본문

서브메뉴

Structural Issues in Macroeconomics- [electronic resource]
Structural Issues in Macroeconomics - [electronic resource]
Structural Issues in Macroeconomics- [electronic resource]

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문파일 국외
최종처리일시  
20240214100121
ISBN  
9798379753986
DDC  
658
저자명  
Vieira Marto, Ricardo Jorge.
서명/저자  
Structural Issues in Macroeconomics - [electronic resource]
발행사항  
[S.l.]: : University of Pennsylvania., 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,, 2023
형태사항  
1 online resource(319 p.)
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Greenwood, Jeremy.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 2023.
사용제한주기  
This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation consists of four chapters addressing structural issues that will permeate the macroeconomic landscape for years to come: (1) the rise in markups; (2) the importance of college admissions in building human capital; (3) the transformation of the family; and (4) the emergence of digital advertising. The first chapter, titled "Structural Change and the Rise in Markups," studies the sources of the rise in markups over the last forty years. Was the recent rise in markups in the United States and Europe caused by increased monopoly power or was it a natural consequence of structural change in the economy? That chapter shows that the rise in aggregate markups was driven by a reallocation of market share away from non-services to services-producing firms and a faster increase of services' markups. I develop a two-sector model of structural change to assess the sources of the rise in markups between 1980 and 2015. The two forces of structural change play opposing roles in the model. On one hand, an increase in the relative productivity of manufacturing leads to a decline of the relative price of manufactured goods. The pass-through to consumers is however smaller than one, pushing up the markups of goods-producing firms. On the other hand, increasing incomes trigger the rise of the services sector, leading to higher markups for firms in services. The higher markups result from preferences that imply the price elasticity of demand falls with income. The model matches key trends in the United States, specifically the rise of the service sector and the fall of the relative price of manufactured goods. I show that the rise in markups is in line with these observed shifts and may not necessarily reflect a decline of competition. I provide novel experimental evidence supporting the notion that the price elasticity of demand decreases with income.The second chapter, titled "College Admissions and the (Mis)Allocation of Talent," delves into the college market to analyze the role of admissions in the allocation of students across selective and nonselective colleges. Why are high-achieving, low-income students less likely to apply to selective colleges despite the generous financial aid typically offered? To reconcile this seeming puzzle, an equilibrium model of the college market featuring tuition discrimination and a noisy application and admissions system is presented and estimated. Students differ in their financial resources and innate ability. They can apply to multiple colleges, yet they are uncertain about their prospective admissions and financial aid. Colleges in turn only observe a signal of students' ability and compete by choosing admission standards and tuition schedules. We show that low-income students receive generous financial aid at selective colleges because only the highest-ability among them apply, making their signals highly informative. If signals were less informative (e.g. colleges stopped using the SAT), high-ability students would be worse off and only high-income, low-ability students would benefit. Finally, there are welfare gains from increasing need-based financial aid (e.g. Pell Grants). Despite its fiscal cost, the policy would greatly benefit low-income, high-ability students.The third chapter, titled "The Great Transition: Kuznets Facts for Family-Economists," examines the dramatic transformation the family goes through as an economy develops. Six Kuznets-style facts regarding structural change in the family are presented in this chapter. Over the course of the 20th century in the United States, (1) housework fell and leisure increased, (2) fertility dropped, (3) marriage waned, (4) household size declined, (5) educational attainment waxed, and (6) jobs shifted from blue to white collar. These trends are also observed in the cross-country data. A model is developed, and then calibrated, to address the trends in the U.S. data over the last 140 years. The calibration procedure is closely connected to the underlying economic logic. Three drivers of the great transition are considered: neutral technological progress, skill-biased technological change, and drops in the price of labor-saving household durables. The fourth chapter, titled "The Expansion of Product Varieties in the New Age of Advertising," dissects the increase in firms' offering of product varieties. The last decades have seen large improvements in advertising technology that allowed firms to target better specific consumers' tastes. The relationship between advertising, the rise of product varieties, and economic welfare is studied in this chapter. A model of advertising and product varieties is developed, where firms choose the intensity of digital ads directed at specific consumers as well traditional ads that are undirected. The calibrated model shows that improvements in digital advertising have driven the rise in product varieties over time. Causal empirical evidence, using detailed micro data on firms' products and advertising choices for the 1995-2015 period and exogenous variation in consumers' differential access to the internet, supports the suggested theoretical mechanism.
일반주제명  
Finance.
키워드  
Macroeconomics
키워드  
Structural issues
키워드  
Manufactured goods
키워드  
Financial resources
키워드  
Economic welfare
기타저자  
University of Pennsylvania Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 84-12A.
기본자료저록  
Dissertation Abstract International
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

