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Drivers and Mechanisms of Historical Sahel Precipitation Variability- [electronic resource]
Drivers and Mechanisms of Historical Sahel Precipitation Variability - [electronic resourc...
Drivers and Mechanisms of Historical Sahel Precipitation Variability- [electronic resource]

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자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100444
ISBN  
9798380329453
DDC  
551.5
저자명  
Herman, Rebecca Jean.
서명/저자  
Drivers and Mechanisms of Historical Sahel Precipitation Variability - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : Columbia University., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(239 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Sobel, Adam;Miller, Ronald.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약The semiarid region between the North African Savanna and Sahara Desert, known as the Sahel, experienced dramatic multidecadal precipitation variability in the 20th century that was unparalleled in the rest of the world, including devastating droughts and famine in the early 1970s and 80s. Accurate predictions of this region's hydroclimate future are essential to avoid future disasters of this kind, yet simulations from state of the art general circulation models (GCMs) do a poor job of simulating past Sahel rainfall variability, and don't even agree on whether future precipitation will increase or decrease under global warming. Furthermore, climate scientists are still not in agreement about whether anthropogenic emissions played an important role relative to natural variability in dictating past Sahel rainfall change. Because the climate system is complex and coupled, it is difficult to determine which processes should be considered causal drivers of circulation changes and which should be considered part of the climate response, and therefore many theories for monsoon rainfall variability coexist in the literature. It is difficult to evaluate these competing theories because observational studies generally cannot be interpreted causally, but simulated experiments may not represent the dynamics of the real world. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) provides a wealth of data in which GCMs maintained at research institutions worldwide perform similar experiments, allowing the researcher to reach conclusions that are robust to differences in parameterization between GCMs. The scientific community has been using a wide range of statistical techniques to analyze this data, and each has notable limitations. This dissertation explores two statistical techniques for leveraging CMIP to explore the drivers and mechanisms of historical Sahel rainfall variability: analysis of ensemble-mean responses to prescribed variables, and causal inference.In Chapter 1, we give an overview of the climatology and variability of Sahel rainfall and present relevant physical theory.In Chapter 2, we examine the roles of various types of anthropogenic forcing in observations and coupled simulations, using a 3-tiered multi-model mean (MMM) to extract robust climate signals from CMIP phase 5 (CMIP5). We examine "20th century" historical and single-forcing simulations-which separate the influence of anthropogenic aerosols, greenhouse gases (GHG), and natural radiative forcing on global coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and were specifically designed for attribution studies-as well as pre-Industrial control simulations, which only contain unforced internal climate variability, to investigate the drivers of simulated Sahel precipitation variability. The comparison of single-forcing and historical simulations highlights the importance of anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols over GHG in generating forced Sahel rainfall variability that reinforces the observed pattern, with anthropogenic aerosols alone responsible for the low-frequency component of simulated variability. However, the forced MMM only accounts for a small fraction of observed variance. A residual consistency test shows that simulated internal variability cannot explain the residual observed multidecadal variability, and points to model deficiency in simulating multidecadal variability in the forced response, internal variability, or both.In Chapter 3, we investigate the causes for discrepancies in low-frequency Sahel precipitation variability between these ensembles and for model deficiency in reproducing observations. In the most recent version of CMIP - phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) - the differences between observed and simulated variability are amplified rather than reduced: CMIP6 still grossly