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Essays in Political Economy- [electronic resource]
Essays in Political Economy - [electronic resource]
Essays in Political Economy- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100354
ISBN  
9798379654290
DDC  
324
저자명  
Nowacki, Tobias.
서명/저자  
Essays in Political Economy - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : Stanford University., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(240 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Cox, Gary.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약In this dissertation, I study how elections - and electoral rules, in particular - shape the selection of candidates with distinct attributes into office. While there is a large and well-developed literature on how different electoral institutions shape the number of parties and candidates running and winning, we know far less about how the same institutions affect what types of candidates end up being elected to office. In the following chapters, I examine how electoral rules applied to local politics - the very first rung of the tall ladder of political careers - shape the nature of electoral competition by affecting female candidates' career trajectories and allowing independent candidates without a partisan affiliation to thrive. I do so using modern causal inference techniques and introduce new methods to study heterogeneous effects in close elections.My dissertation highlights salient tradeoffs for policymakers and electoral reformers when designing electoral institutions, and offers new methodological tools to study these questions in the context of close elections. In choosing how to design electoral systems, decision-makers may also have to navigate tradeoffs between conflicting normative desiderata, such as individual accountability of legislators versus representation of otherwise underrepresented groups; or the representation of salient, highly local issues versus parties' responsiveness across multiple layers of government. This work also emphasises the importance of electoral design even at the most local levels of politics, demonstrating these rules' widespread effect on representation, policymaking, and the nature of political competition. Who gets elected (and possibly re-elected) in the first steps of a political career has repercussion for the quality and characteristics of the candidate pool for higher-order elections. Altogether, I hope that it will form a valuable contribution, and a stepping stone towards further research, towards understanding how we should design our electoral rules in line with various democratic values.In the first paper (Chapter 2), I examine under what conditions elections held under different forms of proportional representation can help or hinder women's political careers by affecting the gender gap in incumbency advantages. I argue that women's incumbency advantages may be smaller in open-list systems where voters can determine individual candidates' list positions. By contrast, incumbency advantages in closed-list systems are party-driven and more likely to be of an equal magnitude for women. Using heterogeneity-in-discontinuity designs with data from candidates in local elections across Norway, Poland, and Spain, I present empirical evidence in support of this argument; additional results also rule out alternative explanations and strengthen confidence in the key role of gender in the underlying mechanism. I also demonstrate that, consistent with my theoretical argument, voters in right-wing parties in open-list elections likely award a smaller increase in preference votes to female winners. Overall, my findings contribute an important new perspective on the consequences of electoral rules and institutions for gender equity in politics.In the second paper (Chapter 3), I study how independent candidates in two-round runoff elections can attract greater support from the electorate vis-`a-vis partisan candidates. I distinguish several competing explanations of why political parties fail to penetrate local elections successfully (despite fielding candidates) before focussing on the case of mayoral elections in Poland, where independents routinely win up to 70% of these elections. I use the runoff rule to compare elections in which an independent candidate barely qualifies for the runoff to elections in which a partisan candidate does so.
일반주제명  
Electoral reform.
일반주제명  
Nominations.
일반주제명  
Local elections.
일반주제명  
Legislatures.
일반주제명  
Political parties.
일반주제명  
Design.
일반주제명  
Election results.
일반주제명  
Probability.
일반주제명  
Negative campaigning.
일반주제명  
Women.
일반주제명  
Incumbency.
일반주제명  
Voters.
일반주제명  
Voter behavior.
일반주제명  
Competition.
일반주제명  
Behavioral psychology.
일반주제명  
Finance.
일반주제명  
Political science.
일반주제명  
Psychology.
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 84-12B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aNowacki,  Tobias.