 008240612s2023      us  |||||||||||||||c||eng  d
■001000016931807
■00520240214100121
■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798379753986
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI30424050
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a658
■1001  ▼aVieira  Marto,  Ricardo  Jorge.
■24510▼aStructural  Issues  in  Macroeconomics▼h[electronic  resource]
■260    ▼a[S.l.]:▼bUniversity  of  Pennsylvania.  ▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor  :▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses,  ▼c2023
■300    ▼a1  online  resource(319  p.)
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  84-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Greenwood,  Jeremy.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Pennsylvania,  2023.
■506    ▼aThis  item  must  not  be  sold  to  any  third  party  vendors.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  consists  of  four  chapters  addressing  structural  issues  that  will  permeate  the  macroeconomic  landscape  for  years  to  come:  (1)  the  rise  in  markups;  (2)  the  importance  of  college  admissions  in  building  human  capital;  (3)  the  transformation  of  the  family;  and  (4)  the  emergence  of  digital  advertising. The  first  chapter,  titled  "Structural  Change  and  the  Rise  in  Markups,"  studies  the  sources  of  the  rise  in  markups  over  the  last  forty  years.  Was  the  recent  rise  in  markups  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  caused  by  increased  monopoly  power  or  was  it  a  natural  consequence  of  structural  change  in  the  economy?  That  chapter  shows  that  the  rise  in  aggregate  markups  was  driven  by  a  reallocation  of  market  share  away  from  non-services  to  services-producing  firms  and  a  faster  increase  of  services'  markups.  I  develop  a  two-sector  model  of  structural  change  to  assess  the  sources  of  the  rise  in  markups  between  1980  and  2015.  The  two  forces  of  structural  change  play  opposing  roles  in  the  model.  On  one  hand,  an  increase  in  the  relative  productivity  of  manufacturing  leads  to  a  decline  of  the  relative  price  of  manufactured  goods.  The  pass-through  to  consumers  is  however  smaller  than  one,  pushing  up  the  markups  of  goods-producing  firms.  On  the  other  hand,  increasing  incomes  trigger  the  rise  of  the  services  sector,  leading  to  higher  markups  for  firms  in  services.  The  higher  markups  result  from  preferences  that  imply  the  price  elasticity  of  demand  falls  with  income.  The  model  matches  key  trends  in  the  United  States,  specifically  the  rise  of  the  service  sector  and  the  fall  of  the  relative  price  of  manufactured  goods.  I  show  that  the  rise  in  markups  is  in  line  with  these  observed  shifts  and  may  not  necessarily  reflect  a  decline  of  competition.  I  provide  novel  experimental  evidence  supporting  the  notion  that  the  price  elasticity  of  demand  decreases  with  income.The  second  chapter,  titled  "College  Admissions  and  the  (Mis)Allocation  of  Talent,"  delves  into  the  college  market  to  analyze  the  role  of  admissions  in  the  allocation  of  students  across  selective  and  nonselective  colleges.  Why  are  high-achieving,  low-income  students  less  likely  to  apply  to  selective  colleges  despite  the  generous  financial  aid  typically  offered?  To  reconcile  this  seeming  puzzle,  an  equilibrium  model  of  the  college  market  featuring  tuition  discrimination  and  a  noisy  application  and  admissions  system  is  presented  and  estimated.  Students  differ  in  their  financial  resources  and  innate  ability.  They  can  apply  to  multiple  colleges,  yet  they  are  uncertain  about  their  prospective  admissions  and  financial  aid.  