underestimates the magnitude of low-frequency variability in Sahel rainfall, but unlike CMIP5, historical mean precipitation in CMIP6 does not even correlate with observed multi-decadal variability. We continue to use a MMM to extract robust climate signals from simulations, but now additionally include sea surface temperature (SST) as a mediating variable in order to test the proposed physical processes. This partitions all influences on Sahel precipitation variability into five components: (1) teleconnections to SST; (2) atmospheric and (3) oceanic variability internal to the climate system; (4) the SST response to external radiative forcing; and (5) the "fast" (not mediated by SST) precipitation response to forcing.Though the coupled simulations perform quite poorly, in a vast improvement from previous ensembles, the CMIP6 atmosphere-only ensemble is able to reproduce the full magnitude of observed low-frequency Sahel precipitation variance when observed SST is prescribed. The high performance is due entirely to the atmospheric response to observed global SST - the fast response to forcing has a relatively small impact on Sahel rainfall, and only lowers the performance of the ensemble when it is included. Using the previously-established North Atlantic Relative Index (NARI) to approximate the role of global SST, we estimate that the strength of simulated teleconnections is consistent with observations. Applying the lessons of the atmosphere-only ensemble to coupled settings, we infer that both coupled CMIP ensembles fail to explain low-frequency historical Sahel rainfall variability mostly because they cannot explain the observed combination of forced and internal variability in SST. Though the fast response is small relative to the simulated response to observed SST variability, it is influential relative to simulated SST variability, and differences between CMIP5 and CMIP6 in the simulation of Sahel precipitation and its correlation with observations can be traced to differences in the simulated fast response to forcing or the role of other unexamined SST patterns.In this chapter, we use NARI to approximate the role of global SST because it is considered by some to be the best single index for estimating teleconnections to the Sahel. However, we show that NARI is only able to explain half of the high-performing simulated low-frequency Sahel precipitation variability in the atmospheric simulations with prescribed global SST. Statistical techniques commonly applied in the literature cannot distinguish between correlation and causality, so we cannot analyze the response of Sahel rainfall to global SST in more depth without atmospheric CMIP simulations targeted at every ocean basin of interest or a new method.In Chapter 4, we turn to a novel technique called causal inference to qualify the notion that NARI can adequately represent the role of global SST in determining Sahel rainfall. We apply a causal discovery algorithm to CMIP6 pre-Industrial control simulations to determine which ocean basins influence Sahel rainfall in individual GCMs. Though we find that state of the art causal discovery algorithms for time series still struggle with data that isn't generated specifically for algorithm evaluation, we robustly find that NARI does not mediate the full effect of global SST variability on Sahel rainfall in any of the climate simulations. This chapter lays the foundation for future work to fully-characterize the dependence of Sahel precipitation on individual ocean basins using the non-targeted simulations already available in CMIP - an approach which can be validated by comparing the composite results to the interventional historical simulations that are available. Furthermore, we hope this chapter will guide algorithm improvement efforts that are needed to increase the performance and usefulness of time series causal discovery algorithms on climate data.
일반주제명  
Atmospheric sciences.
일반주제명  
Climate change.
일반주제명  
Computer science.
키워드  
AMV
키워드  
Attribution
키워드  
Causal discovery
키워드  
Monsoon
키워드  
North Atlantic Relative Index
키워드  
Sahel rainfall
기타저자  
Columbia University Earth and Environmental Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-03B.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a551.5
■1001  ▼aHerman,  Rebecca  Jean.
