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Modulating Inflammation in an Engineered Ligament Model
Modulating Inflammation in an Engineered Ligament Model
Modulating Inflammation in an Engineered Ligament Model

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211150921
ISBN  
9798382605784
DDC  
612
저자명  
Avey, Alec.
서명/저자  
Modulating Inflammation in an Engineered Ligament Model
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Davis, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
144 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Baar, Keith.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Musculoskeletal injuries account for the highest percent of time away from work and affect over 100 million people in the United States [1,2]. Ligament and tendon injuries account for approximately 50% of all musculoskeletal injuries [3]. Despite the prevalence of these injuries, current tendon and ligament research is lacking, with little advancement in the treatment of tendinopathies for decades. Tendinopathy describes an injured or diseased tendon/ligament. Underneath this umbrella term, tendinitis is used to describe an injured tendon/ligament that has signs of inflammation. There are many molecular pathways which have been explored in great lengths in muscle and bone; however, the same signals in tendon/ligament have significantly less research devoted to them - including the pro-inflammatory pathways upregulated in tendinitis. In this dissertation, we characterize an engineered ligament model, determine the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on engineered ligaments, and explore possible interventions to treat tendinitis such as anti-inflammatories and isometric loading.The in vitro engineered ligament model used throughout this dissertation was first developed by the Baar lab group [4]. In order to further validate the use of this model, we characterized the effect of passage number on cell gene expression and ligament function, as well as the ligament development over time. Despite previous studies suggesting multiple passages of fibroblasts led to decreased gene expression of typical tenoblast markers, our results found that there was no significant change in gene expression across multiple passages. Furthermore, from passage 4 to passage 11 there was no observed change in mechanical function or matrix composition of engineered ligaments. These results validate the use of this in vitro engineered ligament model using both early and later passage cells. We then characterized the development of engineered ligaments over the course of 5 weeks. The results showed that from Day 7 to Day 14 there was an exponential increase in both collagen content and percent collagen, while these measures began to plateau after Day 14. There also was a linear increase in mechanical function from Day 7 to Day 21. Taken together, this data suggests that Day 7 to Day 14 best represents a developing or regenerating tissue, while after Day 14 the plateau of collagen content best represents a more mature tissue. In total, the work in Chapter 2 demonstrates the efficacy of the model used throughout this dissertation and provides multiple timepoints for interventions based on desired modeling of a regenerating vs mature tissue.To screen for potential therapeutics for tendinitis, we first sought to develop a model for tendinitis using engineered ligaments. Treating ligaments with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 individually led to decreased mechanical function and reduced collagen content. Using a Box-Behnken design of experiments, we developed an optimal combination of all three cytokines to decrease ligament mechanics by 50%. Treatment with this cytokine cocktail led to impaired mechanical function and decreased collagen, resulting in the first multi-cytokine in vitro model for tendinitis. Utilizing this reproducible model, we targeted the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway since it had been identified as a potential target for treatment of chronic tendinopathies [5]. Surprisingly, treatment with a known NF-κB inhibitor alone actually decreased the mechanical function of ligaments, while treatment alongside the cytokine cocktail had little to no positive effects. We then targeted another proinflammatory pathway - Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3. Inhibition of JAK1, either alone and in the presences of the cytokine cocktail, resulted in increased mechanical function and increased collagen content in engineered ligaments. Furthermore, the quality of the tissue was improved by JAK1 inhibition, as demonstrated by an increase in enthalpy when undergoing differential scanning calorimetry. In total, the work presented in Chapter 3 resulted in the first multi-cytokine model for tendinitis in an in vitro engineered ligament. Additionally, inhibition of JAK1 has been identified as a possible new treatment for tendinitis.Isometric loading has previously been reported to improve tendon function, reduce pain, and even reverse the appearance of a central core patellar tendinopathy on MRI [6-8]. Given the positive effect of isometric loading, we tested the combined effects of isometric loading and JAK1 inhibition on engineered ligaments in Chapter 4. Isometric load by itself tended to increase mechanical functional with no significant effect on collagen, resulting in the first successful reproduction of isometric loading effects in this model. Additionally, isometric load alone increased enthalpy which suggests that load improved mechanical function of the tissue through improved matrix organization. Inhibition of JAK1 again improved mechanical function and collagen content by itself. However, there was no interaction effect between load and JAK1 inhibition, instead there were independent positive effects that together led to an additive increase. Interestingly, the combination of isometric loading and JAK1 inhibition did not increase collagen content relative to load alone, suggesting that isometric load may actually prevent an increase in collagen while simultaneously improving collagen fibril organization, diameter, and/or cross-linking. Overall, the combined intervention of isometric load and JAK1 inhibition improve engineered ligament mechanical and material properties. This further supports the possibility of JAK1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic for tendinopathy and may improve upon the previously reported effective isometric loading protocols.In sum, this dissertation better characterizes and validates the use of engineered human ligaments to make fundamental discoveries concerning tendon biology. Using this model, I developed a novel multi-cytokine treatment to reliably reproduce the negative effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on ligaments and screen for therapeutics. This resulted in the identification of a new potential treatment for tendinitis - inhibition of JAK1 using a class of drugs that have FDA approval. Ultimately, this work furthers understanding within the field of tendon/ligament physiology and sets the foundation for future in vivo studies to improve treatment of tendinitis.
