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Static and Dynamic Forms to Identify DDI Potential and Sources of Pharmacokinetic Variability- [electronic resource]
Static and Dynamic Forms to Identify DDI Potential and Sources of Pharmacokinetic Variabil...
Static and Dynamic Forms to Identify DDI Potential and Sources of Pharmacokinetic Variability- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214101221
ISBN  
9798379909475
DDC  
615
저자명  
Steinbronn, Claire.
서명/저자  
Static and Dynamic Forms to Identify DDI Potential and Sources of Pharmacokinetic Variability - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of Washington., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(180 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Arnold, Sam.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약To bring a compound to market, a rigorous process comprised of preclinical and clinical assessments is completed to determine various aspects of drug safety and efficacy. These studies are conducted strategically to ensure that company time and resources are optimized. An example of one of many static approaches to inform on clinical trial design includes determining drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential from in vitro data. Another strategy used is model informed drug development, or MIDD, which employs dynamic modeling forms to determine important aspects to be addressed and included in a clinical trial. Pharmacokinetic modeling techniques can be mechanistic, semi-mechanistic, or non-mechanistic, and may aid in understanding how a drug is eliminated and distributed throughout the body. This thesis proposes strategies to identify optimal strategies in both static and dynamic forms for clinical trial design through the following aims: Specific Aim 1: to determine which criteria will identify DDI risk-positive metabolites through in vitro CYP inhibition screening in an effort to harmonize metabolite screening criteria in regulatory guidance documents for industry, Specific Aim 2: to determine if COVID-19 impacts the exposure of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolite desethylhydroxychloroquine, using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and Specific Aim 3: to optimize clinical trial design to capture hydroxychloroquine 3-compartment pharmacokinetics by varying the sample size and sample collection timepoints in a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model.Understanding how co-administered drugs interact is critical for determining how one can impact the efficacy and safety of another in potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Furthermore, it is important to establish the DDI risk of drugs and any circulating metabolites prior to administering the drug in humans. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed recommendations for testing drug metabolites where metabolites that are less polar than the parent drug should be tested if the metabolite area-under-the-curve (AUC) comprises at least 25% of the parent drug AUC, or if more polar than the parent, metabolites should be tested if the metabolite AUC is equal or greater than the parent drug AUC. This analysis demonstrated that an AUC cutoff 25% for all metabolites in ratio to the parent drug AUC is adequate to capture all metabolites that demonstrated a potential DDI risk. This study also showed that polarity does not contribute to the metabolite inhibitory potency in comparison to the parent drug. Lastly, this work demonstrates that it is important to measure the metabolite DDI potential as multiple examples provided evidence of the metabolite contributing to the observed DDI.Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a pharmacokinetically complicated compound that has been FDA-approved for over 60 years in the clinic. More recently, it was investigated as a potential prophylaxis and treatment option for COVID-19 in early stages of the pandemic. It was clear that HCQ demonstrated a lack of efficacy in COVID-19, but it was not understood initially how COVID-19 would have impacted the exposure of HCQ and its metabolite, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to answer questions surrounding the PK variability observed with HCQ and DHCQ. This model improved the degree of variability captured in the PK predictions of HCQ and DHCQ and further suggests that accounting for variability in blood to plasma concentration ratio (B/P) could be helpful to consider for other drugs with extensive distribution into red blood cells. It also successfully demonstrated how incorporating B/P of HCQ and DHCQ is imperative for predicting how many subjects are necessary to see a COVID-19 effect on compound PK between two study populations of SARS-CoV-2 negative and positive subjects. Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling is used in drug development to take in vivo PK data from individuals to build an understanding of drug PK in a population. HCQ is an example of a drug with complicated distribution and extensive PK variability. HCQ also demonstrates 3-compartment PK in vivo. Previous PopPK models have not captured more than a 1- or 2-compartmental PK structure for various datasets, and it is not clear how informative these models are on the PK behavior of HCQ. This analysis used a PBPK model to generate a synthetic dataset to identify an ideal sampling scheme to capture the true PK behavior of HCQ with a PopPK modeling approach. Additionally, the number of samples per subject more significantly impacted the model's ability to capture a 3-compartment PK structure rather than the number of subjects sampled. This analysis demonstrated through simulating to HCQ steady state (~six months) that the number of compartments was important to determine how long it would take for HCQ to reach a steady state since the 1- and 2-compartment models clearly underpredicted this time frame. This may in part be attributed to the fact that 1- and 2-compartment models varied greatly in the estimates of volume and clearance, and the 1-compartment models developed with the synthetic datasets estimated a higher clearance and predicted lower exposure of HCQ after multiple doses. This methodology can be replicated for other drugs with complicated distribution to optimize the sampling design for PopPK modeling to ensure the model is informative and useful.
