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Monitoring of Saturated Rock Discontinuities Under Elevated Temperatures and Water Pressures
Monitoring of Saturated Rock Discontinuities Under Elevated Temperatures and Water Pressur...
Monitoring of Saturated Rock Discontinuities Under Elevated Temperatures and Water Pressures

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152739
ISBN  
9798384341062
DDC  
600
저자명  
Han, Kyungsoo.
서명/저자  
Monitoring of Saturated Rock Discontinuities Under Elevated Temperatures and Water Pressures
발행사항  
[Sl] : Purdue University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
179 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Bobet, Antonio;Pyrak-Nolte, Laura J.;Santagata, Marika;Zavattieri, Pablo D.;Drnevich, Vincent P.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Purdue University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약A key challenge in the assessment of the stability of fractures in rock is the identification of precursory geophysical signatures of shear failure. Accurate estimation and prediction of shear failure along rock discontinuities is crucial to prevent failure of geotechnical structures and potential natural hazards, such as landslides and earthquakes. Active seismic monitoring, such as compressional (P) and shear (S) waves, has been used to monitor the evolution of contact area and contact stress along rock discontinuities. Past laboratory experiments determined that changes in the amplitude of the transmitted, reflected, and converted P- and S-waves can be used to assess local changes in contact area and fracture specific stiffness, and to identify precursory events to shear failure of rock fractures. Those studies have identified the peaks (maxima or minima) in wave amplitudes as the seismic precursors to shear failure. Past studies were performed on dry artificial rock discontinuities with homogeneous and well-matched contact surfaces. However, in nature, rock discontinuities are not always homogeneous and well-matched, and are often found below the water table. In addition, at large depths, e.g. in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), fractures are subjected to high temperatures.The objectives of this research are to: (1) characterize the geophysical response of rock fractures during shear for dry and saturated conditions at room temperature, and saturated conditions at elevated temperatures; and (2) detect and identify seismic signatures of shear failure/slip for each of the three conditions. To achieve the goal of the research, a novel shear test apparatus was designed and built to test saturated jointed rock specimens under normal and shear loading, with a back pressure and at elevated temperatures, while also being capable of housing seismic transducers to monitor simultaneously the mechanical and geophysical response of the rock joints during shear. The system consisted of a sealed and heated pressure chamber and a biaxial compression frame. The pressure chamber was also used to perform B-value tests on cylindrical rock specimens to determine the minimum magnitude of back pressure required for fluid saturation.Laboratory direct shear tests were performed on tension-induced fractures in Indiana limestone and Sierra White granite specimens with non-homogeneous rough contact surfaces. The contact surfaces were created by axial splitting of prismatic rock blocks. Shear tests were conducted on the rock fractures at a constant displacement rate in the pressure chamber, which enabled control of effective normal stress, pore water pressure, and temperature. During the tests, transmitted and converted P- and S-waves propagated across rock fractures and their changes in wave amplitude were monitored to assess the evolution of local contact areas during shear and detect precursory changes in wave amplitudes prior to shear failure.Seismic precursors were observed in the wave amplitude data from all tests conducted under the three conditions. Precursors were most identifiable in the transmitted S-wave data. For all three conditions, the transmitted S-wave showed the same form of a seismic precursor; a peak (maximum) in wave amplitude was observed prior to the peak shear strength, as local contact surfaces interlocked and failed before macroscopic shear failure. However, the transmitted P-wave and converted waves (P-to-S and S-to-P) exhibited different behavior compared to the transmitted S-wave and depended on the test conditions. While, for dry conditions, the transmitted P-wave and converted waves still exhibited seismic precursors as peaks in their wave amplitudes, they did not display an observable peak for saturated fractures at room temperature, but rather either a very slight increase or a continuous reduction in amplitude. Instead of observable peaks, an abrupt change in the rate of reduction in the transmitted P-wave and converted amplitudes was observed that either coincided or occurred close to the peak in the transmitted S-wave amplitude. Thus, an onset of dramatic change in the reduction rate can be also taken as a seismic precursor to shear failure. This phenomenon can be explained by the large stiffness of the highly incompressible fluid, water, which leads to a decrease in P-wave sensitivity to changes in the normal fracture stiffness that arise from rock asperities under saturated conditions.Even though the seismic wave amplitude generally contains a seismic precursor to shear failure, some exceptions exist: the wave amplitudes also depend on the local characteristics of the frictional area. No peak or seismic precursor in wave amplitude is observed prior to failure when the contact area between the fractures surfaces decreases because of dilation/opening. In addition, a delay peak in amplitude after shear failure may be observed when the fracture surfaces contain an initial large void or aperture in the region probed by the sensor. These exceptions may occur at a relatively low effective normal stress (2 MPa) and may disappear when a better contact has been established between the fracture surfaces by increasing the effective stress. Direct shear tests under an effective stress of 6 MPa, but at 50oC, showed that both the transmitted P-waves and converted waves exhibited peaks in their amplitudes prior to the failure. However, these exceptions still require further exploration for the systematic identification and detection of seismic precursors.The research shows that seismic monitoring is an effective tool to monitor the shear behavior of discontinuities, to provide an assessment of the local behavior of the frictional surface under the transducer, and to predict failure of the discontinuity. It can be used for dry, saturated discontinuities and for a wide range of pore pressures and temperatures. Other potential applications include fault monitoring, and even possibly earthquake prediction with additional research.
