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Experimental Investigation of Disks Settling in Quiescent and Turbulent Air
Experimental Investigation of Disks Settling in Quiescent and Turbulent Air
Experimental Investigation of Disks Settling in Quiescent and Turbulent Air

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151340
ISBN  
9798382722214
DDC  
620
저자명  
Tinklenberg, Amy.
서명/저자  
Experimental Investigation of Disks Settling in Quiescent and Turbulent Air
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Minnesota, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
127 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Coletti, Filippo;Guala, Michele.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Minnesota, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약We experimentally investigate the settling of millimeter-sized disks in quiescent air and in homogeneous turbulence, as turbulence can have a strong effect on the fall speed of snowflakes and ice crystals. The range of physical parameters is chosen to be relevant to plate crystals settling in the atmosphere: Disks range in diameter from 0.3 to 3 mm, with diameter-to-thickness aspect ratios of χ = 5 − 60, inertia ratios of I ∗ ≈ O(1), and Reynolds numbers from Re = 10 − 663. Both solid and perforated disk geometries are considered, with area ratios in the range AR = 0.73 − 1. Velocity fluctuations of the turbulence are comparable to the disk terminal velocities. Thousands of trajectories are captured and reconstructed for each disk type by planar high-speed imaging, using the method developed by Baker & Coletti (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 943, 2022, A27). This allows for statistical analysis of the translational dynamics in 2D and the rotational dynamics in 3D.In quiescent air, most disks either fall straight vertically with their maximum projected area normal to gravity or tumble while drifting laterally at an angle 20°. Two of the three disk sizes considered exhibit bimodal behavior, with both non-tumbling and tumbling modes occurring with significant probabilities, which stresses the need for a statistical characterization of the process. The smaller disks (1 mm in diameter, Re = 96) have stronger tendency to tumble than the larger disks (3 mm in diameter, Re = 360), at odds with the diffused notion that Re = 100 is a threshold below which falling disks remain horizontal. Larger fall speeds (and thus smaller drag coefficients) are found with respect to existing correlations based on experiments in liquids, demonstrating the role of the density ratio in setting the vertical velocity. The data supports a simple scaling of the rotational frequency based on the equilibrium between drag and gravity, which remains to be tested in further studies where disk thickness and density ratio are varied.Air turbulence reduces the disk terminal velocities by up to 35%, with the largest diameters most significantly influenced, which is primarily attributed to drag nonlinearity. This is evidenced by large lateral excursions of the trajectories, which correlate with cross-flow-induced drag enhancement as previously reported for falling spheres and rising bubbles. As the turbulent intensity is increased, flat-falling behavior is progressively eliminated and tumbling becomes prevalent. The rotation rates of the tumbling disks, however, remain similar to those displayed in still air. This is due to their large moment of inertia compared to the surrounding fluid, in stark contrast with studies conducted in water. In fact, the observed reduction of settling velocity is opposite to previous findings on disks falling in turbulent water. This emphasizes the importance of the solid-to-fluid density ratio in analogous experiments that aim to mimic the behavior of frozen hydrometeors.The velocities estimated by the empirical model of Heymsfield & Westbrook (2010) for both the solid and perforated geometries match quite well with the measured velocities in quiescent air, with an average error of 20%. This model consistently underestimates the terminal velocities, but is an improvement on the estimates from Bohm (1989). The perforated disk geometries experience a velocity reduction due to the turbulence, of similar magnitude to the solid disk. A stabilizing effect due to the perforations is present for the four quadrant and single hole geometries, which manifests as a larger percentage of steady falling trajectories than for the solid. This result is robust in quiescent air and homogeneous turbulence. In turn, lateral motion induced by the turbulent forcing is less than for the solid disk. A distinct bimodality is present for the angular velocity of the solid disk, directly correlated to the falling style. In the perforated case, the tumbling angular velocity measured is half of that for the solid disk, and thus becomes indistinguishable from the angular velocity in a fluttering descent.
일반주제명  
Fluid mechanics
일반주제명  
Mechanical engineering
키워드  
Velocity fluctuations
키워드  
Disk terminal velocities
키워드  
Homogeneous turbulence
키워드  
Bimodal behavior
키워드  
Translational dynamics
기타저자  
University of Minnesota Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aTinklenberg,  Amy.
■24510▼aExperimental  Investigation  of  Disks  Settling  in  Quiescent  and  Turbulent  Air
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Minnesota▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a127  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Coletti,  Filippo;Guala,  Michele.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Minnesota,  2024.
