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Hierarchically-Strengthened, Cast and Additively-Manufactured Aluminum Alloys for High-Temperature Applications
Hierarchically-Strengthened, Cast and Additively-Manufactured Aluminum Alloys for High-Tem...
Hierarchically-Strengthened, Cast and Additively-Manufactured Aluminum Alloys for High-Temperature Applications

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151411
ISBN  
9798382761756
DDC  
620
저자명  
Ekaputra, Clement Nevin.
서명/저자  
Hierarchically-Strengthened, Cast and Additively-Manufactured Aluminum Alloys for High-Temperature Applications
발행사항  
[Sl] : Northwestern University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
361 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Dunand, David C.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약This thesis aims to develop new, cast and additively-manufactured, aluminum alloys for lightweight, high-temperature structural applications, based on combinations of coarsening-resistant strengthening phases for high thermal stability and creep resistance. Alloy compositions were designed, then fabricated by casting and laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. Then, the evolution of their microstructure and mechanical properties during thermal exposure at 300-400°C was experimentally characterized as a function of both composition and processing.The first half of this work details the development and characterization of a new, cast Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy system. Combinations of the various elements are studied systematically, to understand the effects of each alloying element on the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties. Compositions are designed to maximize the effects of the strengthening phases in the alloy while avoiding unwanted, harmful phases resulting from interactions between the various alloying elements.Firstly, in cast Al-Ce-Sc-Zr-(Er) alloys, it is found that such alloys consist of micron-scale, Al11Ce3 platelets formed during eutectic solidification in the Al-Ce system, and nano-scale, L12-Al3(Sc,Zr,Er) precipitates formed during secondary aging from Sc, Zr, and Er addition. The Al11Ce3 and L12 phases form mostly independently of each other, except in a Zr-rich and Er-containing alloy where scavenging of Er and Si by Al11Ce3 on solidification reduces the kinetics of precipitation and number density of the L12 precipitates. In an Sc-rich alloy, however, the creep strain rate at 300°C is reduced by as much as five orders of magnitude in the Al11Ce3- and L12-strengthened alloy compared to alloys containing only L12 precipitates. This improvement is due to the combination of load transfer and precipitation-strengthening from the Al11Ce3 micro-platelets, and precipitation strengthening from the L12-Al3(Sc,Zr) nanoprecipitates.Next, the effects of Mn on the Al-Ce system are studied. Small Mn additions (~0.4 at.%) remain in solid solution in the α-Al matrix, and excess Mn results in coarse, primary Al20CeMn2 precipitates. These Mn solutes provide solid-solution strengthening both at room temperature and during creep. Furthermore, an Al-Ce-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy combines all three of the aforementioned strengthening mechanisms for enhanced creep resistance.In the final part of the cast alloy work, the effects of Ni additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the previously-designed Al-Ce-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy are studied. The primary and eutectic phase formation are found to vary with both Ni content and cooling rate. For higher Ni content and slower solidification rates, Ni forms an Al27Ce3Ni6 phase (both primary and eutectic), while for lower Ni content and faster solidification rates, Ni forms an Al9(Ni,Mn,Fe)2 phase. An alloy containing 3.2 wt.% Ni is selected for further study, and the resulting alloy contains four strengthening constituents: micron-scale (i) Al11Ce3 and (ii) Al27Ce3Ni6 or Al9(Ni,Mn,Fe)2 platelets, all formed during eutectic solidification, (iii) L12-Al3(Sc,Zr) nanoprecipitates formed during secondary aging, and (iv) Mn solute atoms in the α-Al matrix. This alloy shows higher hardness during aging and creep resistance than alloys containing subsets of the four strengthening constituents, indicating that cumulative strengthening can be achieved by combination of these strengthening mechanisms. This final alloy also shows a high dislocation creep threshold stress of 62 MPa at 300°C.The second half of this work focuses on the design of aluminum alloys for L-PBF additive manufacturing. The effect of rapid solidification, inherent to the L-PBF process, on the microstructure and mechanical properties is emphasized, with comparison to the respective cast alloys. Furthermore, attention is given to