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Three Scales of Gene Flow in California White Oaks- [electronic resource]
Three Scales of Gene Flow in California White Oaks - [electronic resource]
Three Scales of Gene Flow in California White Oaks- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214095852
ISBN  
9798380618670
DDC  
574
저자명  
Papper, Prahlada D.
서명/저자  
Three Scales of Gene Flow in California White Oaks - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of California, Berkeley., 2021
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2021
형태사항  
1 online resource(96 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ackerly, David D.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2021.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약Gene flow between populations is one of the primary mechanisms of evolution. In plants, it can occur either by the dispersal and establishment of seeds into a local population from outside or by the dispersal of pollen and successful reproduction. Either of these sources of genetic variation must then be followed by successful survival and reproduction of the immigrant or offspring so that the introduced genetic variation continues to contribute to the local population over time. This time-integration of the genetic contribution constitutes the realized gene flow between populations or lineages. The rate of gene flow and constraints on it are crucially important to population genetic structure and phylogenetic lineage divergence as well as patterns of local adaptation and genetic variation.In this dissertation I study gene flow at three evolutionary scales in the western North American clade of white oaks (genus Quercus, section Quercus s.s., series Dumosae).First, in chapter one, I use two established common garden plantings of blue oak (Q. douglasii), together with surveys of the provenance field populations that provided acorns for the gardens, to investigate gene flow and local adaptation among populations of a single species. I show that there are both environmental and genetic components to variation in spring phenological timing among these blue oaks (as well as a very small genotypexenvironment effect). There are significant differences in phenological timing associated with the different provenance sites even for trees growing in a common garden environment, reflecting a genetic component of their phenological variation. This genetic variation is correlated with the climate experienced by trees at the provenance sites. In particular, I identify notable influences of spring maximum temperature and fall and spring precipitation on genetic variation in spring phenology. Additional genetic variation, at the individual level, may be reflected by the phenological variation observed among trees from the same provenance. This individual variation is high relative to the variation that can be associated with provenance sites, suggesting that even though there may be local adaptation for this trait, there is also a great deal of genetic variation within populations. This may be due to high rates of gene flow among populations of blue oak, balanced by a moderate effect of selection on local variation, but may also be due to temporally fluctuating selection within populations together with a more moderate rate of gene flow.Next, in the second chapter, I focus on gene flow between pairs of oak species occurring within hybrid zones where their ranges overlap. Blue oak is again the central species, hybridizing in the northern part of its range with Oregon white oak (Q. garryana var. garryana) and in the southern part of its range with Tucker's scrub oak (Q. john-tuckeri). My research reveals the evolutionary and biogeographic contexts of these two hybrid zones by measuring and partitioning landscape-scale barriers to gene flow within them. I explain pairwise genetic dissimilarity between individuals as a function of their geographic separation (isolation-by-distance), environmental difference (isolation-by-environment), and phenological asynchrony (isolation-by-time). Even though it is commonly considered a basic control on genetic structure, I do not find evidence for isolation-by-distance in either of the hybrid zones, nor in a third geographic data set consisting of only blue oaks. Instead, I find that genetic dissimilarity can be partially explained as isolation-by-environment, both across the hybrid zones and within blue oaks alone. This signal is especially strongly associated with winter temperatures, and to a lesser extent with summer high temperature and aridity. In addition, in the southern hybrid zone only, between blue oak and Tucker's scrub oak, there is a strong signal of isolation-by-time. Using variation partitioning models to separate the effects of these three isolating factors into their independent and overlapping contributions, I suggest the differences in flowering phenology that contribute to genetic structure in the southern hybrid zone result from both environmental differences and genetic differences. This is much like the overall influences on phenology identified in chapter one, but in this case they represent extrinsic and intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms, respectively. This pattern is found only in the southern hybrid zone and not in the northern hybrid zone, which may be a reflection of the closer phylogenetic relationships between the hybridizing species in the southern zone and their biogeographic histories.In chapter three, I place gene flow in its full phylogenetic context within this clade of oaks. I identify two evolutionary scales of gene flow: contemporary hybridization, as already discussed in chapter two, and ancient hybridization. I use methods drawn from both population genetics and phylogenetics to identify individual samples that show signs of contemporary hybridization. Removing these samples from the tips of a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree dramatically improves resolution of groups within the clade. Using this well-resolved tree, I then turn to phylogenetic invariants methods (D-statistics, ABBA-BABA) to investigate patterns of gene flow deeper within the phylogeny. This reveals a particularly strong signal of hybridization involving the common ancestor of California scrub oak (Q. berberidifolia) and leather oak (Q. durata) and either the common ancestor of the entire southern California scrub oak clade (including Q. douglasii) or the Quercus garryana clade. There are also potentially signals of additional episodes of hybridization at medium depth within the phylogeny. The implications of hybridization at multiple depths in the phylogeny and lasting impacts of these periods are discussed in relation to evolutionary models of oaks as a whole.
