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Three Essays on Public Policy Enforcement in China- [electronic resource]
Three Essays on Public Policy Enforcement in China - [electronic resource]
Three Essays on Public Policy Enforcement in China- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100122
ISBN  
9798380382205
DDC  
320
저자명  
Huang, Qingyang.
서명/저자  
Three Essays on Public Policy Enforcement in China - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(167 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-03, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Magruder, Jeremy.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약The enforcement of public policies is a critical aspect of governance that is significantly shaped by political and institutional forces. This dissertation studies the public policy enforcement in China, which features both strong state capacity and weak rule of law. Therefore, the relationship between the central and local government is particularly important in understanding public policy enforcement in this setting. Inspired by theoretical insights and the frontier literature in political economy and development economics, I employ reduced-form empirical methods to evaluate key features in China's public policy enforcement. The three chapters of my dissertation discuss three different modes of public policy enforcements in China, each featuring varying roles of the central and local governments. The findings in this dissertation shed light on the complex dynamics of policy enforcement in China's unique political and institutional context and have important implications for policymakers seeking to improve the effectiveness of governance.Although the chapters are ordered to highlight the most important work from my doctoral study as Chapter 1, I would like to introduce the contents of each chapter in reverse order, beginning with Chapter 3 and ending with Chapter 1. The introduction starts with a discussion of the simplest mode of public policy enforcement, in which the central government dictates and vertically implements the policy, in Chapter 3. Moving to Chapter 2, the discussion explores the issue of incentives for local government officials, adding complexity to the enforcement model. Finally, in Chapter 1, the conflict between overlapping government hierarchies is analyzed. Overall, this dissertation presents a comprehensive examination of the challenges involved in public policy enforcement, with a focus on the role of government officials at different levels of the hierarchy.Chapter 3 of this dissertation, which was co-authored with Chang Liu and Li-An Zhou and published in the Journal of Comparative Economics in 2020, evaluates the Universal Salt Iodization (USI) policy implemented in China in 1994. As the largest nutrition intervention policy in human history, the USI policy aimed to eliminate iodine deficiency diseases that could cause severe consequences on the cognitive abilities of future generations. Due to the central government's monopoly on salt production, distribution, and retail, the policy was effectively enforced vertically. To evaluate the policy's impact on children's later-life educational outcomes, we employed a difference-in-differences strategy to compare the educational outcomes of cohorts born before and after USI across counties with different iodine deficiency disorder levels based on population census data combined with county-level information. Our results demonstrate that the USI policy increased primary school enrollment by 0.6 percentage points and was more beneficial for girls and children born in rural areas. These findings further highlight the efficacy of public policies when enforced vertically by the central government.Chapter 2 is coauthored with Qianmiao Chen, Chang Liu, and Peng Wang, and published in the European Journal of Political in 2022. This chapter examines a more prevalent model of policy enforcement in China, where the central government sets general policy targets, and local governments have considerable discretion in their implementation. We use Chinese governments' crisis response to the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of such a model and investigate the role of local government leader' career incentives in determining city-wide lockdown measures. At the onset of the pandemic, most local leaders hesitated to impose lockdowns as their promotions depended on achieving strong numbers for economic growth in their regions, which could be suppressed by such measures. However, when the nation's top leader warned that local leaders who failed to control the disease would be removed from office, many rapidly implemented resolute measures. Nonetheless, our analysis reveals that local leaders with stronger promotion incentives were still more likely to downplay the virus by avoiding or minimizing lockdowns. The findings underscore how local politicians may be incentivized to act slowly during crises, undermining the central government's objectives in critical public policies.Chapter 1 examines a complex scenario in which policy enforcement is limited by the conflict between overlapping government hierarchies, constraining the local governments' ability in effective policy enforcement, even if they have strong incentives. To illustrate this point, I document a real-world example that Chinese central and provincial state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were exempted from local environmental regulations due to an institutional barrier. This exemption pushed local regulators to impose more stringent regulations on private firms. Using rich firm-level panel data and exploiting the decentralization of Chinese central and provincial SOEs, I investigate the direct and spillover effects of removing this regulatory constraint. The results show that polluting SOEs invest more in pollution abatement inputs that do not contribute directly to production, pollutes less, and have lower productivity when decentralized to the prefectural level. Furthermore, private firms in the same prefecture pollute more while increasing output and TFP, especially those with more binding financial constraints. At the aggregate level, decentralizing polluting SOEs in a prefecture reduces total emissions without significantly affecting total industrial output or aggregate productivity. When hypothetically reallocating 10% of emissions from central and provincial SOEs to private firms, I calculate total industrial output gains of 0.74- 3.31%. This chapter highlights the significance of institutional interactions, particularly between central and local governments' policy targets, in shaping policy outcomes.
