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Essays on Economic Development- [electronic resource]
Essays on Economic Development - [electronic resource]
Essays on Economic Development- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214095849
ISBN  
9798380620239
DDC  
310
저자명  
Leone, Samuel.
서명/저자  
Essays on Economic Development - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2021
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2021
형태사항  
1 online resource(108 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Finan, Frederico.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2021.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약The mission of development economics is, fundamentally, to explain why some communities are wealthier than others. This dissertation is a collection of two essays that make progress towards fitting together key pieces of the puzzle. My hope is that the findings will inform, not only researchers, but policymakers working to accelerate economic development.To that end, the essays make three thematic contributions. First, they leverage data and experiments from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While MENA's relevance to global markets is self-evident, to date economists have paid it less attention than other low- and middle-income regions. Second, the results advance the economic geography of development by exploring trade and forced migration. Third, the results advance the political economy of development by exploring corruption and the victims of conflict. These geographic and political factors are among the most important drivers of structural transformation, productivity growth, and poverty reduction.In Chapter 1, joint with Nate Grubman and Jawaher Mbarek, I investigate corruption dynamics in international trade. Every year emerging markets import goods valued at more than $7 trillion, and in many countries shipments have to pass through corrupt customs administrations. Given these high stakes, policymakers require a deep understanding of both the causes and the effects of customs fraud. In addition, trade corruption can serve as a laboratory to study corruption writ large. One previously unexplored complexity is that bribe payers and bribe receivers often have repeated interactions. Given corruption's characteristic counterparty risks and information asymmetries (not to mention the impossibility of contract enforcement), these long-running relationships likely matter for a wide variety of outcomes across a wide variety of contexts.To pursue these general learning objectives, we overcome the data and identification challenges inherent to investigating bribery: we build an original dataset on Tunisian customs transactions using an audit study to directly observe bribes, and we leverage a natural experiment in which a computer algorithm randomly assigns customs officials to import shipments. There are three sets of results. First, we show that bribery and tax evasion are widespread, that bribery is collusive (not coercive), and that age (but not gender) predicts officials' corruptibility. Second, in line with a straightforward Nash Bargaining model, we show that the length of official/trader relationships increases tax evasion but decreases bribe amounts. Third, we zoom out to consider the larger macroeconomic implications and show that, in terms of lost tax revenue, bribery costs the Tunisian government 0.7% of GDP or $80 per citizen.In Chapter 2, joint with Edward Miguel, Sandra V. Rozo, Emma Smith, and Sarah Stillman, I investigate affordable housing for forced migrants. There are 82 million forced migrants in the world today, and the vast majority reside in "host communities:" they live, work, and attend school in the same neighborhoods as the citizens of their host country. As both a cause and an effect of this arrangement, many governments, IGOs, and NGOs support these refugees' shelter through either direct provision or rental assistance. However, the evidence on the welfare implications of housing subsidies is inconclusive for refugees in particular and for high-poverty populations in general. On the one hand, studies have shown that shelter assistance has the potential to provide, not just a roof overhead, but a number of downstream benefits. On the other hand, some studies have found null or even negative results, and it is often unclear whether the positive results are due to direct housing-quality effects or indirect neighborhood effects.To fill this knowledge gap, we ran a randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing a program that provides housing support to Jordan's Syrian refugees. The subsidies are large (approximately $190 per month) and are not vouchers; households can only use them for their current housing, allowing us to be among the first to identify housing-quality effects absent confounding neighborhood effects. There are three sets of results. First, we estimate the positive impacts of the program. Recipients experience improvements in their living situations, as well as better education and credit-market outcomes. Second, we observe that, while the program does not cause movement of households, it does cause movement between households. Recipients welcome new individuals into their homes, likely so that family, friends, and neighbors can take advantage of the upgraded housing. Third, we estimate the negative impacts of the program and argue that these unintended consequences likely follow from the endogenous household formation. For example, recipients are less food secure, consistent with having more mouths to feed.Together, these studies have generalizable, actionable insights. Knowing that dynamics matter for corruption can help reform-minded governments decide which levers to pull as they attempt to enhance transparency. And the large economic cost of trade corruption implies a high return on investment for the governments that succeed. Our RCT reveals both the upside potential and the downside risk of large-scale affordable-housing interventions. By refining their design, implementation, and cost-effectiveness, policymakers could improve these programs and the lives of the vulnerable communities they serve.
일반주제명  
Statistics.
키워드  
Randomized controlled trial
키워드  
Middle East and North Africa
키워드  
Economic development
키워드  
Trade
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-04B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a310
■1001  ▼aLeone,  Samuel.