일반주제명  
Friction
일반주제명  
Mechanical properties
일반주제명  
Shear tests
일반주제명  
Failure
일반주제명  
Landslides & mudslides
일반주제명  
Water
일반주제명  
Hydraulic fracturing
일반주제명  
Earthquakes
일반주제명  
Engineering
일반주제명  
Stone
일반주제명  
Mechanics
일반주제명  
Shear strain
일반주제명  
Shear strength
일반주제명  
Shear stress
일반주제명  
Hydraulic engineering
일반주제명  
Petroleum engineering
기타저자  
Purdue University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aHan,  Kyungsoo.
■24510▼aMonitoring  of  Saturated  Rock  Discontinuities  Under  Elevated  Temperatures  and  Water  Pressures
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bPurdue  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a179  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Bobet,  Antonio;Pyrak-Nolte,  Laura  J.;Santagata,  Marika;Zavattieri,  Pablo  D.;Drnevich,  Vincent  P.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Purdue  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aA  key  challenge  in  the  assessment  of  the  stability  of  fractures  in  rock  is  the  identification  of  precursory  geophysical  signatures  of  shear  failure.  Accurate  estimation  and  prediction  of  shear  failure  along  rock  discontinuities  is  crucial  to  prevent  failure  of  geotechnical  structures  and  potential  natural  hazards,  such  as  landslides  and  earthquakes.  Active  seismic  monitoring,  such  as  compressional  (P)  and  shear  (S)  waves,  has  been  used  to  monitor  the  evolution  of  contact  area  and  contact  stress  along  rock  discontinuities.  Past  laboratory  experiments  determined  that  changes  in  the  amplitude  of  the  transmitted,  reflected,  and  converted  P-  and  S-waves  can  be  used  to  assess  local  changes  in  contact  area  and  fracture  specific  stiffness,  and  to  identify  precursory  events  to  shear  failure  of  rock  fractures.  Those  studies  have  identified  the  peaks  (maxima  or  minima)  in  wave  amplitudes  as  the  seismic  precursors  to  shear  failure.  Past  studies  were  performed  on  dry  artificial  rock  discontinuities  with  homogeneous  and  well-matched  contact  surfaces.  However,  in  nature,  rock  discontinuities  are  not  always  homogeneous  and  well-matched,  and  are  often  found  below  the  water  table.  In  addition,  at  large  depths,  e.g.  in  enhanced  geothermal  systems  (EGS),  fractures  are  subjected  to  high  temperatures.The  objectives  of  this  research  are  to:  (1)  characterize  the  geophysical  response  of  rock  fractures  during  shear  for  dry  and  saturated  conditions  at  room  temperature,  and  saturated  conditions  at  elevated  temperatures;  and  (2)  detect  and  identify  seismic  signatures  of  shear  failure/slip  for  each  of  the  three  conditions.  To  achieve  the  goal  of  the  research,  a  novel  shear  test  apparatus  was  designed  and  built  to  test  saturated  jointed  rock  specimens  under  normal  and  shear  loading,  with  a  back  pressure  and  at  elevated  temperatures,  while  also  being  capable  of  housing  seismic  transducers  to  monitor  simultaneously  the  mechanical  and  geophysical  response  of  the  rock  joints  during  shear.  The  system  consisted  of  a  sealed  and  heated  pressure  chamber  and  a  biaxial  compression  frame.  The  pressure  chamber  was  also  used  to  perform  B-value  tests  on  cylindrical  rock  specimens  to  determine  the  minimum  magnitude  of  back  pressure  required  for  fluid  saturation.Laboratory  direct  shear  tests  were  performed  on  tension-induced  fractures  in  Indiana  limestone  and  Sierra  White  granite  specimens  with  non-homogeneous  rough  contact  surfaces.  The  contact  surfaces  were  created  by  axial  splitting  of  prismatic  rock  blocks.  Shear  tests  were  conducted  on  the  rock  fractures  at  a  constant  displacement  rate  in  the  pressure  chamber,  which  enabled  control  of  effective  normal  stress,  pore  water  pressure,  and  temperature.  During  the  tests,  transmitted  and  converted  P-  and  S-waves  propagated  across  rock  fractures  and  their  changes  in  wave  amplitude  were  monitored  to  assess  the  evolution  of  local  contact  areas  during  shear  and  detect  precursory  changes  in  wave  amplitudes  prior  to  shear  failure.Seismic  precursors  were  observed  in  the  wave  amplitude  data  from  all  tests  conducted  under  the  three  conditions.  