일반주제명  
Public policy.
일반주제명  
Public administration.
키워드  
Public policy enforcement
키워드  
China
키워드  
Chinese government
키워드  
State-owned enterprises
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Agricultural & Resource Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-03A.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■020    ▼a9798380382205
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI30424659
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a320
■1001  ▼aHuang,  Qingyang.
■24510▼aThree  Essays  on  Public  Policy  Enforcement  in  China▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(167  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-03,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Magruder,  Jeremy.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThe  enforcement  of  public  policies  is  a  critical  aspect  of  governance  that  is  significantly  shaped  by  political  and  institutional  forces.  This  dissertation  studies  the  public  policy  enforcement  in  China,  which  features  both  strong  state  capacity  and  weak  rule  of  law.  Therefore,  the  relationship  between  the  central  and  local  government  is  particularly  important  in  understanding  public  policy  enforcement  in  this  setting.  Inspired  by  theoretical  insights  and  the  frontier  literature  in  political  economy  and  development  economics,  I  employ  reduced-form  empirical  methods  to  evaluate  key  features  in  China's  public  policy  enforcement.  The  three  chapters  of  my  dissertation  discuss  three  different  modes  of  public  policy  enforcements  in  China,  each  featuring  varying  roles  of  the  central  and  local  governments.  The  findings  in  this  dissertation  shed  light  on  the  complex  dynamics  of  policy  enforcement  in  China's  unique  political  and  institutional  context  and  have  important  implications  for  policymakers  seeking  to  improve  the  effectiveness  of  governance.Although  the  chapters  are  ordered  to  highlight  the  most  important  work  from  my  doctoral  study  as  Chapter  1,  I  would  like  to  introduce  the  contents  of  each  chapter  in  reverse  order,  beginning  with  Chapter  3  and  ending  with  Chapter  1.  The  introduction  starts  with  a  discussion  of  the  simplest  mode  of  public  policy  enforcement,  in  which  the  central  government  dictates  and  vertically  implements  the  policy,  in  Chapter  3.  Moving  to  Chapter  2,  the  discussion  explores  the  issue  of  incentives  for  local  government  officials,  adding  complexity  to  the  enforcement  model.  Finally,  in  Chapter  1,  the  conflict  between  overlapping  government  hierarchies  is  analyzed.  Overall,  this  dissertation  presents  a  comprehensive  examination  of  the  challenges  involved  in  public  policy  enforcement,  with  a  focus  on  the  role  of  government  officials  at  different  levels  of  the  hierarchy.Chapter  3  of  this  dissertation,  which  was  co-authored  with  Chang  Liu  and  Li-An  Zhou  and  published  in  the  Journal  of  Comparative  Economics  in  2020,  evaluates  the  Universal  Salt  Iodization  (USI)  policy  implemented  in  China  in  1994.  As  the  largest  nutrition  intervention  policy  in  human  history,  the  USI  policy  aimed  to  eliminate  iodine  deficiency  diseases  that  could  cause  severe  consequences  on  the  cognitive  abilities  of  future  generations.  Due  to  the  central  government's  monopoly  on  salt  production,  distribution,  and  retail,  the  policy  was  effectively  enforced  vertically.  To  evaluate  the  policy's  impact  on  children's  later-life  educational  outcomes,  we  employed  a  difference-in-differences  strategy  to  compare  the  educational  outcomes  of  cohorts  born  before  and  after  USI  across  counties  with  different  iodine  deficiency  disorder  levels  based  on  population  census  data  combined  with  county-level  information.  Our  results  demonstrate  that  the  USI  policy  increased  primary  school  enrollment  by  0.6  percentage  points  and  was  more  beneficial  for  girls  and  children  born  in  rural  areas.  