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Wintertime Cold Extremes: Mechanisms and Teleconnections with the Stratosphere
Wintertime Cold Extremes: Mechanisms and Teleconnections with the Stratosphere
Wintertime Cold Extremes: Mechanisms and Teleconnections with the Stratosphere

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151415
ISBN  
9798382776040
DDC  
551.5
저자명  
Hartig, Kara.
서명/저자  
Wintertime Cold Extremes: Mechanisms and Teleconnections with the Stratosphere
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
175 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Tziperman, Eli.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Wintertime cold air outbreaks are predicted to decline in frequency and intensity as a result of climate change, but in spite of a robust warming trend over the last few decades it is unclear whether this decline has been observed. Some studies have found no trend or even a slight increase in North American cold air outbreaks, which is particularly remarkable when one considers the enhanced warming signal of 2-3 degrees C already observed in the wintertime Arctic, where most air masses resulting in mid-latitude cold air outbreaks originate. But with evidence from warmer climates in the far distant past, we know that cold air outbreaks should decline with global warming. Fossils of frost-intolerant species dating back to the Eocene warm climate period and found in the interior of North America indicate that the wintertime temperature never dropped below freezing while the average temperature was only 10 degrees C warmer than it is today, implying that cold extremes warmed by 2-3 times the average. This suggests that some mechanism may be acting to maintain cold air outbreaks in the modern climate in spite of the overall warming trend. Climate models have long-standing problems matching proxy records for winter temperatures at high latitudes during the Eocene, indicating that such a mechanism may be missing or improperly represented in models. Winter weather can also be mediated by teleconnections with geographically and dynamically distinct features. The stratospheric polar vortex has been hypothesized to exert a downward influence on surface weather, and more specifically to affect the frequency of cold air outbreaks, but the time scale and nature of this influence remains elusive. My dissertation is therefore presented in two parts: chapters one and two concern the mechanisms driving cold air outbreaks in near-modern and paleo climates, while chapter three considers the nature of teleconnections between the troposphere and the stratosphere in winter.The first chapter looks at cold air outbreaks in a pre-industrial climate. Using output from the Community Earth System Model (CESM), I identify hundreds of cold air outbreaks over the deep interior of North America. To understand how those cold air outbreaks developed, I follow the air masses backward in time to see where they came from and how they evolved as they were swept from the Arctic into the mid-latitudes. I discover a significant role for diabatic cooling of the air masses on their way to produce cold air outbreaks, where negative surface sensible heat fluxes are mixed upwards by turbulence to cool near-surface air masses. I also identify an abrupt cutoff in the surface temperature distribution at the freezing temperature, which may indicate a significant role for the latent heat released by surface water as it freezes in maintaining above-freezing temperatures in warmer climates. In the second chapter, I expand this analysis to a comparison between a pre-industrial and a much warmer (Eocene-like) climate scenario. Here I find that increases in Arctic temperatures at the origin of cold air masses are responsible for the suppression of cold air outbreaks in much warmer climates. Surprisingly, the net diabatic temperature change along these air masses is the same in the two climate scenarios, where a balance between longwave cooling and warming from boundary layer mixing is maintained as both effects become stronger in the warmer climate. The third chapter investigates teleconnections between the troposphere and the stratosphere in both the upward and downward directions. I use Maximum Covariance Analysis, which is based on singular value decomposition, on pairs of tropospheric and stratospheric fields over 60 years of reanalysis output to identify both the time scales and the spatial patterns of covariability. I find that the greatest covariance between the troposphere and the stratosphere occurs when the surface precedes the stratosphere by up to 9 days. Unlike previous studies, which focused on the time scale itself, this analysis method also enables me to identify the surface precursor, a wave-1 pattern in sea level pressure that is followed by changes in stratospheric potential vorticity, zonal wind, and EP flux. A second sea level pressure anomaly, similar to the first but rotated about the pole by about 60 degrees, was also found to precede stratospheric EP flux variations 2-3 days later. Counter to previous studies, which have suggested an important role for the stratosphere in surface cold air outbreaks, I find little evidence for a downward influence on minimum surface temperatures.