일반주제명  
Physiology
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
일반주제명  
Biochemistry
일반주제명  
Immunology
키워드  
Collagen
키워드  
Inflammation
키워드  
Janus kinase 1
키워드  
Ligaments
키워드  
Isometric loading
기타저자  
University of California, Davis Molecular Cellular and Integrative Physiology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aAvey,  Alec.
■24510▼aModulating  Inflammation  in  an  Engineered  Ligament  Model
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a144  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Baar,  Keith.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Davis,  2024.
■520    ▼aMusculoskeletal  injuries  account  for  the  highest  percent  of  time  away  from  work  and  affect  over  100  million  people  in  the  United  States  [1,2].  Ligament  and  tendon  injuries  account  for  approximately  50%  of  all  musculoskeletal  injuries  [3].  Despite  the  prevalence  of  these  injuries,  current  tendon  and  ligament  research  is  lacking,  with  little  advancement  in  the  treatment  of  tendinopathies  for  decades.  Tendinopathy  describes  an  injured  or  diseased  tendon/ligament.  Underneath  this  umbrella  term,  tendinitis  is  used  to  describe  an  injured  tendon/ligament  that  has  signs  of  inflammation.  There  are  many  molecular  pathways  which  have  been  explored  in  great  lengths  in  muscle  and  bone;  however,  the  same  signals  in  tendon/ligament  have  significantly  less  research  devoted  to  them  -  including  the  pro-inflammatory  pathways  upregulated  in  tendinitis.  In  this  dissertation,  we  characterize  an  engineered  ligament  model,  determine  the  effects  of  pro-inflammatory  cytokines  on  engineered  ligaments,  and  explore  possible  interventions  to  treat  tendinitis  such  as  anti-inflammatories  and  isometric  loading.The  in  vitro  engineered  ligament  model  used  throughout  this  dissertation  was  first  developed  by  the  Baar  lab  group  [4].  In  order  to  further  validate  the  use  of  this  model,  we  characterized  the  effect  of  passage  number  on  cell  gene  expression  and  ligament  function,  as  well  as  the  ligament  development  over  time.  Despite  previous  studies  suggesting  multiple  passages  of  fibroblasts  led  to  decreased  gene  expression  of  typical  tenoblast  markers,  our  results  found  that  there  was  no  significant  change  in  gene  expression  across  multiple  passages.  Furthermore,  from  passage  4  to  passage  11  there  was  no  observed  change  in  mechanical  function  or  matrix  composition  of  engineered  ligaments.  These  results  validate  the  use  of  this  in  vitro  engineered  ligament  model  using  both  early  and  later  passage  cells.  We  then  characterized  the  development  of  engineered  ligaments  over  the  course  of  5  weeks.  The  results  showed  that  from  Day  7  to  Day  14  there  was  an  exponential  increase  in  both  collagen  content  and  percent  collagen,  while  these  measures  began  to  plateau  after  Day  14.  There  also  was  a  linear  increase  in  mechanical  function  from  Day  7  to  Day  21.  Taken  together,  this  data  suggests  that  Day  7  to  Day  14  best  represents  a  developing  or  regenerating  tissue,  while  after  Day  14  the  plateau  of  collagen  content  best  represents  a  more  mature  tissue.  In  total,  the  work  in  Chapter  2  demonstrates  the  efficacy  of  the  model  used  throughout  this  dissertation  and  provides  multiple  timepoints  for  interventions  based  on  desired  modeling  of  a  regenerating  vs  mature  tissue.To  screen  for  potential  therapeutics  for  tendinitis,  we  first  sought  to  develop  a  model  for  tendinitis  using  engineered  ligaments.  