일반주제명  
Evolution & development.
일반주제명  
Ecology.
일반주제명  
Genetics.
키워드  
Gene flow
키워드  
Hybridization
키워드  
Phylogenetics
키워드  
Population genetics
키워드  
Quercus
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Integrative Biology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-04B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■006m          o    d                
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■020    ▼a9798380618670
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI28717414
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a574
■1001  ▼aPapper,  Prahlada  D.
■24510▼aThree  Scales  of  Gene  Flow  in  California  White  Oaks▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2021
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2021
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(96  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ackerly,  David  D.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2021.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aGene  flow  between  populations  is  one  of  the  primary  mechanisms  of  evolution.  In  plants,  it  can  occur  either  by  the  dispersal  and  establishment  of  seeds  into  a  local  population  from  outside  or  by  the  dispersal  of  pollen  and  successful  reproduction.  Either  of  these  sources  of  genetic  variation  must  then  be  followed  by  successful  survival  and  reproduction  of  the  immigrant  or  offspring  so  that  the  introduced  genetic  variation  continues  to  contribute  to  the  local  population  over  time.  This  time-integration  of  the  genetic  contribution  constitutes  the  realized  gene  flow  between  populations  or  lineages.  The  rate  of  gene  flow  and  constraints  on  it  are  crucially  important  to  population  genetic  structure  and  phylogenetic  lineage  divergence  as  well  as  patterns  of  local  adaptation  and  genetic  variation.In  this  dissertation  I  study  gene  flow  at  three  evolutionary  scales  in  the  western  North  American  clade  of  white  oaks  (genus  Quercus,  section  Quercus  s.s.,  series  Dumosae).First,  in  chapter  one,  I  use  two  established  common  garden  plantings  of  blue  oak  (Q.  douglasii),  together  with  surveys  of  the  provenance  field  populations  that  provided  acorns  for  the  gardens,  to  investigate  gene  flow  and  local  adaptation  among  populations  of  a  single  species.  I  show  that  there  are  both  environmental  and  genetic  components  to  variation  in  spring  phenological  timing  among  these  blue  oaks  (as  well  as  a  very  small  genotypexenvironment  effect).  There  are  significant  differences  in  phenological  timing  associated  with  the  different  provenance  sites  even  for  trees  growing  in  a  common  garden  environment,  reflecting  a  genetic  component  of  their  phenological  variation.  This  genetic  variation  is  correlated  with  the  climate  experienced  by  trees  at  the  provenance  sites.  In  particular,  I  identify  notable  influences  of  spring  maximum  temperature  and  fall  and  spring  precipitation  on  genetic  variation  in  spring  phenology.  Additional  genetic  variation,  at  the  individual  level,  may  be  reflected  by  the  phenological  variation  observed  among  trees  from  the  same  provenance.  This  individual  variation  is  high  relative  to  the  variation  that  can  be  associated  with  provenance  sites,  suggesting  that  even  though  there  may  be  local  adaptation  for  this  trait,  there  is  also  a  great  deal  of  genetic  variation  within  populations.  This  may  be  due  to  high  rates  of  gene  flow  among  populations  of  blue  oak,  balanced  by  a  moderate  effect  of  selection  on  local  variation,  but  may  also  be  due  to  temporally  fluctuating  selection  within  populations  together  with  a  more  moderate  rate  of  gene  flow.Next,  in  the  second  chapter,  I  focus  on  gene  flow  between  pairs  of  oak  species  occurring  within  hybrid  zones  where  their  ranges  overlap.  Blue  oak  is  again  the  central  species,  hybridizing  in  the  northern  part  of  its  range  with  Oregon  white  oak  (Q.  garryana  var.  garryana)  and  in  the  southern  part  of  its  range  with  Tucker's  scrub  oak  (Q.  john-tuckeri).  