  
Climate change.
일반주제명  
Physiology.
키워드  
Climate
키워드  
Heat index
키워드  
Heat stress
키워드  
Physiology
키워드  
Apparent temperature
키워드  
Humidity
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Physics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-06B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■020    ▼a9798380879170
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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a530
■1001  ▼aLu,  Yi-Chuan.
■24510▼aThe  Heat  Index:  An  Apparent  Temperature  that  Maps  Climate  to  Human  Physiology▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(104  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-06,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Romps,  David  M.;Muller,  Holger.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThe  heat  index  is  an  apparent  temperature  that  measures  how  hot  it  feels  when  humidity  is  factored  in  with  the  actual  air  temperature.  Defined  in  1979  by  Robert  Steadman,  the  heat  index  is  based  on  a  model  of  human  thermoregulation,  and  each  value  maps  to  a  unique  physiological  and  behavioral  state  of  the  human.  The  heat  index  thus  defined  is  widely  used  by  weather  agencies  to  communicate  the  health  risk  associated  with  high  heat  and  humidity.  However,  Steadman's  model  gives  unphysical  results  at  sufficiently  high  temperature  and  humidity,  leading  to  an  undefined  heat  index.  In  the  1970s,  instances  of  an  undefined  heat  index  were  uncommon,  but  global  warming  is  increasing  the  frequency  of  conditions  that  leads  to  an  undefined  heat  index.  In  this  dissertation,  the  problem  with  the  model  is  identified  and  fixed,  allowing  the  heat  index  to  be  defined  for  all  temperature  and  humidity.  Similar  to  the  existing  heat  index,  the  extended  part  also  maps  to  physiological  states  of  a  human  under  extreme  heat  stress,  such  as  hyperthermia  or  heat  death,  providing  a  tool  to  assess  the  regional  health  outcomes  at  different  levels  of  global  warming.Before  the  problem  with  the  model  is  fixed,  weather  agencies  relied  on  a  widespread  polynomial  extrapolation  designed  by  the  National  Weather  Service  to  estimate  the  heat  index  at  high  temperature  and  humidity.  Now,  with  the  extended  heat  index,  we  have  an  opportunity  to  reassess  past  heat  waves  in  the  United  States.  In  this  dissertation,  three-hourly  temperature  and  humidity  are  used  to  evaluate  the  extended  heat  index  over  the  contiguous  United  States  during  the  years  1984  to  2020.  It  is  found  that  the  99.9th  percentile  of  the  daily  maximum  heat  index  is  highest  over  the  Midwest.  Identifying  and  ranking  heat  waves  by  the  spatially  integrated  exceedance  of  that  percentile,  the  Midwest  once  again  stands  out  as  home  to  the  most  extreme  heat  waves,  including  the  top-ranked  July  2011  and  July  1995  heat  waves.  The  extended  heat  index  can  also  be  used  to  evaluate  the  physiological  stress  induced  by  heat  and  humidity.  It  is  found  that  the  most  extreme  Midwest  heat  waves  tax  the  cardiovascular  system  with  a  skin  blood  flow  that  is  elevated  several  fold,  approaching  the  physiological  limit.  These  effects  are  not  captured  by  the  National  Weather  Service's  polynomial  extrapolation,  which  underestimates  the  heat  index  by  as  much  as  10  K  during  severe  heat  waves.Another  long-lasting  problem  of  the  heat  index  is  that  it  has  never  been  validated  against  laboratory  data.  In  this  dissertation,  we  use  the  laboratory  data  obtained  by  physiologists  at  Penn  State,  showing  that  the  model  underlying  the  heat  index  can  correctly  predict  the  combinations  of  temperature  and  humidity  that  cause  hyperthermia.  This  is  the  first  time  the  heat-index  model  has  been  validated  against  physiological  data  from  laboratory  experiments.  For  light  and  moderate  exertion  in  an  indoor  setting,  the  heat-index  model  predicts  hyperthermia  would  occur  at  the  heat-index  value  of  345  K,  consistent  with  the  experimental  results.  For  the  same  setting  and  exertion,  the  heat-index  model  predicts  the  core  body  temperature  would  equilibrate  at  the  fatal  value  of  315  K  at  the  heat-index  value  of  366  K,  establishing  a  heat-index  threshold  for  the  survivability  of  humans.Global  warming  poses  a  direct  threat  to  human  health.  Many  previous  studies  of  future  impacts  have  relied  on  the  wet-bulb  temperature,  defined  as  the  equilibrium  temperature  of  a  wet  thermometer  under  an  infinite  wind,  to  predict  human  survivability.  However,  the  wet-bulb  temperature  is  not  an  accurate  metric  for  human  heat  stress  because  it  does  not  account  for  human  exertion,  finite  wind  speed  and  radiation  heat  exchange.  With  the  laboratory-validated  heat  index,  we  find  that  a  commonly  used  survivability  threshold  of  35  °C  for  wet-bulb  temperature  would  overestimate  the  occurrence  of  heat  death,  but  would  underestimate  the  occurrence  of  hyperthermia.  For  example,  in  a  world  warmer  than  pre-industrial  by  10  K,  the  best  estimate  is  that  30%  of  the  world's  population  would  be  exposed  once  or  more  per  year  to  a  wet-bulb  temperature  above  35  °C,  but  less  than  2%  would  be  exposed  to  fatal  conditions  and  over  60%  would  be  exposed  to  conditions  that  would  cause  hyperthermia.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aPhysics.
■650  4▼aClimate  change.
■650  4▼aPhysiology.
■653    ▼aClimate
■653    ▼aHeat  index
■653    ▼aHeat  stress
■653    ▼aPhysiology
■653    ▼aApparent  temperature
■653    ▼aHumidity
■690    ▼a0605
■690    ▼a0404
■690    ▼a0719
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bPhysics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-06B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16932478▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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