■24510▼aDrivers  and  Mechanisms  of  Historical  Sahel  Precipitation  Variability▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bColumbia  University.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(239  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Sobel,  Adam;Miller,  Ronald.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThe  semiarid  region  between  the  North  African  Savanna  and  Sahara  Desert,  known  as  the  Sahel,  experienced  dramatic  multidecadal  precipitation  variability  in  the  20th  century  that  was  unparalleled  in  the  rest  of  the  world,  including  devastating  droughts  and  famine  in  the  early  1970s  and  80s.  Accurate  predictions  of  this  region's  hydroclimate  future  are  essential  to  avoid  future  disasters  of  this  kind,  yet  simulations  from  state  of  the  art  general  circulation  models  (GCMs)  do  a  poor  job  of  simulating  past  Sahel  rainfall  variability,  and  don't  even  agree  on  whether  future  precipitation  will  increase  or  decrease  under  global  warming.  Furthermore,  climate  scientists  are  still  not  in  agreement  about  whether  anthropogenic  emissions  played  an  important  role  relative  to  natural  variability  in  dictating  past  Sahel  rainfall  change.  Because  the  climate  system  is  complex  and  coupled,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  processes  should  be  considered  causal  drivers  of  circulation  changes  and  which  should  be  considered  part  of  the  climate  response,  and  therefore  many  theories  for  monsoon  rainfall  variability  coexist  in  the  literature.  It  is  difficult  to  evaluate  these  competing  theories  because  observational  studies  generally  cannot  be  interpreted  causally,  but  simulated  experiments  may  not  represent  the  dynamics  of  the  real  world.  The  Coupled  Model  Intercomparison  Project  (CMIP)  provides  a  wealth  of  data  in  which  GCMs  maintained  at  research  institutions  worldwide  perform  similar  experiments,  allowing  the  researcher  to  reach  conclusions  that  are  robust  to  differences  in  parameterization  between  GCMs.  The  scientific  community  has  been  using  a  wide  range  of  statistical  techniques  to  analyze  this  data,  and  each  has  notable  limitations.  This  dissertation  explores  two  statistical  techniques  for  leveraging  CMIP  to  explore  the  drivers  and  mechanisms  of  historical  Sahel  rainfall  variability:  analysis  of  ensemble-mean  responses  to  prescribed  variables,  and  causal  inference.In  Chapter  1,  we  give  an  overview  of  the  climatology  and  variability  of  Sahel  rainfall  and  present  relevant  physical  theory.In  Chapter  2,  we  examine  the  roles  of  various  types  of  anthropogenic  forcing  in  observations  and  coupled  simulations,  using  a  3-tiered  multi-model  mean  (MMM)  to  extract  robust  climate  signals  from  CMIP  phase  5  (CMIP5).  We  examine  "20th  century"  historical  and  single-forcing  simulations-which  separate  the  influence  of  anthropogenic  aerosols,  greenhouse  gases  (GHG),  and  natural  radiative  forcing  on  global  coupled  ocean-atmosphere  system,  and  were  specifically  designed  for  attribution  studies-as  well  as  pre-Industrial  control  simulations,  which  only  contain  unforced  internal  climate  variability,  to  investigate  the  drivers  of  simulated  Sahel  precipitation  variability.  The  comparison  of  single-forcing  and  historical  simulations  highlights  the  importance  of  anthropogenic  and  volcanic  aerosols  over  GHG  in  generating  forced  Sahel  rainfall  variability  that  reinforces  the  observed  pattern,  with  anthropogenic  aerosols  alone  responsible  for  the  low-frequency  component  of  simulated  variability.  However,  the  forced  MMM  only  accounts  for  a  small  fraction  of  observed  variance.  A  residual  consistency  test  shows  that  simulated  internal  variability  cannot  explain  the  residual  observed  multidecadal  variability,  and  points  to  model  deficiency  in  simulating  multidecadal  variability  in  the  forced  response,  internal  variability,  or  both.In  Chapter  3,  we  investigate  the  causes  for  discrepancies  in  low-frequency  Sahel  precipitation  variability  between  these  ensembles  and  for  model  deficiency  in  reproducing  observations.  In  the  most  recent  version  of  CMIP  -  phase  6  of  the  Coupled  Model  Intercomparison  Project  (CMIP6)  -  the  differences  between  observed  and  simulated  variability  are  amplified  rather  than  reduced:  CMIP6  still  grossly  underestimates  the  magnitude  of  low-frequency  variability  in  Sahel  rainfall,  but  unlike  CMIP5,  historical  mean  precipitation  in  CMIP6  does  not  even  correlate  with  observed  multi-decadal  variability.  We  continue  to  use  a  MMM  to  extract  robust  climate  signals  from  simulations,  but  now  additionally  include  sea  surface  temperature  (SST)  as  a  mediating  variable  in  order  to  test  the  proposed  physical  processes.  