My  research  reveals  the  evolutionary  and  biogeographic  contexts  of  these  two  hybrid  zones  by  measuring  and  partitioning  landscape-scale  barriers  to  gene  flow  within  them.  I  explain  pairwise  genetic  dissimilarity  between  individuals  as  a  function  of  their  geographic  separation  (isolation-by-distance),  environmental  difference  (isolation-by-environment),  and  phenological  asynchrony  (isolation-by-time).  Even  though  it  is  commonly  considered  a  basic  control  on  genetic  structure,  I  do  not  find  evidence  for  isolation-by-distance  in  either  of  the  hybrid  zones,  nor  in  a  third  geographic  data  set  consisting  of  only  blue  oaks.  Instead,  I  find  that  genetic  dissimilarity  can  be  partially  explained  as  isolation-by-environment,  both  across  the  hybrid  zones  and  within  blue  oaks  alone.  This  signal  is  especially  strongly  associated  with  winter  temperatures,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  with  summer  high  temperature  and  aridity.  In  addition,  in  the  southern  hybrid  zone  only,  between  blue  oak  and  Tucker's  scrub  oak,  there  is  a  strong  signal  of  isolation-by-time.  Using  variation  partitioning  models  to  separate  the  effects  of  these  three  isolating  factors  into  their  independent  and  overlapping  contributions,  I  suggest  the  differences  in  flowering  phenology  that  contribute  to  genetic  structure  in  the  southern  hybrid  zone  result  from  both  environmental  differences  and  genetic  differences.  This  is  much  like  the  overall  influences  on  phenology  identified  in  chapter  one,  but  in  this  case  they  represent  extrinsic  and  intrinsic  reproductive  isolating  mechanisms,  respectively.  This  pattern  is  found  only  in  the  southern  hybrid  zone  and  not  in  the  northern  hybrid  zone,  which  may  be  a  reflection  of  the  closer  phylogenetic  relationships  between  the  hybridizing  species  in  the  southern  zone  and  their  biogeographic  histories.In  chapter  three,  I  place  gene  flow  in  its  full  phylogenetic  context  within  this  clade  of  oaks.  I  identify  two  evolutionary  scales  of  gene  flow:  contemporary  hybridization,  as  already  discussed  in  chapter  two,  and  ancient  hybridization.  I  use  methods  drawn  from  both  population  genetics  and  phylogenetics  to  identify  individual  samples  that  show  signs  of  contemporary  hybridization.  Removing  these  samples  from  the  tips  of  a  maximum  likelihood  phylogenetic  tree  dramatically  improves  resolution  of  groups  within  the  clade.  Using  this  well-resolved  tree,  I  then  turn  to  phylogenetic  invariants  methods  (D-statistics,  ABBA-BABA)  to  investigate  patterns  of  gene  flow  deeper  within  the  phylogeny.  This  reveals  a  particularly  strong  signal  of  hybridization  involving  the  common  ancestor  of  California  scrub  oak  (Q.  berberidifolia)  and  leather  oak  (Q.  durata)  and  either  the  common  ancestor  of  the  entire  southern  California  scrub  oak  clade  (including  Q.  douglasii)  or  the  Quercus  garryana  clade.  There  are  also  potentially  signals  of  additional  episodes  of  hybridization  at  medium  depth  within  the  phylogeny.  The  implications  of  hybridization  at  multiple  depths  in  the  phylogeny  and  lasting  impacts  of  these  periods  are  discussed  in  relation  to  evolutionary  models  of  oaks  as  a  whole.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aEvolution  &  development.
■650  4▼aEcology.
■650  4▼aGenetics.
■653    ▼aGene  flow
■653    ▼aHybridization
■653    ▼aPhylogenetics
■653    ▼aPopulation  genetics
■653    ▼aQuercus
■690    ▼a0412
■690    ▼a0329
■690    ▼a0369
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bIntegrative  Biology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-04B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2021
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931002▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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