■24510▼aEssays  on  Economic  Development▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2021
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2021
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(108  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Finan,  Frederico.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2021.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThe  mission  of  development  economics  is,  fundamentally,  to  explain  why  some  communities  are  wealthier  than  others.  This  dissertation  is  a  collection  of  two  essays  that  make  progress  towards  fitting  together  key  pieces  of  the  puzzle.  My  hope  is  that  the  findings  will  inform,  not  only  researchers,  but  policymakers  working  to  accelerate  economic  development.To  that  end,  the  essays  make  three  thematic  contributions.  First,  they  leverage  data  and  experiments  from  the  Middle  East  and  North  Africa  (MENA).  While  MENA's  relevance  to  global  markets  is  self-evident,  to  date  economists  have  paid  it  less  attention  than  other  low-  and  middle-income  regions.  Second,  the  results  advance  the  economic  geography  of  development  by  exploring  trade  and  forced  migration.  Third,  the  results  advance  the  political  economy  of  development  by  exploring  corruption  and  the  victims  of  conflict.  These  geographic  and  political  factors  are  among  the  most  important  drivers  of  structural  transformation,  productivity  growth,  and  poverty  reduction.In  Chapter  1,  joint  with  Nate  Grubman  and  Jawaher  Mbarek,  I  investigate  corruption  dynamics  in  international  trade.  Every  year  emerging  markets  import  goods  valued  at  more  than  $7  trillion,  and  in  many  countries  shipments  have  to  pass  through  corrupt  customs  administrations.  Given  these  high  stakes,  policymakers  require  a  deep  understanding  of  both  the  causes  and  the  effects  of  customs  fraud.  In  addition,  trade  corruption  can  serve  as  a  laboratory  to  study  corruption  writ  large.  One  previously  unexplored  complexity  is  that  bribe  payers  and  bribe  receivers  often  have  repeated  interactions.  Given  corruption's  characteristic  counterparty  risks  and  information  asymmetries  (not  to  mention  the  impossibility  of  contract  enforcement),  these  long-running  relationships  likely  matter  for  a  wide  variety  of  outcomes  across  a  wide  variety  of  contexts.To  pursue  these  general  learning  objectives,  we  overcome  the  data  and  identification  challenges  inherent  to  investigating  bribery:  we  build  an  original  dataset  on  Tunisian  customs  transactions  using  an  audit  study  to  directly  observe  bribes,  and  we  leverage  a  natural  experiment  in  which  a  computer  algorithm  randomly  assigns  customs  officials  to  import  shipments.  There  are  three  sets  of  results.  First,  we  show  that  bribery  and  tax  evasion  are  widespread,  that  bribery  is  collusive  (not  coercive),  and  that  age  (but  not  gender)  predicts  officials'  corruptibility.  Second,  in  line  with  a  straightforward  Nash  Bargaining  model,  we  show  that  the  length  of  official/trader  relationships  increases  tax  evasion  but  decreases  bribe  amounts.  Third,  we  zoom  out  to  consider  the  larger  macroeconomic  implications  and  show  that,  in  terms  of  lost  tax  revenue,  bribery  costs  the  Tunisian  government  0.7%  of  GDP  or  $80  per  citizen.In  Chapter  2,  joint  with  Edward  Miguel,  Sandra  V.  Rozo,  Emma  Smith,  and  Sarah  Stillman,  I  investigate  affordable  housing  for  forced  migrants.  There  are  82  million  forced  migrants  in  the  world  today,  and  the  vast  majority  reside  in  "host  communities:"  they  live,  work,  and  attend  school  in  the  same  neighborhoods  as  the  citizens  of  their  host  country.  As  both  a  cause  and  an  effect  of  this  arrangement,  many  governments,  IGOs,  and  NGOs  support  these  refugees'  shelter  through  either  direct  provision  or  rental  assistance.  However,  the  evidence  on  the  welfare  implications  of  housing  subsidies  is  inconclusive  for  refugees  in  particular  and  for  high-poverty  populations  in  general.  On  the  one  hand,  studies  have  shown  that  shelter  assistance  has  the  potential  to  provide,  not  just  a  roof  overhead,  but  a  number  of  downstream  benefits.  On  the  other  hand,  some  studies  have  found  null  or  even  negative  results,  and  it  is  often  unclear  whether  the  positive  results  are  due  to  direct  housing-quality  effects  or  indirect  neighborhood  effects.To  fill  this  knowledge  gap,  we  ran  a  randomized  controlled  trial  (RCT)  testing  a  program  that  provides  housing  support  to  Jordan's  Syrian  refugees.  The  subsidies  are  large  (approximately  $190  per  month)  and  are  not  vouchers;  households  can  only  use  them  for  their  current  housing,  allowing  us  to  be  among  the  first  to  identify  housing-quality  effects  absent  confounding  neighborhood  effects.  There  are  three  sets  of  results.  First,  we  estimate  the  positive  impacts  of  the  program.  Recipients  experience  improvements  in  their  living  situations,  as  well  as  better  education  and  credit-market  outcomes.  Second,  we  observe  that,  while  the  program  does  not  cause  movement  of  households,  it  does  cause  movement  between  households.  Recipients  welcome  new  individuals  into  their  homes,  likely  so  that  family,  friends,  and  neighbors  can  take  advantage  of  the  upgraded  housing.  Third,  we  estimate  the  negative  impacts  of  the  program  and  argue  that  these  unintended  consequences  likely  follow  from  the  endogenous  household  formation.  For  example,  recipients  are  less  food  secure,  consistent  with  having  more  mouths  to  feed.Together,  these  studies  have  generalizable,  actionable  insights.  Knowing  that  dynamics  matter  for  corruption  can  help  reform-minded  governments  decide  which  levers  to  pull  as  they  attempt  to  enhance  transparency.  And  the  large  economic  cost  of  trade  corruption  implies  a  high  return  on  investment  for  the  governments  that  succeed.  Our  RCT  reveals  both  the  upside  potential  and  the  downside  risk  of  large-scale  affordable-housing  interventions.  By  refining  their  design,  implementation,  and  cost-effectiveness,  policymakers  could  improve  these  programs  and  the  lives  of  the  vulnerable  communities  they  serve.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aStatistics.
■653    ▼aRandomized  controlled  trial
■653    ▼aMiddle  East  and  North  Africa
■653    ▼aEconomic  development
■653    ▼aTrade
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0601
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-04B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2021
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16930989▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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