These  findings  further  highlight  the  efficacy  of  public  policies  when  enforced  vertically  by  the  central  government.Chapter  2  is  coauthored  with  Qianmiao  Chen,  Chang  Liu,  and  Peng  Wang,  and  published  in  the  European  Journal  of  Political  in  2022.  This  chapter  examines  a  more  prevalent  model  of  policy  enforcement  in  China,  where  the  central  government  sets  general  policy  targets,  and  local  governments  have  considerable  discretion  in  their  implementation.  We  use  Chinese  governments'  crisis  response  to  the  COVID-19  pandemic  as  an  example  of  such  a  model  and  investigate  the  role  of  local  government  leader'  career  incentives  in  determining  city-wide  lockdown  measures.  At  the  onset  of  the  pandemic,  most  local  leaders  hesitated  to  impose  lockdowns  as  their  promotions  depended  on  achieving  strong  numbers  for  economic  growth  in  their  regions,  which  could  be  suppressed  by  such  measures.  However,  when  the  nation's  top  leader  warned  that  local  leaders  who  failed  to  control  the  disease  would  be  removed  from  office,  many  rapidly  implemented  resolute  measures.  Nonetheless,  our  analysis  reveals  that  local  leaders  with  stronger  promotion  incentives  were  still  more  likely  to  downplay  the  virus  by  avoiding  or  minimizing  lockdowns.  The  findings  underscore  how  local  politicians  may  be  incentivized  to  act  slowly  during  crises,  undermining  the  central  government's  objectives  in  critical  public  policies.Chapter  1  examines  a  complex  scenario  in  which  policy  enforcement  is  limited  by  the  conflict  between  overlapping  government  hierarchies,  constraining  the  local  governments'  ability  in  effective  policy  enforcement,  even  if  they  have  strong  incentives.  To  illustrate  this  point,  I  document  a  real-world  example  that  Chinese  central  and  provincial  state-owned  enterprises  (SOEs)  were  exempted  from  local  environmental  regulations  due  to  an  institutional  barrier.  This  exemption  pushed  local  regulators  to  impose  more  stringent  regulations  on  private  firms.  Using  rich  firm-level  panel  data  and  exploiting  the  decentralization  of  Chinese  central  and  provincial  SOEs,  I  investigate  the  direct  and  spillover  effects  of  removing  this  regulatory  constraint.  The  results  show  that  polluting  SOEs  invest  more  in  pollution  abatement  inputs  that  do  not  contribute  directly  to  production,  pollutes  less,  and  have  lower  productivity  when  decentralized  to  the  prefectural  level.  Furthermore,  private  firms  in  the  same  prefecture  pollute  more  while  increasing  output  and  TFP,  especially  those  with  more  binding  financial  constraints.  At  the  aggregate  level,  decentralizing  polluting  SOEs  in  a  prefecture  reduces  total  emissions  without  significantly  affecting  total  industrial  output  or  aggregate  productivity.  When  hypothetically  reallocating  10%  of  emissions  from  central  and  provincial  SOEs  to  private  firms,  I  calculate  total  industrial  output  gains  of  0.74-  3.31%.  This  chapter  highlights  the  significance  of  institutional  interactions,  particularly  between  central  and  local  governments'  policy  targets,  in  shaping  policy  outcomes.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aPublic  policy.
■650  4▼aPublic  administration.
■653    ▼aPublic  policy  enforcement
■653    ▼aChina
■653    ▼aChinese  government
■653    ▼aState-owned  enterprises
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0438
■690    ▼a0630
■690    ▼a0617
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bAgricultural  &  Resource  Economics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-03A.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931818▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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