본문

서브메뉴

Materialist Explanations for War
Materialist Explanations for War
Materialist Explanations for War

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151057
ISBN  
9798383161005
DDC  
320
저자명  
Schwarz, Christopher.
서명/저자  
Materialist Explanations for War
발행사항  
[Sl] : New York University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
316 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Over the course of the historical development of the field of International Relations, and over the past thirty years in particular, a host of seemingly robust empirical regularities have been discovered. Taken from the vantage point of individual research projects and their empirical contributions, one is drawn towards an old view in the philosophy of science: that the social process of scientific discovery is progressing incrementally and cumulatively towards an increasingly clear empirical picture of violent conflict. Yet when one looks at this mass from the perspective of the field as a whole, one is equally struck by the apparently contradictory and competing middle-range theoretical perspectives used to motivate, justify, and explain their empirical products. Taken together, over the past few decades international relations scholars have established that a large number of patterns of violence exist. The question which remains to be answered is why such patterns jointly occur, a puzzle existing middle-range theoretical structures seem unable to adequately address.It is the purpose of this work to provide such a theoretical basis to the study of conflict. This is done by (a) developing micro-founded mechanistic explanations for risk preference as causes of bargaining failure and (b) connecting the predicted patterns of bargaining failure back to the empirical patters of conflict discovered in recent decades. In contrast to the piecemeal and theoretically inconsistent manner by which these patterns were found, they nonetheless may be jointly and coherently explained.The work takes the following structure. In the first chapter I lay out the basic philosophical orientation of the work and the theoretical and empirical crises that International Relations faces. In particular, it is shown that - from a strictly logical standpoint -- the modal approach to theorizing within the field yields zero empirical implications and that what few empirical patterns we have discovered do not reflect back on these theories. Rather than theory supporting evidence and vice versa, today these two domains remain largely detached. After discussing several related philosophical and methodological issues constituting the core of the present crisis, several properties that a theory must exhibit to overcome these crises - logical coherence, weak realism, empirical content, and mass accommodation -- are outlined.In the second chapter I examine the circuitous path along which International Relations has developed to determine why a theory exhibiting such properties has not arisen and the preconditions for one to be established. This involves developing a meta-narrative spanning the founding of our modern field, the early ambitions for 'grand' theory, the disillusionment resulting from slow progress, and the contemporary retreat into eclecticism. A dialectical materialist view of the relationship between the empirical base and theoretical superstructure is developed to critique the prevailing Mertonian dogma that the path to progress involves the synthesis of existing middle range theories into something grander from which each special theory may be derived. This "peaceful integration" view of scientific development, while appealing for its potential theoretical inclusivity and an incredibly popular viewpoint within the social sciences, is based on rhetoric rather than logic and evidence. Indeed, the path by which cumulative scientific progress generally proceeds is via the emergence of a new theoretical superstructure which, through a process of "violent appropriation," levels multiple pre-existing theoretical superstructures whilst appropriating their empirical products. In this regard the contemporary moment of eclecticism, fragmentation, and crisis to be applauded and appreciated for setting the stage for its undoing rather than being glorified and ossified as a permanent state of affairs.In the remaining chapters I put the theory into practice for the study of the onset of violent conflict and institutional change. Following the conclusions of the first chapter, I propose two basic theoretical components - both entirely absent from recent research - upon which an adequate theory of these issues might be based. The first component, old and intuitive yet largely neglected, was called the "The First Premises of Materialist Method" by Marx and Engels and was taken as a fundamental axiom by Malthus: that human beings must consume to live. The second component, once influential but now universally assumed away, is the concept of risk acceptance introduced by Friedman and Savage. In the relatively short third chapter of this work, I briefly discuss the history of these concepts and the reasons for their absence in the contemporary literature, and highlight the bumpy path taken toward the development of mechanistic explanations for risk preference. Critical to the argument is how the observation of our mortality satisfies what Hempel called a nomological basis, how the second comports with the principle of weak realism, and how risk acceptance can be caused by threats to our necessary consumption.This last point is taken up in detail in the fourth chapter, which presents a "first image" model of conflict. Beginning from these materialist premises a dozen empirical patterns related to the onset of war are explained, the majority of which have only been established within the past decade. In the fifth chapter I develop a "second image" model which explains a collection of major patterns of conflict known as the democratic peace, autocratic peace, capitalist peace, and diversionary war phenomena - a set of findings which constitute the core findings of empirical scholars of conflict within the past thirty years. In doing so, the deep consistency between patterns of conflict across levels of analysis is explained as a consequence of identical strategic incentives: the necessary consumption required by human beings to live being mirrored by the necessary expenditure required by political leaders to maintain themselves in office, threat to satisfy either generating a proclivity towards risk which eliminates the ex ante bargaining range in a manner consistent with modern empirical results.Having established the logical consistency, weak realism, empirical content, and ability of the approach to engender the mass accommodation of previously found empirical patterns, in the sixth chapter I turn towards a collection of additional results somewhat more fragmented than the preceding discussion. In particular, I consider how these frameworks relate to the "third image," the role of beliefs and punishments, how endogenous risk preference rationally arises and how these features bring together a wide set of otherwise detached theoretical patterns.In the concluding section of this chapter, I take stock of what has been accomplished and lay out the outlines of an empirical program. This involves a return to the crises with which we began and commentary on the possibility (and limits) of point/order predictions as opposed to the merely directional hypotheses in the study of violent conflict.
일반주제명  
Political science
키워드  
Empirical contributions
키워드  
Social process
키워드  
Peaceful integration
키워드  
Violent conflict
기타저자  
New York University Politics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

