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Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norms- [electronic resource]
Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norm...
Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norms- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214101215
ISBN  
9798379919467
DDC  
150
저자명  
Hagen, Renee Vera.
서명/저자  
Conventions and Moral Codes: A Bayesian Model of the Spread and Maintenance of Social Norms - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Los Angeles., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(161 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Scelza, Brooke Anne.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약How do social norms spread in a population? Which processes affect whether a social norm persists over time or disappears quickly? These are the questions that guide this dissertation. In modeling the spread and maintenance of social norms, I employ and integrate two theoretical frameworks: cultural evolution theory, an anthropological framework that aims to model how culture changes over time and space and understands cultural change as somewhat analogous to Darwinian evolution; and sexual conflict theory, a theoretical perspective from evolutionary biology that investigates how conflicts of interests between the sexes are played out over evolutionary time. Throughout this work, I apply Bayesian statistical inference to empirically test hypotheses on norm change.The term 'social norm' as used colloquially can have various meanings. Descriptive social norms refer to what most people in a population do; they describe common behaviors or conventions of a group. On the other hand, prescriptive social norms say something about what is morally right, about how the world ought to be, and how people should behave. I argue that this distinction is crucial for pinpointing the processes affecting the dynamics of social norms, as descriptive and prescriptive norms are likely subject to some shared as well as distinct selective pressures and processes of change.In Chapter 1, I apply the framework of cultural evolution theory to examine how a set of descriptive norms introduced by a cultural outgroup spreads in a population. Here the norms under study are perinatal care practices as recommended by the WHO and locally promoted by the Red Cross and government health workers among Himba women in the Kunene region of Namibia. Access to formal medical care is on the rise in this region, and medical workers regularly visit communities to promote WHO-recommended perinatal care practices. Based on interviews with 100 Himba mothers, I use Bayesian multilevel logistical regression models to examine how perceptions of group preferences, prestige ascribed to outgroup conformers, interaction with the outgroup, and access to resources affect women's uptake of medical recommendations concerning perinatal care. I find that women who perceive medical recommendations as common in their group prefer, plan and practice these recommendations more often themselves, and my analyses show that an observed shift towards medical recommendations regarding hospital birth and use of contraceptives is in line with predictions of conformity-biased social learning. Concluding this chapter, I argue that norm changes and the cultural evolutionary processes that can lead to them are not uniform, either in process or pace. Empirical studies like this one provide important examples of how these changes reflect local culture and circumstance. They are critical for better understanding the models that currently predominate in cultural evolution work, and can help bridge the gap between anthropology and public health by demonstrating where norm change campaigns might be most effective. Chapter 2 takes as point of departure the somewhat paradoxical observation that many women support social norms that seem - from the perspective of western feminism - against their own self-interest. Women around the world support and promote patriarchal gender norms that justify men's dominance over women, assign men more rights than women, or that otherwise favor men over women. In this chapter, I employ sexual conflict theory to consider whether women's attitudes towards patriarchal gender norms reflect their anticipated fitness costs and benefits. Using Bayesian multilevel cumulative probit models, I test whether these hypothesized fitness payoffs are consistent with self-reported attitudes of people in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (n = 18,317). I find that as expected, women's gender norms are more egalitarian than men's but that older age is associated with increasing support for patriarchal gender norms. This age-effect is stronger for women, and this gender difference suggests the effect cannot be explained by a generational shifts in norms alone, but is in line with predicted changes in fitness interests. Unlike predicted under the 'gendered fitness hypothesis', I find little evidence that having more sons leads to more patriarchal gender norms. An association between the two seems largely driven by a preference for sons, and the gender of women's children is mostly unrelated to other gender norms. Lastly, in most populations higher social status correlates with egalitarian attitudes more so for women than for men. I conclude that part of the variation in women's attitudes towards gender norms may be explained through their varying interests in such norms depending on their age and marital status. Women's increased interests in patriarchy may in some cases result from a real decrease in the costs they experience, but can also reflect higher costs of social deviance from the culturally dominant gender ideology. Social status may be protective against the costs of contesting culturally dominant norms, and future work may investigate how social status and other factors may mitigate the price of going against the grain. Lastly, in Chapter 3 I bring the two theoretical perspectives, cultural evolution and sexual conflict theory, together and argue that an underappreciation of the complex relationship between gender norms and sex ratios has hampered a successful understanding of sexual conflict in humans. This complexity may explain why some classic findings regarding sex ratios and bargaining power from the non-human animal literature are not always replicated in human populations. I review and expand upon existing theory to increase its applicability to humans, where gender norms regulate sex ratio-effects on sexual conflict and bargaining. Importantly, gender norms are in part a product of women's and men's sometimes conflicting reproductive interests, but these norms are also subject to other evolutionary processes, and their flexibility is constrained. Gender norms shape sex ratio effects by constraining who is on the marriage market, how they are valued, and by affecting people's reproductive decision-making power. Norms about the value and status of women and men also directly affect sex ratios in many of the world's populations, and I hypothesize that they structure how individuals respond to market value gained or lost through biased sex ratios. In conclusion, an integration of sexual conflict theory and cultural evolutionary theory is required to address these complexities and vital to a full understanding of sexual conflict in humans. 