■520    ▼aWe  experimentally  investigate  the  settling  of  millimeter-sized  disks  in  quiescent  air  and  in  homogeneous  turbulence,  as  turbulence  can  have  a  strong  effect  on  the  fall  speed  of  snowflakes  and  ice  crystals.  The  range  of  physical  parameters  is  chosen  to  be  relevant  to  plate  crystals  settling  in  the  atmosphere:  Disks  range  in  diameter  from  0.3  to  3  mm,  with  diameter-to-thickness  aspect  ratios  of  χ  =  5  −  60,  inertia  ratios  of  I  ∗  ≈  O(1),  and  Reynolds  numbers  from  Re  =  10  −  663.  Both  solid  and  perforated  disk  geometries  are  considered,  with  area  ratios  in  the  range  AR  =  0.73  −  1.  Velocity  fluctuations  of  the  turbulence  are  comparable  to  the  disk  terminal  velocities.  Thousands  of  trajectories  are  captured  and  reconstructed  for  each  disk  type  by  planar  high-speed  imaging,  using  the  method  developed  by  Baker  &  Coletti  (J.  Fluid  Mech.,  vol.  943,  2022,  A27).  This  allows  for  statistical  analysis  of  the  translational  dynamics  in  2D  and  the  rotational  dynamics  in  3D.In  quiescent  air,  most  disks  either  fall  straight  vertically  with  their  maximum  projected  area  normal  to  gravity  or  tumble  while  drifting  laterally  at  an  angle  20°.  Two  of  the  three  disk  sizes  considered  exhibit  bimodal  behavior,  with  both  non-tumbling  and  tumbling  modes  occurring  with  significant  probabilities,  which  stresses  the  need  for  a  statistical  characterization  of  the  process.  The  smaller  disks  (1  mm  in  diameter,  Re  =  96)  have  stronger  tendency  to  tumble  than  the  larger  disks  (3  mm  in  diameter,  Re  =  360),  at  odds  with  the  diffused  notion  that  Re  =  100  is  a  threshold  below  which  falling  disks  remain  horizontal.  Larger  fall  speeds  (and  thus  smaller  drag  coefficients)  are  found  with  respect  to  existing  correlations  based  on  experiments  in  liquids,  demonstrating  the  role  of  the  density  ratio  in  setting  the  vertical  velocity.  The  data  supports  a  simple  scaling  of  the  rotational  frequency  based  on  the  equilibrium  between  drag  and  gravity,  which  remains  to  be  tested  in  further  studies  where  disk  thickness  and  density  ratio  are  varied.Air  turbulence  reduces  the  disk  terminal  velocities  by  up  to  35%,  with  the  largest  diameters  most  significantly  influenced,  which  is  primarily  attributed  to  drag  nonlinearity.  This  is  evidenced  by  large  lateral  excursions  of  the  trajectories,  which  correlate  with  cross-flow-induced  drag  enhancement  as  previously  reported  for  falling  spheres  and  rising  bubbles.  As  the  turbulent  intensity  is  increased,  flat-falling  behavior  is  progressively  eliminated  and  tumbling  becomes  prevalent.  The  rotation  rates  of  the  tumbling  disks,  however,  remain  similar  to  those  displayed  in  still  air.  This  is  due  to  their  large  moment  of  inertia  compared  to  the  surrounding  fluid,  in  stark  contrast  with  studies  conducted  in  water.  In  fact,  the  observed  reduction  of  settling  velocity  is  opposite  to  previous  findings  on  disks  falling  in  turbulent  water.  This  emphasizes  the  importance  of  the  solid-to-fluid  density  ratio  in  analogous  experiments  that  aim  to  mimic  the  behavior  of  frozen  hydrometeors.The  velocities  estimated  by  the  empirical  model  of  Heymsfield  &  Westbrook  (2010)  for  both  the  solid  and  perforated  geometries  match  quite  well  with  the  measured  velocities  in  quiescent  air,  with  an  average  error  of    20%.  This  model  consistently  underestimates  the  terminal  velocities,  but  is  an  improvement  on  the  estimates  from  Bohm  (1989).  The  perforated  disk  geometries  experience  a  velocity  reduction  due  to  the  turbulence,  of  similar  magnitude  to  the  solid  disk.  A  stabilizing  effect  due  to  the  perforations  is  present  for  the  four  quadrant  and  single  hole  geometries,  which  manifests  as  a  larger  percentage  of  steady  falling  trajectories  than  for  the  solid.  This  result  is  robust  in  quiescent  air  and  homogeneous  turbulence.  In  turn,  lateral  motion  induced  by  the  turbulent  forcing  is  less  than  for  the  solid  disk.  A  distinct  bimodality  is  present  for  the  angular  velocity  of  the  solid  disk,  directly  correlated  to  the  falling  style.  In  the  perforated  case,  the  tumbling  angular  velocity  measured  is  half  of  that  for  the  solid  disk,  and  thus  becomes  indistinguishable  from  the  angular  velocity  in  a  fluttering  descent.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0130.
■650  4▼aFluid  mechanics
■650  4▼aMechanical  engineering
■653    ▼aVelocity  fluctuations
■653    ▼aDisk  terminal  velocities
■653    ▼aHomogeneous  turbulence
■653    ▼aBimodal  behavior
■653    ▼aTranslational  dynamics
■690    ▼a0204
■690    ▼a0548
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Minnesota▼bAerospace  Engineering  and  Mechanics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-11B.
■790    ▼a0130
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161325▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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