일반주제명  
Atmospheric sciences
일반주제명  
Climate change
일반주제명  
Meteorology
키워드  
Arctic
키워드  
Extreme weather
키워드  
Paleoclimate
키워드  
Temperature budget
키워드  
Winter
기타저자  
Harvard University Physics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aHartig,  Kara.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-4663-7077
■24510▼aWintertime  Cold  Extremes:  Mechanisms  and  Teleconnections  with  the  Stratosphere
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a175  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Tziperman,  Eli.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aWintertime  cold  air  outbreaks  are  predicted  to  decline  in  frequency  and  intensity  as  a  result  of  climate  change,  but  in  spite  of  a  robust  warming  trend  over  the  last  few  decades  it  is  unclear  whether  this  decline  has  been  observed.  Some  studies  have  found  no  trend  or  even  a  slight  increase  in  North  American  cold  air  outbreaks,  which  is  particularly  remarkable  when  one  considers  the  enhanced  warming  signal  of  2-3  degrees  C  already  observed  in  the  wintertime  Arctic,  where  most  air  masses  resulting  in  mid-latitude  cold  air  outbreaks  originate.  But  with  evidence  from  warmer  climates  in  the  far  distant  past,  we  know  that  cold  air  outbreaks  should  decline  with  global  warming.  Fossils  of  frost-intolerant  species  dating  back  to  the  Eocene  warm  climate  period  and  found  in  the  interior  of  North  America  indicate  that  the  wintertime  temperature  never  dropped  below  freezing  while  the  average  temperature  was  only  10  degrees  C  warmer  than  it  is  today,  implying  that  cold  extremes  warmed  by  2-3  times  the  average.  This  suggests  that  some  mechanism  may  be  acting  to  maintain  cold  air  outbreaks  in  the  modern  climate  in  spite  of  the  overall  warming  trend.  Climate  models  have  long-standing  problems  matching  proxy  records  for  winter  temperatures  at  high  latitudes  during  the  Eocene,  indicating  that  such  a  mechanism  may  be  missing  or  improperly  represented  in  models.  Winter  weather  can  also  be  mediated  by  teleconnections  with  geographically  and  dynamically  distinct  features.  The  stratospheric  polar  vortex  has  been  hypothesized  to  exert  a  downward  influence  on  surface  weather,  and  more  specifically  to  affect  the  frequency  of  cold  air  outbreaks,  but  the  time  scale  and  nature  of  this  influence  remains  elusive.  My  dissertation  is  therefore  presented  in  two  parts:  chapters  one  and  two  concern  the  mechanisms  driving  cold  air  outbreaks  in  near-modern  and  paleo  climates,  while  chapter  three  considers  the  nature  of  teleconnections  between  the  troposphere  and  the  stratosphere  in  winter.The  first  chapter  looks  at  cold  air  outbreaks  in  a  pre-industrial  climate.  Using  output  from  the  Community  Earth  System  Model  (CESM),  I  identify  hundreds  of  cold  air  outbreaks  over  the  deep  interior  of  North  America.  To  understand  how  those  cold  air  outbreaks  developed,  I  follow  the  air  masses  backward  in  time  to  see  where  they  came  from  and  how  they  evolved  as  they  were  swept  from  the  Arctic  into  the  mid-latitudes.  I  discover  a  significant  role  for  diabatic  cooling  of  the  air  masses  on  their  way  to  produce  cold  air  outbreaks,  where  negative  surface  sensible  heat  fluxes  are  mixed  upwards  by  turbulence  to  cool  near-surface  air  masses.  I  also  identify  an  abrupt  cutoff  in  the  surface  temperature  distribution  at  the  freezing  temperature,  which  may  indicate  a  significant  role  for  the  latent  heat  released  by  surface  water  as  it  freezes  in  maintaining  above-freezing  temperatures  in  warmer  climates.  In  the  second  chapter,  I  expand  this  analysis  to  a  comparison  between  a  pre-industrial  and  a  much  warmer  (Eocene-like)  climate  scenario.  Here  I  find  that  increases  in  Arctic  temperatures  at  the  origin  of  cold  air  masses  are  responsible  for  the  suppression  of  cold  air  outbreaks  in  much  warmer  climates.  Surprisingly,  the  net  diabatic  temperature  change  along  these  air  masses  is  the  same  in  the  two  climate  scenarios,  where  a  balance  between  longwave  cooling  and  warming  from  boundary  layer  mixing  is  maintained  as  both  effects  become  stronger  in  the  warmer  climate.  The  third  chapter  investigates  teleconnections  between  the  troposphere  and  the  stratosphere  in  both  the  upward  and  downward  directions.  I  use  Maximum  Covariance  Analysis,  which  is  based  on  singular  value  decomposition,  on  pairs  of  tropospheric  and  stratospheric  fields  over  60  years  of  reanalysis  output  to  identify  both  the  time  scales  and  the  spatial  patterns  of  covariability.  I  find  that  the  greatest  covariance  between  the  troposphere  and  the  stratosphere  occurs  when  the  surface  precedes  the  stratosphere  by  up  to  9  days.  Unlike  previous  studies,  which  focused  on  the  time  scale  itself,  this  analysis  method  also  enables  me  to  identify  the  surface  precursor,  a  wave-1  pattern  in  sea  level  pressure  that  is  followed  by  changes  in  stratospheric  potential  vorticity,  zonal  wind,  and  EP  flux.  A  second  sea  level  pressure  anomaly,  similar  to  the  first  but  rotated  about  the  pole  by  about  60  degrees,  was  also  found  to  precede  stratospheric  EP  flux  variations  2-3  days  later.  Counter  to  previous  studies,  which  have  suggested  an  important  role  for  the  stratosphere  in  surface  cold  air  outbreaks,  I  find  little  evidence  for  a  downward  influence  on  minimum  surface  temperatures.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aAtmospheric  sciences
■650  4▼aClimate  change
■650  4▼aMeteorology
■653    ▼aArctic
■653    ▼aExtreme  weather
■653    ▼aPaleoclimate
■653    ▼aTemperature  budget
■653    ▼aWinter
■690    ▼a0725
■690    ▼a0404
■690    ▼a0557
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bPhysics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161574▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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