일반주제명  
Behavioral sciences.
일반주제명  
Sociology.
일반주제명  
Demography.
일반주제명  
Public health.
일반주제명  
Statistics.
키워드  
Cultural evolution
키워드  
Gender norms
키워드  
Maternal health
키워드  
Sexual conflicts
키워드  
Social norms
기타저자  
University of California, Los Angeles Anthropology 0063
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-01B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a150
■1001  ▼aHagen,  Renee  Vera.
■24510▼aConventions  and  Moral  Codes:  A  Bayesian  Model  of  the  Spread  and  Maintenance  of  Social  Norms▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Los  Angeles.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(161  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Scelza,  Brooke  Anne.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Los  Angeles,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aHow  do  social  norms  spread  in  a  population?  Which  processes  affect  whether  a  social  norm  persists  over  time  or  disappears  quickly?  These  are  the  questions  that  guide  this  dissertation.  In  modeling  the  spread  and  maintenance  of  social  norms,  I  employ  and  integrate  two  theoretical  frameworks:  cultural  evolution  theory,  an  anthropological  framework  that  aims  to  model  how  culture  changes  over  time  and  space  and  understands  cultural  change  as  somewhat  analogous  to  Darwinian  evolution;  and  sexual  conflict  theory,  a  theoretical  perspective  from  evolutionary  biology  that  investigates  how  conflicts  of  interests  between  the  sexes  are  played  out  over  evolutionary  time.  Throughout  this  work,  I  apply  Bayesian  statistical  inference  to  empirically  test  hypotheses  on  norm  change.The  term  'social  norm'  as  used  colloquially  can  have  various  meanings.  Descriptive  social  norms  refer  to  what  most  people  in  a  population  do;  they  describe  common  behaviors  or  conventions  of  a  group.  On  the  other  hand,  prescriptive  social  norms  say  something  about  what  is  morally  right,  about  how  the  world  ought  to  be,  and  how  people  should  behave.  I  argue  that  this  distinction  is  crucial  for  pinpointing  the  processes  affecting  the  dynamics  of  social  norms,  as  descriptive  and  prescriptive  norms  are  likely  subject  to  some  shared  as  well  as  distinct  selective  pressures  and  processes  of  change.In  Chapter  1,  I  apply  the  framework  of  cultural  evolution  theory  to  examine  how  a  set  of  descriptive  norms  introduced  by  a  cultural  outgroup  spreads  in  a  population.  Here  the  norms  under  study  are  perinatal  care  practices  as  recommended  by  the  WHO  and  locally  promoted  by  the  Red  Cross  and  government  health  workers  among  Himba  women  in  the  Kunene  region  of  Namibia.  Access  to  formal  medical  care  is  on  the  rise  in  this  region,  and  medical  workers  regularly  visit  communities  to  promote  WHO-recommended  perinatal  care  practices.  Based  on  interviews  with  100  Himba  mothers,  I  use  Bayesian  multilevel  logistical  regression  models  to  examine  how  perceptions  of  group  preferences,  prestige  ascribed  to  outgroup  conformers,  interaction  with  the  outgroup,  and  access  to  resources  affect  women's  uptake  of  medical  recommendations  concerning  perinatal  care.  I  find  that  women  who  perceive  medical  recommendations  as  common  in  their  group  prefer,  plan  and  practice  these  recommendations  more  often  themselves,  and  my  analyses  show  that  an  observed  shift  towards  medical  recommendations  regarding  hospital  birth  and  use  of  contraceptives  is  in  line  with  predictions  of  conformity-biased  social  learning.  Concluding  this  chapter,  I  argue  that  norm  changes  and  the  cultural  evolutionary  processes  that  can  lead  to  them  are  not  uniform,  either  in  process  or  pace.  Empirical  studies  like  this  one  provide  important  examples  of  how  these  changes  reflect  local  culture  and  circumstance.  They  are  critical  for  better  understanding  the  models  that  currently  predominate  in  cultural  evolution  work,  and  can  help  bridge  the  gap  between  anthropology  and  public  health  by  demonstrating  where  norm  change  campaigns  might  be  most  effective. Chapter  2  takes  as  point  of  departure  the  somewhat  paradoxical  observation  that  many  women  support  social  norms  that  seem  -  from  the  perspective  of  western  feminism  -  against  their  own  self-interest.  