alloying elements which are typically not useful in cast alloys, but may provide beneficial properties under the extreme L-PBF processing conditions.A similar Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy to the previously designed cast alloy is processed by L-PBF, and contains the same four strengthening constituents as in the cast alloy. However, the eutectic Al11Ce3 and Al27Ce3Ni6 phases are greatly refined by the rapid solidification process, resulting in greatly enhanced strength and creep resistance. Non-stoichiometric phase compositions are also found in the peak-aged state, which shift to equilibrium compositions during over-aging. During early stages of aging at 300-400°C, the strength of the alloy rapidly decreases due to fragmentation of the continuous eutectic network structure, then gradually declines due to the subsequent particle coarsening. The importance of the various strengthening mechanisms in the alloy are also explored via analytical and numerical modelling, and it is found that direct precipitation strengthening from the eutectic precipitates is the dominant creep strengthening mechanism in the alloy.To study the possibility of enhanced solid-solution strengthening in L-PBF processed alloys, simpler, ternary Al-Zr-X alloys are studied, where X = Mn, Cr, V, Mo, and W are slow-diffusing transition metal elements. These alloys contain both L12-Al3Zr nanoprecipitates formed during aging at 400°C, and solid solutions of the ternary alloying element in amounts well beyond their equilibrium solubility limits. These extended solid solutions markedly enhance strength and creep resistance at 400°C compared to the binary Al-Zr alloy. While the rate of decomposition of these solid solutions during aging varies based on their relative diffusivities, their contribution to the room-temperature strength and high-temperature creep resistance is independent of the solute diffusivity.Lastly, these slow-diffusing solute elements (Mn, Cr, V, Mo, and W) are studied in L-PBF processed ternary Al-Ce-X alloys. These ternary Al-Ce-X alloys consist of a hypereutectic microstructure, containing a high volume fraction of interconnected, eutectic Al11Ce3 precipitates and submicron, equiaxed Al20CeX2 precipitates. These Al20CeX2 precipitates are isomorphous among the five ternary alloys. The Al20CeX2 precipitates are also highly coarsening-resistant due to the extremely slow diffusivity of the ternary element, resulting in greater retention of strength during thermal exposure at 400°C. Furthermore, these coarsening-resistant Al20CeX2 precipitates also substantially improve alloy creep resistance, increasing the threshold stress for dislocation creep at 300°C from ~32 MPa for the binary Al-Ce alloy to ~77-100 MPa for the ternary Al-Ce-X alloys, and at 400°C from 40 MPa for the ternary Al-Ce-V alloy.The direct scientific outcome of this work is to further understand a relatively new alloy system (Al-Ce), and the impact of alloying additions (Sc, Zr, Er, Mn, Ni, Cr, V, Mo, W) and processing technique (casting vs. L-PBF) on the resulting evolution at high temperatures of microstructure and mechanical properties. This work also results in new, cast and additively-manufactured alloys with extreme high-temperature mechanical properties, for improved performance of lightweight, elevated-temperature applications. Future directions are proposed to (i) further improve understanding of composition and processing on the properties of the Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy system, (ii) design new, L-PBF specific alloys with improved high-temperature mechanical properties based on the strengthening mechanisms explored here, and (iii) improve fundamental understanding of structure-property relationships in complex eutectic-structured and hierarchically-strengthened alloys.
일반주제명  
Engineering
일반주제명  
Materials science
일반주제명  
High temperature physics
키워드  
Alloy design
키워드  
Sluminum alloys
키워드  
Creep
키워드  
High-temperature applications
키워드  
Mechanical properties
키워드  
Microstructures
기타저자  
Northwestern University Materials Science and Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

 008250123s2024        us                              c    eng  d
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■006m          o    d                
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■020    ▼a9798382761756
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31292766
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a620
■1001  ▼aEkaputra,  Clement  Nevin.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-0716-6479
■24510▼aHierarchically-Strengthened,  Cast  and  Additively-Manufactured  Aluminum  Alloys  for  High-Temperature  Applications