일반주제명  
Pharmaceutical sciences.
일반주제명  
Pharmacology.
키워드  
Clinical trial design
키워드  
Drug-drug interactions
키워드  
Hydroxychloroquine
키워드  
Pharmacokinetics
키워드  
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
키워드  
Population pharamacokinetic modeling
기타저자  
University of Washington Pharmaceutics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-01B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aSteinbronn,  Claire.
■24510▼aStatic  and  Dynamic  Forms  to  Identify  DDI  Potential  and  Sources  of  Pharmacokinetic  Variability▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  Washington.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(180  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Arnold,  Sam.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Washington,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aTo  bring  a  compound  to  market,  a  rigorous  process  comprised  of  preclinical  and  clinical  assessments  is  completed  to  determine  various  aspects  of  drug  safety  and  efficacy.  These  studies  are  conducted  strategically  to  ensure  that  company  time  and  resources  are  optimized.  An  example  of  one  of  many  static  approaches  to  inform  on  clinical  trial  design  includes  determining  drug-drug  interaction  (DDI)  potential  from  in  vitro  data.  Another  strategy  used  is  model  informed  drug  development,  or  MIDD,  which  employs  dynamic  modeling  forms  to  determine  important  aspects  to  be  addressed  and  included  in  a  clinical  trial.  Pharmacokinetic  modeling  techniques  can  be  mechanistic,  semi-mechanistic,  or  non-mechanistic,  and  may  aid  in  understanding  how  a  drug  is  eliminated  and  distributed  throughout  the  body.  This  thesis  proposes  strategies  to  identify  optimal  strategies  in  both  static  and  dynamic  forms  for  clinical  trial  design  through  the  following  aims:  Specific  Aim  1:  to  determine  which  criteria  will  identify  DDI  risk-positive  metabolites  through  in  vitro  CYP  inhibition  screening  in  an  effort  to  harmonize  metabolite  screening  criteria  in  regulatory  guidance  documents  for  industry,  Specific  Aim  2:  to  determine  if  COVID-19  impacts  the  exposure  of  hydroxychloroquine  and  its  metabolite  desethylhydroxychloroquine,  using  physiologically  based  pharmacokinetic  (PBPK)  modeling,  and  Specific  Aim  3:  to  optimize  clinical  trial  design  to  capture  hydroxychloroquine  3-compartment  pharmacokinetics  by  varying  the  sample  size  and  sample  collection  timepoints  in  a  population  pharmacokinetic  (PopPK)  model.Understanding  how  co-administered  drugs  interact  is  critical  for  determining  how  one  can  impact  the  efficacy  and  safety  of  another  in  potential  drug-drug  interactions  (DDIs).  Furthermore,  it  is  important  to  establish  the  DDI  risk  of  drugs  and  any  circulating  metabolites  prior  to  administering  the  drug  in  humans.  The  U.S.  Food  and  Drug  Administration  (FDA)  proposed  recommendations  for  testing  drug  metabolites  where  metabolites  that  are  less  polar  than  the  parent  drug  should  be  tested  if  the  metabolite  area-under-the-curve  (AUC)  comprises  at  least  25%  of  the  parent  drug  AUC,  or  if  more  polar  than  the  parent,  metabolites  should  be  tested  if  the  metabolite  AUC  is  equal  or  greater  than  the  parent  drug  AUC.  This  analysis  demonstrated  that  an  AUC  cutoff  25%  for  all  metabolites  in  ratio  to  the  parent  drug  AUC  is  adequate  to  capture  all  metabolites  that  demonstrated  a  potential  DDI  risk.  This  study  also  showed  that  polarity  does  not  contribute  to  the  metabolite  inhibitory  potency  in  comparison  to  the  parent  drug.  