Precursors  were  most  identifiable  in  the  transmitted  S-wave  data.  For  all  three  conditions,  the  transmitted  S-wave  showed  the  same  form  of  a  seismic  precursor;  a  peak  (maximum)  in  wave  amplitude  was  observed  prior  to  the  peak  shear  strength,  as  local  contact  surfaces  interlocked  and  failed  before  macroscopic  shear  failure.  However,  the  transmitted  P-wave  and  converted  waves  (P-to-S  and  S-to-P)  exhibited  different  behavior  compared  to  the  transmitted  S-wave  and  depended  on  the  test  conditions.  While,  for  dry  conditions,  the  transmitted  P-wave  and  converted  waves  still  exhibited  seismic  precursors  as  peaks  in  their  wave  amplitudes,  they  did  not  display  an  observable  peak  for  saturated  fractures  at  room  temperature,  but  rather  either  a  very  slight  increase  or  a  continuous  reduction  in  amplitude.  Instead  of  observable  peaks,  an  abrupt  change  in  the  rate  of  reduction  in  the  transmitted  P-wave  and  converted  amplitudes  was  observed  that  either  coincided  or  occurred  close  to  the  peak  in  the  transmitted  S-wave  amplitude.  Thus,  an  onset  of  dramatic  change  in  the  reduction  rate  can  be  also  taken  as  a  seismic  precursor  to  shear  failure.  This  phenomenon  can  be  explained  by  the  large  stiffness  of  the  highly  incompressible  fluid,  water,  which  leads  to  a  decrease  in  P-wave  sensitivity  to  changes  in  the  normal  fracture  stiffness  that  arise  from  rock  asperities  under  saturated  conditions.Even  though  the  seismic  wave  amplitude  generally  contains  a  seismic  precursor  to  shear  failure,  some  exceptions  exist:  the  wave  amplitudes  also  depend  on  the  local  characteristics  of  the  frictional  area.  No  peak  or  seismic  precursor  in  wave  amplitude  is  observed  prior  to  failure  when  the  contact  area  between  the  fractures  surfaces  decreases  because  of  dilation/opening.  In  addition,  a  delay  peak  in  amplitude  after  shear  failure  may  be  observed  when  the  fracture  surfaces  contain  an  initial  large  void  or  aperture  in  the  region  probed  by  the  sensor.  These  exceptions  may  occur  at  a  relatively  low  effective  normal  stress  (2  MPa)  and  may  disappear  when  a  better  contact  has  been  established  between  the  fracture  surfaces  by  increasing  the  effective  stress.  Direct  shear  tests  under  an  effective  stress  of  6  MPa,  but  at  50oC,  showed  that  both  the  transmitted  P-waves  and  converted  waves  exhibited  peaks  in  their  amplitudes  prior  to  the  failure.  However,  these  exceptions  still  require  further  exploration  for  the  systematic  identification  and  detection  of  seismic  precursors.The  research  shows  that  seismic  monitoring  is  an  effective  tool  to  monitor  the  shear  behavior  of  discontinuities,  to  provide  an  assessment  of  the  local  behavior  of  the  frictional  surface  under  the  transducer,  and  to  predict  failure  of  the  discontinuity.  It  can  be  used  for  dry,  saturated  discontinuities  and  for  a  wide  range  of  pore  pressures  and  temperatures.  Other  potential  applications  include  fault  monitoring,  and  even  possibly  earthquake  prediction  with  additional  research.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0183.
■650  4▼aFriction
■650  4▼aMechanical  properties
■650  4▼aShear  tests
■650  4▼aFailure
■650  4▼aLandslides  &  mudslides
■650  4▼aWater
■650  4▼aHydraulic  fracturing
■650  4▼aEarthquakes
■650  4▼aEngineering
■650  4▼aStone
■650  4▼aMechanics
■650  4▼aShear  strain
■650  4▼aShear  strength
■650  4▼aShear  stress
■650  4▼aHydraulic  engineering
■650  4▼aPetroleum  engineering
■690    ▼a0346
■690    ▼a0537
■690    ▼a0218
■690    ▼a0765
■71020▼aPurdue  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0183
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163677▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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