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Paleomagnetic Records of a Mobile Lithosphere and Dipolar Geodynamo by the Paleoarchean
Paleomagnetic Records of a Mobile Lithosphere and Dipolar Geodynamo by the Paleoarchean
Paleomagnetic Records of a Mobile Lithosphere and Dipolar Geodynamo by the Paleoarchean

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151413
ISBN  
9798382783055
DDC  
550
저자명  
Brenner, Alec.
서명/저자  
Paleomagnetic Records of a Mobile Lithosphere and Dipolar Geodynamo by the Paleoarchean
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
179 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Fu, Roger.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Plate tectonics dominate the geodynamics of the modern Earth's surface, segmenting the surface into mobile plates whose differential motions are responsible for the physiography of our planet and for constructing the lithosphere. Likewise, thermochemical convection of Earth's core produces the geodynamo, a strong, relatively stable dipolar magnetic field that envelops the planet and dictates many interactions of the upper atmosphere with space. Paleomagnetism represents the most important quantitative archive of these processes in deep geologic time. By measuring the ancient local magnetic field direction and intensity preserved by ferrimagnetic mineral phases in rocks, paleomagnetism can track lithospheric blocks as tectonic motions carry them through Earth's magnetic field, and directly record geodynamo processes such as reversals.However, evidence of these phenomena becomes sparse the further back in geologic time one looks, given the paucity of the early rock record. Very few paleomagnetic data exist for the Archean and Hadean Eons in particular (2.5 billion years ago or Ga), rocks from which represent a mere 5% of Earth's present-day surface. Further complicating the scarcity of the early paleomagnetic record, the most ancient rocks have experienced complex histories of billions of years of alteration, metamorphism, and weathering that can overprint magnetizations.Yet, Earth's early history is exactly where constraints on geodynamics are most needed. Geochemical, petrological, field, and modeling studies have suggested - and not without vigorous ongoing debate - that the early Earth may have experienced a different geodynamic regime. For instance, Earth's geodynamics could have resembled those of most other terrestrial planets, with a so-called "stagnant-lid" in which the lithosphere was not segmented into plates and experienced limited or no horizontal motion. This would have profound effects on local geologic processes and Earth's global thermal evolution. And in Earth's core, the probable lack of an inner core this far back in time has led to competing proposals for how to power the early geodynamo, including exotic dynamos hosted by a basal magma ocean.Thus, despite the Archean and Hadean seeing the emergence and earliest evolution of life, few constraints have been made to-date on the early Earth's underlying geodynamics. This dissertation aims to develop new constraints on geodynamic processes and their rates on the early Earth. This is based on paleomagnetic measurements of mafic volcanic rocks dating to the late Paleo- to early Mesoarchean (~3.3-3.2 Ga) from the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia.In Chapter 2, I present new paleomagnetic data from the ~3.18 Ga Honeyeater Basalt. Comparison with an existing paleomagnetic pole from the ~3.34 Ga Euro Basalt demonstrated the earliest resolvable horizontal motion of the lithosphere, in which the East Pilbara Craton moved in latitude by ≥2.5 cm/yr over a 160 million-year (Myr) interval, compatible with plate tectonics.Chapter 3 presents further paleomagnetic data from the ~3.25 Ga Kunagunarrina Formation. Coupled with the poles measured and discussed in Chapter 2, this result enabled the oldest time-resolved lithospheric motion reconstruction, revealing that the East Pilbara Craton experienced 95 Myr of latitudinal motion at 6.1 cm/yr followed by 65 Myr of rotation at 0.55°/Myr. The rates, durations, and time-variability of these motions are all compatible with plate tectonic motions, yet are incompatible with the limited motions that are possible in a stagnant-lid. Further, this dataset included a symmetric 3.25 Ga geomagnetic reversal, the oldest ever documented, the geometry of which requires that the geodynamo was dominantly dipolar and generated in the core.Finally, Chapter 4 details how the magnetizations preserved in the Kunagunarrina Formation originated via hydrothermal alteration of the formation following its eruption onto the seafloor. Using a uniquely-detailed combination of petrographic observations, magnetic microscopy, and geochronology, I link the magnetization-hosting phases to iron-mobilizing reactions within a set of well-documented volcanic-hosted massive sulfide hydrothermal systems in the region. This demonstrates the promise of hydrothermal systems as potential targets for future paleomagnetic work in Archean rocks.Taken together, these studies paint a fuller picture of geodynamics on Earth when it was about 1.3 billion years old. The evidence developed herein portrays a geodynamically-mature early Earth, with a tectonically-mobile lithosphere and a stable core-generated dynamo. While these are not necessarily indications of truly "modern" geodynamic processes sensu stricto, they nevertheless are consistent with a uniformitarian interpretation of the rock record. Finally, this work demonstrates the most detailed understanding yet of how many Archean rocks acquired magnetizations, paving the way for future paleomagnetic studies of the early Earth and of complexly-altered rocks in general.