■24510▼aEssays  in  Political  Economy▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bStanford  University.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(240  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  84-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Cox,  Gary.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aIn  this  dissertation,  I  study  how  elections  -  and  electoral  rules,  in  particular  -  shape  the  selection  of  candidates  with  distinct  attributes  into  office.  While  there  is  a  large  and  well-developed  literature  on  how  different  electoral  institutions  shape  the  number  of  parties  and  candidates  running  and  winning,  we  know  far  less  about  how  the  same  institutions  affect  what  types  of  candidates  end  up  being  elected  to  office.  In  the  following  chapters,  I  examine  how  electoral  rules  applied  to  local  politics  -  the  very  first  rung  of  the  tall  ladder  of  political  careers  -  shape  the  nature  of  electoral  competition  by  affecting  female  candidates'  career  trajectories  and  allowing  independent  candidates  without  a  partisan  affiliation  to  thrive.  I  do  so  using  modern  causal  inference  techniques  and  introduce  new  methods  to  study  heterogeneous  effects  in  close  elections.My  dissertation  highlights  salient  tradeoffs  for  policymakers  and  electoral  reformers  when  designing  electoral  institutions,  and  offers  new  methodological  tools  to  study  these  questions  in  the  context  of  close  elections.  In  choosing  how  to  design  electoral  systems,  decision-makers  may  also  have  to  navigate  tradeoffs  between  conflicting  normative  desiderata,  such  as  individual  accountability  of  legislators  versus  representation  of  otherwise  underrepresented  groups;  or  the  representation  of  salient,  highly  local  issues  versus  parties'  responsiveness  across  multiple  layers  of  government.  This  work  also  emphasises  the  importance  of  electoral  design  even  at  the  most  local  levels  of  politics,  demonstrating  these  rules'  widespread  effect  on  representation,  policymaking,  and  the  nature  of  political  competition.  Who  gets  elected  (and  possibly  re-elected)  in  the  first  steps  of  a  political  career  has  repercussion  for  the  quality  and  characteristics  of  the  candidate  pool  for  higher-order  elections.  Altogether,  I  hope  that  it  will  form  a  valuable  contribution,  and  a  stepping  stone  towards  further  research,  towards  understanding  how  we  should  design  our  electoral  rules  in  line  with  various  democratic  values.In  the  first  paper  (Chapter  2),  I  examine  under  what  conditions  elections  held  under  different  forms  of  proportional  representation  can  help  or  hinder  women's  political  careers  by  affecting  the  gender  gap  in  incumbency  advantages.  I  argue  that  women's  incumbency  advantages  may  be  smaller  in  open-list  systems  where  voters  can  determine  individual  candidates'  list  positions.  By  contrast,  incumbency  advantages  in  closed-list  systems  are  party-driven  and  more  likely  to  be  of  an  equal  magnitude  for  women.  Using  heterogeneity-in-discontinuity  designs  with  data  from  candidates  in  local  elections  across  Norway,  Poland,  and  Spain,  I  present  empirical  evidence  in  support  of  this  argument;  additional  results  also  rule  out  alternative  explanations  and  strengthen  confidence  in  the  key  role  of  gender  in  the  underlying  mechanism.  I  also  demonstrate  that,  consistent  with  my  theoretical  argument,  voters  in  right-wing  parties  in  open-list  elections  likely  award  a  smaller  increase  in  preference  votes  to  female  winners.  Overall,  my  findings  contribute  an  important  new  perspective  on  the  consequences  of  electoral  rules  and  institutions  for  gender  equity  in  politics.In  the  second  paper  (Chapter  3),  I  study  how  independent  candidates  in  two-round  runoff  elections  can  attract  greater  support  from  the  electorate  vis-`a-vis  partisan  candidates.  I  distinguish  several  competing  explanations  of  why  political  parties  fail  to  penetrate  local  elections  successfully  (despite  fielding  candidates)  before  focussing  on  the  case  of  mayoral  elections  in  Poland,  where  independents  routinely  win  up  to  70%  of  these  elections.  I  use  the  runoff  rule  to  compare  elections  in  which  an  independent  candidate  barely  qualifies  for  the  runoff  to  elections  in  which  a  partisan  candidate  does  so.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aElectoral  reform.
■650  4▼aNominations.
■650  4▼aLocal  elections.
■650  4▼aLegislatures.
■650  4▼aPolitical  parties.
■650  4▼aDesign.
■650  4▼aElection  results.
■650  4▼aProbability.
■650  4▼aNegative  campaigning.
■650  4▼aWomen.
■650  4▼aIncumbency.
■650  4▼aVoters.
■650  4▼aVoter  behavior.
■650  4▼aCompetition.
■650  4▼aBehavioral  psychology.
■650  4▼aFinance.
■650  4▼aPolitical  science.
■650  4▼aPsychology.
■690    ▼a0389
■690    ▼a0384
■690    ▼a0508
■690    ▼a0615
■690    ▼a0621
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g84-12B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931962▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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