Women  around  the  world  support  and  promote  patriarchal  gender  norms  that  justify  men's  dominance  over  women,  assign  men  more  rights  than  women,  or  that  otherwise  favor  men  over  women.  In  this  chapter,  I  employ  sexual  conflict  theory  to  consider  whether  women's  attitudes  towards  patriarchal  gender  norms  reflect  their  anticipated  fitness  costs  and  benefits.  Using  Bayesian  multilevel  cumulative  probit  models,  I  test  whether  these  hypothesized  fitness  payoffs  are  consistent  with  self-reported  attitudes  of  people  in  China,  Japan,  South  Korea  and  Taiwan  (n  =  18,317).  I  find  that  as  expected,  women's  gender  norms  are  more  egalitarian  than  men's  but  that  older  age  is  associated  with  increasing  support  for  patriarchal  gender  norms.  This  age-effect  is  stronger  for  women,  and  this  gender  difference  suggests  the  effect  cannot  be  explained  by  a  generational  shifts  in  norms  alone,  but  is  in  line  with  predicted  changes  in  fitness  interests.  Unlike  predicted  under  the  'gendered  fitness  hypothesis',  I  find  little  evidence  that  having  more  sons  leads  to  more  patriarchal  gender  norms.  An  association  between  the  two  seems  largely  driven  by  a  preference  for  sons,  and  the  gender  of  women's  children  is  mostly  unrelated  to  other  gender  norms.  Lastly,  in  most  populations  higher  social  status  correlates  with  egalitarian  attitudes  more  so  for  women  than  for  men.  I  conclude  that  part  of  the  variation  in  women's  attitudes  towards  gender  norms  may  be  explained  through  their  varying  interests  in  such  norms  depending  on  their  age  and  marital  status.  Women's  increased  interests  in  patriarchy  may  in  some  cases  result  from  a  real  decrease  in  the  costs  they  experience,  but  can  also  reflect  higher  costs  of  social  deviance  from  the  culturally  dominant  gender  ideology.  Social  status  may  be  protective  against  the  costs  of  contesting  culturally  dominant  norms,  and  future  work  may  investigate  how  social  status  and  other  factors  may  mitigate  the  price  of  going  against  the  grain. Lastly,  in  Chapter  3  I  bring  the  two  theoretical  perspectives,  cultural  evolution  and  sexual  conflict  theory,  together  and  argue  that  an  underappreciation  of  the  complex  relationship  between  gender  norms  and  sex  ratios  has  hampered  a  successful  understanding  of  sexual  conflict  in  humans.  This  complexity  may  explain  why  some  classic  findings  regarding  sex  ratios  and  bargaining  power  from  the  non-human  animal  literature  are  not  always  replicated  in  human  populations.  I  review  and  expand  upon  existing  theory  to  increase  its  applicability  to  humans,  where  gender  norms  regulate  sex  ratio-effects  on  sexual  conflict  and  bargaining.  Importantly,  gender  norms  are  in  part  a  product  of  women's  and  men's  sometimes  conflicting  reproductive  interests,  but  these  norms  are  also  subject  to  other  evolutionary  processes,  and  their  flexibility  is  constrained.  Gender  norms  shape  sex  ratio  effects  by  constraining  who  is  on  the  marriage  market,  how  they  are  valued,  and  by  affecting  people's  reproductive  decision-making  power.  Norms  about  the  value  and  status  of  women  and  men  also  directly  affect  sex  ratios  in  many  of  the  world's  populations,  and  I  hypothesize  that  they  structure  how  individuals  respond  to  market  value  gained  or  lost  through  biased  sex  ratios.  In  conclusion,  an  integration  of  sexual  conflict  theory  and  cultural  evolutionary  theory  is  required  to  address  these  complexities  and  vital  to  a  full  understanding  of  sexual  conflict  in  humans. 
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0031.
■650  4▼aBehavioral  sciences.
■650  4▼aSociology.
■650  4▼aDemography.
■650  4▼aPublic  health.
■650  4▼aStatistics.
■653    ▼aCultural  evolution
■653    ▼aGender  norms
■653    ▼aMaternal  health
■653    ▼aSexual  conflicts
■653    ▼aSocial  norms
■690    ▼a0602
■690    ▼a0626
■690    ▼a0938
■690    ▼a0573
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Los  Angeles▼bAnthropology  0063.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-01B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0031
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16933187▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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