Colleges  in  turn  only  observe  a  signal  of  students'  ability  and  compete  by  choosing  admission  standards  and  tuition  schedules.  We  show  that  low-income  students  receive  generous  financial  aid  at  selective  colleges  because  only  the  highest-ability  among  them  apply,  making  their  signals  highly  informative.  If  signals  were  less  informative  (e.g.  colleges  stopped  using  the  SAT),  high-ability  students  would  be  worse  off  and  only  high-income,  low-ability  students  would  benefit.  Finally,  there  are  welfare  gains  from  increasing  need-based  financial  aid  (e.g.  Pell  Grants).  Despite  its  fiscal  cost,  the  policy  would  greatly  benefit  low-income,  high-ability  students.The  third  chapter,  titled  "The  Great  Transition:  Kuznets  Facts  for  Family-Economists,"  examines  the  dramatic  transformation  the  family  goes  through  as  an  economy  develops.  Six  Kuznets-style  facts  regarding  structural  change  in  the  family  are  presented  in  this  chapter.  Over  the  course  of  the  20th  century  in  the  United  States,  (1)  housework  fell  and  leisure  increased,  (2)  fertility  dropped,  (3)  marriage  waned,  (4)  household  size  declined,  (5)  educational  attainment  waxed,  and  (6)  jobs  shifted  from  blue  to  white  collar.  These  trends  are  also  observed  in  the  cross-country  data.  A  model  is  developed,  and  then  calibrated,  to  address  the  trends  in  the  U.S.  data  over  the  last  140  years.  The  calibration  procedure  is  closely  connected  to  the  underlying  economic  logic.  Three  drivers  of  the  great  transition  are  considered:  neutral  technological  progress,  skill-biased  technological  change,  and  drops  in  the  price  of  labor-saving  household  durables. The  fourth  chapter,  titled  "The  Expansion  of  Product  Varieties  in  the  New  Age  of  Advertising,"  dissects  the  increase  in  firms'  offering  of  product  varieties.  The  last  decades  have  seen  large  improvements  in  advertising  technology  that  allowed  firms  to  target  better  specific  consumers'  tastes.  The  relationship  between  advertising,  the  rise  of  product  varieties,  and  economic  welfare  is  studied  in  this  chapter.  A  model  of  advertising  and  product  varieties  is  developed,  where  firms  choose  the  intensity  of  digital  ads  directed  at  specific  consumers  as  well  traditional  ads  that  are  undirected.  The  calibrated  model  shows  that  improvements  in  digital  advertising  have  driven  the  rise  in  product  varieties  over  time.  Causal  empirical  evidence,  using  detailed  micro  data  on  firms'  products  and  advertising  choices  for  the  1995-2015  period  and  exogenous  variation  in  consumers'  differential  access  to  the  internet,  supports  the  suggested  theoretical  mechanism.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0175.
■650  4▼aFinance.
■653    ▼aMacroeconomics
■653    ▼aStructural  issues
■653    ▼aManufactured  goods
■653    ▼aFinancial  resources
■653    ▼aEconomic  welfare
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0508
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Pennsylvania▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g84-12A.
■773    ▼tDissertation  Abstract  International
■790    ▼a0175
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T16931807▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.
■980    ▼a202402▼f2024

미리보기

내보내기

chatGPT토론

Ai 추천 관련 도서


    신착도서 더보기
    최근 3년간 통계입니다.

    소장정보

    • 예약
    • 소재불명신고
    • 나의폴더
    • 우선정리요청
    • 비도서대출신청
    • 야간 도서대출신청
    소장자료
    등록번호 청구기호 소장처 대출가능여부 대출정보
    TF09302 전자도서 마이폴더 부재도서신고 비도서대출신청

    * 대출중인 자료에 한하여 예약이 가능합니다. 예약을 원하시면 예약버튼을 클릭하십시오.

    해당 도서를 다른 이용자가 함께 대출한 도서

    관련 인기도서

    로그인 후 이용 가능합니다.