Lastly,  this  work  demonstrates  that  it  is  important  to  measure  the  metabolite  DDI  potential  as  multiple  examples  provided  evidence  of  the  metabolite  contributing  to  the  observed  DDI.Hydroxychloroquine  (HCQ)  is  a  pharmacokinetically  complicated  compound  that  has  been  FDA-approved  for  over  60  years  in  the  clinic.  More  recently,  it  was  investigated  as  a  potential  prophylaxis  and  treatment  option  for  COVID-19  in  early  stages  of  the  pandemic.  It  was  clear  that  HCQ  demonstrated  a  lack  of  efficacy  in  COVID-19,  but  it  was  not  understood  initially  how  COVID-19  would  have  impacted  the  exposure  of  HCQ  and  its  metabolite,  desethylhydroxychloroquine  (DHCQ).  A  physiologically  based  pharmacokinetic  (PBPK)  model  was  developed  to  answer  questions  surrounding  the  PK  variability  observed  with  HCQ  and  DHCQ.  This  model  improved  the  degree  of  variability  captured  in  the  PK  predictions  of  HCQ  and  DHCQ  and  further  suggests  that  accounting  for  variability  in  blood  to  plasma  concentration  ratio  (B/P)  could  be  helpful  to  consider  for  other  drugs  with  extensive  distribution  into  red  blood  cells.  It  also  successfully  demonstrated  how  incorporating  B/P  of  HCQ  and  DHCQ  is  imperative  for  predicting  how  many  subjects  are  necessary  to  see  a  COVID-19  effect  on  compound  PK  between  two  study  populations  of  SARS-CoV-2  negative  and  positive  subjects.  Population  pharmacokinetic  (PopPK)  modeling  is  used  in  drug  development  to  take  in  vivo  PK  data  from  individuals  to  build  an  understanding  of  drug  PK  in  a  population.  HCQ  is  an  example  of  a  drug  with  complicated  distribution  and  extensive  PK  variability.  HCQ  also  demonstrates  3-compartment  PK  in  vivo.  Previous  PopPK  models  have  not  captured  more  than  a  1-  or  2-compartmental  PK  structure  for  various  datasets,  and  it  is  not  clear  how  informative  these  models  are  on  the  PK  behavior  of  HCQ.  This  analysis  used  a  PBPK  model  to  generate  a  synthetic  dataset  to  identify  an  ideal  sampling  scheme  to  capture  the  true  PK  behavior  of  HCQ  with  a  PopPK  modeling  approach.  Additionally,  the  number  of  samples  per  subject  more  significantly  impacted  the  model's  ability  to  capture  a  3-compartment  PK  structure  rather  than  the  number  of  subjects  sampled.  This  analysis  demonstrated  through  simulating  to  HCQ  steady  state  (~six  months)  that  the  number  of  compartments  was  important  to  determine  how  long  it  would  take  for  HCQ  to  reach  a  steady  state  since  the  1-  and  2-compartment  models  clearly  underpredicted  this  time  frame.  This  may  in  part  be  attributed  to  the  fact  that  1-  and  2-compartment  models  varied  greatly  in  the  estimates  of  volume  and  clearance,  and  the  1-compartment  models  developed  with  the  synthetic  datasets  estimated  a  higher  clearance  and  predicted  lower  exposure  of  HCQ  after  multiple  doses.  This  methodology  can  be  replicated  for  other  drugs  with  complicated  distribution  to  optimize  the  sampling  design  for  PopPK  modeling  to  ensure  the  model  is  informative  and  useful.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0250.
■650  4▼aPharmaceutical  sciences.
■650  4▼aPharmacology.
■653    ▼aClinical  trial  design
■653    ▼aDrug-drug  interactions
■653    ▼aHydroxychloroquine
■653    ▼aPharmacokinetics
■653    ▼aPhysiologically  based  pharmacokinetic  modeling
■653    ▼aPopulation  pharamacokinetic  modeling
■690    ▼a0572
■690    ▼a0419
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Washington▼bPharmaceutics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-01B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0250
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16933233▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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