 008250123s2024        us                              c    eng  d
■001000017160663
■00520250211151057
■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798383161005
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31142482
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a320
■1001  ▼aSchwarz,  Christopher.
■24510▼aMaterialist  Explanations  for  War
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNew  York  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a316  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Bueno  de  Mesquita,  Bruce.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--New  York  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aOver  the  course  of  the  historical  development  of  the  field  of  International  Relations,  and  over  the  past  thirty  years  in  particular,  a  host  of  seemingly  robust  empirical  regularities  have  been  discovered.  Taken  from  the  vantage  point  of  individual  research  projects  and  their  empirical  contributions,  one  is  drawn  towards  an  old  view  in  the  philosophy  of  science:  that  the  social  process  of  scientific  discovery  is  progressing  incrementally  and  cumulatively  towards  an  increasingly  clear  empirical  picture  of  violent  conflict.  Yet  when  one  looks  at  this  mass  from  the  perspective  of  the  field  as  a  whole,  one  is  equally  struck  by  the  apparently  contradictory  and  competing  middle-range  theoretical  perspectives  used  to  motivate,  justify,  and  explain  their  empirical  products.  Taken  together,  over  the  past  few  decades  international  relations  scholars  have  established  that  a  large  number  of  patterns  of  violence  exist.  The  question  which  remains  to  be  answered  is  why  such  patterns  jointly  occur,  a  puzzle  existing  middle-range  theoretical  structures  seem  unable  to  adequately  address.It  is  the  purpose  of  this  work  to  provide  such  a  theoretical  basis  to  the  study  of  conflict.  This  is  done  by  (a)  developing  micro-founded  mechanistic  explanations  for  risk  preference  as  causes  of  bargaining  failure  and  (b)  connecting  the  predicted  patterns  of  bargaining  failure  back  to  the  empirical  patters  of  conflict  discovered  in  recent  decades.  In  contrast  to  the  piecemeal  and  theoretically  inconsistent  manner  by  which  these  patterns  were  found,  they  nonetheless  may  be  jointly  and  coherently  explained.The  work  takes  the  following  structure.  In  the  first  chapter  I  lay  out  the  basic  philosophical  orientation  of  the  work  and  the  theoretical  and  empirical  crises  that  International  Relations  faces.  In  particular,  it  is  shown  that  -  from  a  strictly  logical  standpoint  --  the  modal  approach  to  theorizing  within  the  field  yields  zero  empirical  implications  and  that  what  few  empirical  patterns  we  have  discovered  do  not  reflect  back  on  these  theories.  Rather  than  theory  supporting  evidence  and  vice  versa,  today  these  two  domains  remain  largely  detached.  After  discussing  several  related  philosophical  and  methodological  issues  constituting  the  core  of  the  present  crisis,  several  properties  that  a  theory  must  exhibit  to  overcome  these  crises  -  logical  coherence,  weak  realism,  empirical  content,  and  mass  accommodation  --  are  outlined.In  the  second  chapter  I  examine  the  circuitous  path  along  which  International  Relations  has  developed  to  determine  why  a  theory  exhibiting  such  properties  has  not  arisen  and  the  preconditions  for  one  to  be  established.  This  involves  developing  a  meta-narrative  spanning  the  founding  of  our  modern  field,  the  early  ambitions  for  'grand'  theory,  the  disillusionment  resulting  from  slow  progress,  and  the  contemporary  retreat  into  eclecticism.  A  dialectical  materialist  view  of  the  relationship  between  the  empirical  base  and  theoretical  superstructure  is  developed  to  critique  the  prevailing  Mertonian  dogma  that  the  path  to  progress  involves  the  synthesis  of  existing  middle  range  theories  into  something  grander  from  which  each  special  theory  may  be  derived.  This  "peaceful  integration"  view  of  scientific  development,  while  appealing  for  its  potential  theoretical  inclusivity  and  an  incredibly  popular  viewpoint  within  the  social  sciences,  is  based  on  rhetoric  rather  than  logic  and  evidence.  Indeed,  the  path  by  which  cumulative  scientific  progress  generally  proceeds  is  via  the  emergence  of  a  new  theoretical  superstructure  which,  through  a  process  of  "violent  appropriation,"  levels  multiple  pre-existing  theoretical  superstructures  whilst  appropriating  their  empirical  products.  