일반주제명  
Geophysics
일반주제명  
Plate tectonics
일반주제명  
Geology
일반주제명  
Environmental science
키워드  
Earth's surface
키워드  
Geodynamics
키워드  
Ancient rocks
키워드  
Magnetic microscopy
기타저자  
Harvard University Earth and Planetary Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aBrenner,  Alec.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-4739-7757
■24510▼aPaleomagnetic  Records  of  a  Mobile  Lithosphere  and  Dipolar  Geodynamo  by  the  Paleoarchean
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a179  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Fu,  Roger.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aPlate  tectonics  dominate  the  geodynamics  of  the  modern  Earth's  surface,  segmenting  the  surface  into  mobile  plates  whose  differential  motions  are  responsible  for  the  physiography  of  our  planet  and  for  constructing  the  lithosphere.  Likewise,  thermochemical  convection  of  Earth's  core  produces  the  geodynamo,  a  strong,  relatively  stable  dipolar  magnetic  field  that  envelops  the  planet  and  dictates  many  interactions  of  the  upper  atmosphere  with  space.  Paleomagnetism  represents  the  most  important  quantitative  archive  of  these  processes  in  deep  geologic  time.  By  measuring  the  ancient  local  magnetic  field  direction  and  intensity  preserved  by  ferrimagnetic  mineral  phases  in  rocks,  paleomagnetism  can  track  lithospheric  blocks  as  tectonic  motions  carry  them  through  Earth's  magnetic  field,  and  directly  record  geodynamo  processes  such  as  reversals.However,  evidence  of  these  phenomena  becomes  sparse  the  further  back  in  geologic  time  one  looks,  given  the  paucity  of  the  early  rock  record.  Very  few  paleomagnetic  data  exist  for  the  Archean  and  Hadean  Eons  in  particular  (2.5  billion  years  ago  or  Ga),  rocks  from  which  represent  a  mere  5%  of  Earth's  present-day  surface.  Further  complicating  the  scarcity  of  the  early  paleomagnetic  record,  the  most  ancient  rocks  have  experienced  complex  histories  of  billions  of  years  of  alteration,  metamorphism,  and  weathering  that  can  overprint  magnetizations.Yet,  Earth's  early  history  is  exactly  where  constraints  on  geodynamics  are  most  needed.  Geochemical,  petrological,  field,  and  modeling  studies  have  suggested  -  and  not  without  vigorous  ongoing  debate  -  that  the  early  Earth  may  have  experienced  a  different  geodynamic  regime.  For  instance,  Earth's  geodynamics  could  have  resembled  those  of  most  other  terrestrial  planets,  with  a  so-called  "stagnant-lid"  in  which  the  lithosphere  was  not  segmented  into  plates  and  experienced  limited  or  no  horizontal  motion.  This  would  have  profound  effects  on  local  geologic  processes  and  Earth's  global  thermal  evolution.  And  in  Earth's  core,  the  probable  lack  of  an  inner  core  this  far  back  in  time  has  led  to  competing  proposals  for  how  to  power  the  early  geodynamo,  including  exotic  dynamos  hosted  by  a  basal  magma  ocean.Thus,  despite  the  Archean  and  Hadean  seeing  the  emergence  and  earliest  evolution  of  life,  few  constraints  have  been  made  to-date  on  the  early  Earth's  underlying  geodynamics.  This  dissertation  aims  to  develop  new  constraints  on  geodynamic  processes  and  their  rates  on  the  early  Earth.  