This  partitions  all  influences  on  Sahel  precipitation  variability  into  five  components:  (1)  teleconnections  to  SST;  (2)  atmospheric  and  (3)  oceanic  variability  internal  to  the  climate  system;  (4)  the  SST  response  to  external  radiative  forcing;  and  (5)  the  "fast"  (not  mediated  by  SST)  precipitation  response  to  forcing.Though  the  coupled  simulations  perform  quite  poorly,  in  a  vast  improvement  from  previous  ensembles,  the  CMIP6  atmosphere-only  ensemble  is  able  to  reproduce  the  full  magnitude  of  observed  low-frequency  Sahel  precipitation  variance  when  observed  SST  is  prescribed.  The  high  performance  is  due  entirely  to  the  atmospheric  response  to  observed  global  SST  -  the  fast  response  to  forcing  has  a  relatively  small  impact  on  Sahel  rainfall,  and  only  lowers  the  performance  of  the  ensemble  when  it  is  included.  Using  the  previously-established  North  Atlantic  Relative  Index  (NARI)  to  approximate  the  role  of  global  SST,  we  estimate  that  the  strength  of  simulated  teleconnections  is  consistent  with  observations.  Applying  the  lessons  of  the  atmosphere-only  ensemble  to  coupled  settings,  we  infer  that  both  coupled  CMIP  ensembles  fail  to  explain  low-frequency  historical  Sahel  rainfall  variability  mostly  because  they  cannot  explain  the  observed  combination  of  forced  and  internal  variability  in  SST.  Though  the  fast  response  is  small  relative  to  the  simulated  response  to  observed  SST  variability,  it  is  influential  relative  to  simulated  SST  variability,  and  differences  between  CMIP5  and  CMIP6  in  the  simulation  of  Sahel  precipitation  and  its  correlation  with  observations  can  be  traced  to  differences  in  the  simulated  fast  response  to  forcing  or  the  role  of  other  unexamined  SST  patterns.In  this  chapter,  we  use  NARI  to  approximate  the  role  of  global  SST  because  it  is  considered  by  some  to  be  the  best  single  index  for  estimating  teleconnections  to  the  Sahel.  However,  we  show  that  NARI  is  only  able  to  explain  half  of  the  high-performing  simulated  low-frequency  Sahel  precipitation  variability  in  the  atmospheric  simulations  with  prescribed  global  SST.  Statistical  techniques  commonly  applied  in  the  literature  cannot  distinguish  between  correlation  and  causality,  so  we  cannot  analyze  the  response  of  Sahel  rainfall  to  global  SST  in  more  depth  without  atmospheric  CMIP  simulations  targeted  at  every  ocean  basin  of  interest  or  a  new  method.In  Chapter  4,  we  turn  to  a  novel  technique  called  causal  inference  to  qualify  the  notion  that  NARI  can  adequately  represent  the  role  of  global  SST  in  determining  Sahel  rainfall.  We  apply  a  causal  discovery  algorithm  to  CMIP6  pre-Industrial  control  simulations  to  determine  which  ocean  basins  influence  Sahel  rainfall  in  individual  GCMs.  Though  we  find  that  state  of  the  art  causal  discovery  algorithms  for  time  series  still  struggle  with  data  that  isn't  generated  specifically  for  algorithm  evaluation,  we  robustly  find  that  NARI  does  not  mediate  the  full  effect  of  global  SST  variability  on  Sahel  rainfall  in  any  of  the  climate  simulations.  This  chapter  lays  the  foundation  for  future  work  to  fully-characterize  the  dependence  of  Sahel  precipitation  on  individual  ocean  basins  using  the  non-targeted  simulations  already  available  in  CMIP  -  an  approach  which  can  be  validated  by  comparing  the  composite  results  to  the  interventional  historical  simulations  that  are  available.  Furthermore,  we  hope  this  chapter  will  guide  algorithm  improvement  efforts  that  are  needed  to  increase  the  performance  and  usefulness  of  time  series  causal  discovery  algorithms  on  climate  data.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aAtmospheric  sciences.
■650  4▼aClimate  change.
■650  4▼aComputer  science.
■653    ▼aAMV
■653    ▼aAttribution
■653    ▼aCausal  discovery
■653    ▼aMonsoon
■653    ▼aNorth  Atlantic  Relative  Index
■653    ▼aSahel  rainfall
■690    ▼a0725
■690    ▼a0404
■690    ▼a0984
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEarth  and  Environmental  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-03B.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16932334▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

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