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNorthwestern  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a361  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Dunand,  David  C.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Northwestern  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThis  thesis  aims  to  develop  new,  cast  and  additively-manufactured,  aluminum  alloys  for  lightweight,  high-temperature  structural  applications,  based  on  combinations  of  coarsening-resistant  strengthening  phases  for  high  thermal  stability  and  creep  resistance.  Alloy  compositions  were  designed,  then  fabricated  by  casting  and  laser  powder-bed  fusion  (L-PBF)  additive  manufacturing.  Then,  the  evolution  of  their  microstructure  and  mechanical  properties  during  thermal  exposure  at  300-400°C  was  experimentally  characterized  as  a  function  of  both  composition  and  processing.The  first  half  of  this  work  details  the  development  and  characterization  of  a  new,  cast  Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr  alloy  system.  Combinations  of  the  various  elements  are  studied  systematically,  to  understand  the  effects  of  each  alloying  element  on  the  resulting  microstructure  and  mechanical  properties.  Compositions  are  designed  to  maximize  the  effects  of  the  strengthening  phases  in  the  alloy  while  avoiding  unwanted,  harmful  phases  resulting  from  interactions  between  the  various  alloying  elements.Firstly,  in  cast  Al-Ce-Sc-Zr-(Er)  alloys,  it  is  found  that  such  alloys  consist  of  micron-scale,  Al11Ce3  platelets  formed  during  eutectic  solidification  in  the  Al-Ce  system,  and  nano-scale,  L12-Al3(Sc,Zr,Er)  precipitates  formed  during  secondary  aging  from  Sc,  Zr,  and  Er  addition.  The  Al11Ce3  and  L12  phases  form  mostly  independently  of  each  other,  except  in  a  Zr-rich  and  Er-containing  alloy  where  scavenging  of  Er  and  Si  by  Al11Ce3  on  solidification  reduces  the  kinetics  of  precipitation  and  number  density  of  the  L12  precipitates.  In  an  Sc-rich  alloy,  however,  the  creep  strain  rate  at  300°C  is  reduced  by  as  much  as  five  orders  of  magnitude  in  the  Al11Ce3-  and  L12-strengthened  alloy  compared  to  alloys  containing  only  L12  precipitates.  This  improvement  is  due  to  the  combination  of  load  transfer  and  precipitation-strengthening  from  the  Al11Ce3  micro-platelets,  and  precipitation  strengthening  from  the  L12-Al3(Sc,Zr)  nanoprecipitates.Next,  the  effects  of  Mn  on  the  Al-Ce  system  are  studied.  Small  Mn  additions  (~0.4  at.%)  remain  in  solid  solution  in  the  α-Al  matrix,  and  excess  Mn  results  in  coarse,  primary  Al20CeMn2  precipitates.  These  Mn  solutes  provide  solid-solution  strengthening  both  at  room  temperature  and  during  creep.  Furthermore,  an  Al-Ce-Mn-Sc-Zr  alloy  combines  all  three  of  the  aforementioned  strengthening  mechanisms  for  enhanced  creep  resistance.In  the  final  part  of  the  cast  alloy  work,  the  effects  of  Ni  additions  on  the  microstructure  and  mechanical  properties  of  the  previously-designed  Al-Ce-Mn-Sc-Zr  alloy  are  studied.  The  primary  and  eutectic  phase  formation  are  found  to  vary  with  both  Ni  content  and  cooling  rate.  For  higher  Ni  content  and  slower  solidification  rates,  Ni  forms  an  Al27Ce3Ni6  phase  (both  primary  and  eutectic),  while  for  lower  Ni  content  and  faster  solidification  rates,  Ni  forms  an  Al9(Ni,Mn,Fe)2  phase.  An  alloy  containing  3.2  wt.%  Ni  is  selected  for  further  study,  and  the  resulting  alloy  contains  four  strengthening  constituents:  micron-scale  (i)  Al11Ce3  and  (ii)  Al27Ce3Ni6  or  Al9(Ni,Mn,Fe)2  platelets,  all  formed  during  eutectic  solidification,  (iii)  L12-Al3(Sc,Zr)  nanoprecipitates  formed  during  secondary  aging,  and  (iv)  Mn  solute  atoms  in  the  α-Al  matrix.  This  alloy  shows  higher  hardness  during  aging  and  creep  resistance  than  alloys  containing  subsets  of  the  four  strengthening  constituents,  indicating  that  cumulative  strengthening  can  be  achieved  by  combination  of  these  strengthening  mechanisms.  This  final  alloy  also  shows  a  high  dislocation  creep  threshold  stress  of  62  MPa  at  300°C.The  second  half  of  this  work  focuses  on  the  design  of  aluminum  alloys  for  L-PBF  additive  manufacturing.  The  effect  of  rapid  solidification,  inherent  to  the  L-PBF  process,  on  the  microstructure  and  mechanical  properties  is  emphasized,  with  comparison  to  the  respective  cast  alloys.  