This  is  based  on  paleomagnetic  measurements  of  mafic  volcanic  rocks  dating  to  the  late  Paleo-  to  early  Mesoarchean  (~3.3-3.2  Ga)  from  the  Pilbara  Craton,  Western  Australia.In  Chapter  2,  I  present  new  paleomagnetic  data  from  the  ~3.18  Ga  Honeyeater  Basalt.  Comparison  with  an  existing  paleomagnetic  pole  from  the  ~3.34  Ga  Euro  Basalt  demonstrated  the  earliest  resolvable  horizontal  motion  of  the  lithosphere,  in  which  the  East  Pilbara  Craton  moved  in  latitude  by  ≥2.5  cm/yr  over  a  160  million-year  (Myr)  interval,  compatible  with  plate  tectonics.Chapter  3  presents  further  paleomagnetic  data  from  the  ~3.25  Ga  Kunagunarrina  Formation.  Coupled  with  the  poles  measured  and  discussed  in  Chapter  2,  this  result  enabled  the  oldest  time-resolved  lithospheric  motion  reconstruction,  revealing  that  the  East  Pilbara  Craton  experienced  95  Myr  of  latitudinal  motion  at  6.1  cm/yr  followed  by  65  Myr  of  rotation  at  0.55°/Myr.  The  rates,  durations,  and  time-variability  of  these  motions  are  all  compatible  with  plate  tectonic  motions,  yet  are  incompatible  with  the  limited  motions  that  are  possible  in  a  stagnant-lid.  Further,  this  dataset  included  a  symmetric  3.25  Ga  geomagnetic  reversal,  the  oldest  ever  documented,  the  geometry  of  which  requires  that  the  geodynamo  was  dominantly  dipolar  and  generated  in  the  core.Finally,  Chapter  4  details  how  the  magnetizations  preserved  in  the  Kunagunarrina  Formation  originated  via  hydrothermal  alteration  of  the  formation  following  its  eruption  onto  the  seafloor.  Using  a  uniquely-detailed  combination  of  petrographic  observations,  magnetic  microscopy,  and  geochronology,  I  link  the  magnetization-hosting  phases  to  iron-mobilizing  reactions  within  a  set  of  well-documented  volcanic-hosted  massive  sulfide  hydrothermal  systems  in  the  region.  This  demonstrates  the  promise  of  hydrothermal  systems  as  potential  targets  for  future  paleomagnetic  work  in  Archean  rocks.Taken  together,  these  studies  paint  a  fuller  picture  of  geodynamics  on  Earth  when  it  was  about  1.3  billion  years  old.  The  evidence  developed  herein  portrays  a  geodynamically-mature  early  Earth,  with  a  tectonically-mobile  lithosphere  and  a  stable  core-generated  dynamo.  While  these  are  not  necessarily  indications  of  truly  "modern"  geodynamic  processes  sensu  stricto,  they  nevertheless  are  consistent  with  a  uniformitarian  interpretation  of  the  rock  record.  Finally,  this  work  demonstrates  the  most  detailed  understanding  yet  of  how  many  Archean  rocks  acquired  magnetizations,  paving  the  way  for  future  paleomagnetic  studies  of  the  early  Earth  and  of  complexly-altered  rocks  in  general.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aGeophysics
■650  4▼aPlate  tectonics
■650  4▼aGeology
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  science
■653    ▼aEarth's  surface
■653    ▼aGeodynamics
■653    ▼aAncient  rocks
■653    ▼aMagnetic  microscopy
■690    ▼a0373
■690    ▼a0592
■690    ▼a0372
■690    ▼a0467
■690    ▼a0768
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bEarth  and  Planetary  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161560▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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