In  this  regard  the  contemporary  moment  of  eclecticism,  fragmentation,  and  crisis  to  be  applauded  and  appreciated  for  setting  the  stage  for  its  undoing  rather  than  being  glorified  and  ossified  as  a  permanent  state  of  affairs.In  the  remaining  chapters  I  put  the  theory  into  practice  for  the  study  of  the  onset  of  violent  conflict  and  institutional  change.  Following  the  conclusions  of  the  first  chapter,  I  propose  two  basic  theoretical  components  -  both  entirely  absent  from  recent  research  -  upon  which  an  adequate  theory  of  these  issues  might  be  based.  The  first  component,  old  and  intuitive  yet  largely  neglected,  was  called  the  "The  First  Premises  of  Materialist  Method"  by  Marx  and  Engels  and  was  taken  as  a  fundamental  axiom  by  Malthus:  that  human  beings  must  consume  to  live.  The  second  component,  once  influential  but  now  universally  assumed  away,  is  the  concept  of  risk  acceptance  introduced  by  Friedman  and  Savage.  In  the  relatively  short  third  chapter  of  this  work,  I  briefly  discuss  the  history  of  these  concepts  and  the  reasons  for  their  absence  in  the  contemporary  literature,  and  highlight  the  bumpy  path  taken  toward  the  development  of  mechanistic  explanations  for  risk  preference.  Critical  to  the  argument  is  how  the  observation  of  our  mortality  satisfies  what  Hempel  called  a  nomological  basis,  how  the  second  comports  with  the  principle  of  weak  realism,  and  how  risk  acceptance  can  be  caused  by  threats  to  our  necessary  consumption.This  last  point  is  taken  up  in  detail  in  the  fourth  chapter,  which  presents  a  "first  image"  model  of  conflict.  Beginning  from  these  materialist  premises  a  dozen  empirical  patterns  related  to  the  onset  of  war  are  explained,  the  majority  of  which  have  only  been  established  within  the  past  decade.  In  the  fifth  chapter  I  develop  a  "second  image"  model  which  explains  a  collection  of  major  patterns  of  conflict  known  as  the  democratic  peace,  autocratic  peace,  capitalist  peace,  and  diversionary  war  phenomena  -  a  set  of  findings  which  constitute  the  core  findings  of  empirical  scholars  of  conflict  within  the  past  thirty  years.  In  doing  so,  the  deep  consistency  between  patterns  of  conflict  across  levels  of  analysis  is  explained  as  a  consequence  of  identical  strategic  incentives:  the  necessary  consumption  required  by  human  beings  to  live  being  mirrored  by  the  necessary  expenditure  required  by  political  leaders  to  maintain  themselves  in  office,  threat  to  satisfy  either  generating  a  proclivity  towards  risk  which  eliminates  the  ex  ante  bargaining  range  in  a  manner  consistent  with  modern  empirical  results.Having  established  the  logical  consistency,  weak  realism,  empirical  content,  and  ability  of  the  approach  to  engender  the  mass  accommodation  of  previously  found  empirical  patterns,  in  the  sixth  chapter  I  turn  towards  a  collection  of  additional  results  somewhat  more  fragmented  than  the  preceding  discussion.  In  particular,  I  consider  how  these  frameworks  relate  to  the  "third  image,"  the  role  of  beliefs  and  punishments,  how  endogenous  risk  preference  rationally  arises  and  how  these  features  bring  together  a  wide  set  of  otherwise  detached  theoretical  patterns.In  the  concluding  section  of  this  chapter,  I  take  stock  of  what  has  been  accomplished  and  lay  out  the  outlines  of  an  empirical  program.  This  involves  a  return  to  the  crises  with  which  we  began  and  commentary  on  the  possibility  (and  limits)  of  point/order  predictions  as  opposed  to  the  merely  directional  hypotheses  in  the  study  of  violent  conflict.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0146.
■650  4▼aPolitical  science
■653    ▼aEmpirical  contributions
■653    ▼aSocial  process
■653    ▼aPeaceful  integration
■653    ▼aViolent  conflict
■690    ▼a0601
■690    ▼a0615
■71020▼aNew  York  University▼bPolitics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12A.
■790    ▼a0146
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160663▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

미리보기

내보내기

chatGPT토론

Ai 추천 관련 도서


    신착도서 더보기
    최근 3년간 통계입니다.

    소장정보

    • 예약
    • 소재불명신고
    • 나의폴더
    • 우선정리요청
    • 비도서대출신청
    • 야간 도서대출신청
    소장자료
    등록번호 청구기호 소장처 대출가능여부 대출정보
    TF10074 전자도서 대출가능 마이폴더 부재도서신고 비도서대출신청 야간 도서대출신청

    * 대출중인 자료에 한하여 예약이 가능합니다. 예약을 원하시면 예약버튼을 클릭하십시오.

    해당 도서를 다른 이용자가 함께 대출한 도서

    관련 인기도서

    로그인 후 이용 가능합니다.