Furthermore,  attention  is  given  to  alloying  elements  which  are  typically  not  useful  in  cast  alloys,  but  may  provide  beneficial  properties  under  the  extreme  L-PBF  processing  conditions.A  similar  Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr  alloy  to  the  previously  designed  cast  alloy  is  processed  by  L-PBF,  and  contains  the  same  four  strengthening  constituents  as  in  the  cast  alloy.  However,  the  eutectic  Al11Ce3  and  Al27Ce3Ni6  phases  are  greatly  refined  by  the  rapid  solidification  process,  resulting  in  greatly  enhanced  strength  and  creep  resistance.  Non-stoichiometric  phase  compositions  are  also  found  in  the  peak-aged  state,  which  shift  to  equilibrium  compositions  during  over-aging.  During  early  stages  of  aging  at  300-400°C,  the  strength  of  the  alloy  rapidly  decreases  due  to  fragmentation  of  the  continuous  eutectic  network  structure,  then  gradually  declines  due  to  the  subsequent  particle  coarsening.  The  importance  of  the  various  strengthening  mechanisms  in  the  alloy  are  also  explored  via  analytical  and  numerical  modelling,  and  it  is  found  that  direct  precipitation  strengthening  from  the  eutectic  precipitates  is  the  dominant  creep  strengthening  mechanism  in  the  alloy.To  study  the  possibility  of  enhanced  solid-solution  strengthening  in  L-PBF  processed  alloys,  simpler,  ternary  Al-Zr-X  alloys  are  studied,  where  X  =  Mn,  Cr,  V,  Mo,  and  W  are  slow-diffusing  transition  metal  elements.  These  alloys  contain  both  L12-Al3Zr  nanoprecipitates  formed  during  aging  at  400°C,  and  solid  solutions  of  the  ternary  alloying  element  in  amounts  well  beyond  their  equilibrium  solubility  limits.  These  extended  solid  solutions  markedly  enhance  strength  and  creep  resistance  at  400°C  compared  to  the  binary  Al-Zr  alloy.  While  the  rate  of  decomposition  of  these  solid  solutions  during  aging  varies  based  on  their  relative  diffusivities,  their  contribution  to  the  room-temperature  strength  and  high-temperature  creep  resistance  is  independent  of  the  solute  diffusivity.Lastly,  these  slow-diffusing  solute  elements  (Mn,  Cr,  V,  Mo,  and  W)  are  studied  in  L-PBF  processed  ternary  Al-Ce-X  alloys.  These  ternary  Al-Ce-X  alloys  consist  of  a  hypereutectic  microstructure,  containing  a  high  volume  fraction  of  interconnected,  eutectic  Al11Ce3  precipitates  and  submicron,  equiaxed  Al20CeX2  precipitates.  These  Al20CeX2  precipitates  are  isomorphous  among  the  five  ternary  alloys.  The  Al20CeX2  precipitates  are  also  highly  coarsening-resistant  due  to  the  extremely  slow  diffusivity  of  the  ternary  element,  resulting  in  greater  retention  of  strength  during  thermal  exposure  at  400°C.  Furthermore,  these  coarsening-resistant  Al20CeX2  precipitates  also  substantially  improve  alloy  creep  resistance,  increasing  the  threshold  stress  for  dislocation  creep  at  300°C  from  ~32  MPa  for  the  binary  Al-Ce  alloy  to  ~77-100  MPa  for  the  ternary  Al-Ce-X  alloys,  and  at  400°C  from  40  MPa  for  the  ternary  Al-Ce-V  alloy.The  direct  scientific  outcome  of  this  work  is  to  further  understand  a  relatively  new  alloy  system  (Al-Ce),  and  the  impact  of  alloying  additions  (Sc,  Zr,  Er,  Mn,  Ni,  Cr,  V,  Mo,  W)  and  processing  technique  (casting  vs.  L-PBF)  on  the  resulting  evolution  at  high  temperatures  of  microstructure  and  mechanical  properties.  This  work  also  results  in  new,  cast  and  additively-manufactured  alloys  with  extreme  high-temperature  mechanical  properties,  for  improved  performance  of  lightweight,  elevated-temperature  applications.  Future  directions  are  proposed  to  (i)  further  improve  understanding  of  composition  and  processing  on  the  properties  of  the  Al-Ce-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr  alloy  system,  (ii)  design  new,  L-PBF  specific  alloys  with  improved  high-temperature  mechanical  properties  based  on  the  strengthening  mechanisms  explored  here,  and  (iii)  improve  fundamental  understanding  of  structure-property  relationships  in  complex  eutectic-structured  and  hierarchically-strengthened  alloys.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0163.
■650  4▼aEngineering
■650  4▼aMaterials  science
■650  4▼aHigh  temperature  physics
■653    ▼aAlloy  design
■653    ▼aSluminum  alloys
■653    ▼aCreep
■653    ▼aHigh-temperature  applications
■653    ▼aMechanical  properties
■653    ▼aMicrostructures
■690    ▼a0794
■690    ▼a0537
■690    ▼a0597
■71020▼aNorthwestern  University▼bMaterials  Science  and  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-11B.
■790    ▼a0163
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161548▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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