Treating  ligaments  with  pro-inflammatory  cytokines  TNF-,  IL-1,  and  IL-6  individually  led  to  decreased  mechanical  function  and  reduced  collagen  content.  Using  a  Box-Behnken  design  of  experiments,  we  developed  an  optimal  combination  of  all  three  cytokines  to  decrease  ligament  mechanics  by  50%.  Treatment  with  this  cytokine  cocktail  led  to  impaired  mechanical  function  and  decreased  collagen,  resulting  in  the  first  multi-cytokine  in  vitro  model  for  tendinitis.  Utilizing  this  reproducible  model,  we  targeted  the  nuclear  factor  kappa-light-chain-enhancer  of  activated  B  cells  (NF-κB)  pathway  since  it  had  been  identified  as  a  potential  target  for  treatment  of  chronic  tendinopathies  [5].  Surprisingly,  treatment  with  a  known  NF-κB  inhibitor  alone  actually  decreased  the  mechanical  function  of  ligaments,  while  treatment  alongside  the  cytokine  cocktail  had  little  to  no  positive  effects.  We  then  targeted  another  proinflammatory  pathway  -  Janus  kinase  1  (JAK1)  and  signal  transducer  and  activator  of  transcription  (STAT)3.  Inhibition  of  JAK1,  either  alone  and  in  the  presences  of  the  cytokine  cocktail,  resulted  in  increased  mechanical  function  and  increased  collagen  content  in  engineered  ligaments.  Furthermore,  the  quality  of  the  tissue  was  improved  by  JAK1  inhibition,  as  demonstrated  by  an  increase  in  enthalpy  when  undergoing  differential  scanning  calorimetry.  In  total,  the  work  presented  in  Chapter  3  resulted  in  the  first  multi-cytokine  model  for  tendinitis  in  an  in  vitro  engineered  ligament.  Additionally,  inhibition  of  JAK1  has  been  identified  as  a  possible  new  treatment  for  tendinitis.Isometric  loading  has  previously  been  reported  to  improve  tendon  function,  reduce  pain,  and  even  reverse  the  appearance  of  a  central  core  patellar  tendinopathy  on  MRI  [6-8].  Given  the  positive  effect  of  isometric  loading,  we  tested  the  combined  effects  of  isometric  loading  and  JAK1  inhibition  on  engineered  ligaments  in  Chapter  4.  Isometric  load  by  itself  tended  to  increase  mechanical  functional  with  no  significant  effect  on  collagen,  resulting  in  the  first  successful  reproduction  of  isometric  loading  effects  in  this  model.  Additionally,  isometric  load  alone  increased  enthalpy  which  suggests  that  load  improved  mechanical  function  of  the  tissue  through  improved  matrix  organization.  Inhibition  of  JAK1  again  improved  mechanical  function  and  collagen  content  by  itself.  However,  there  was  no  interaction  effect  between  load  and  JAK1  inhibition,  instead  there  were  independent  positive  effects  that  together  led  to  an  additive  increase.  Interestingly,  the  combination  of  isometric  loading  and  JAK1  inhibition  did  not  increase  collagen  content  relative  to  load  alone,  suggesting  that  isometric  load  may  actually  prevent  an  increase  in  collagen  while  simultaneously  improving  collagen  fibril  organization,  diameter,  and/or  cross-linking.  Overall,  the  combined  intervention  of  isometric  load  and  JAK1  inhibition  improve  engineered  ligament  mechanical  and  material  properties.  This  further  supports  the  possibility  of  JAK1  inhibition  as  a  novel  therapeutic  for  tendinopathy  and  may  improve  upon  the  previously  reported  effective  isometric  loading  protocols.In  sum,  this  dissertation  better  characterizes  and  validates  the  use  of  engineered  human  ligaments  to  make  fundamental  discoveries  concerning  tendon  biology.  Using  this  model,  I  developed  a  novel  multi-cytokine  treatment  to  reliably  reproduce  the  negative  effects  of  pro-inflammatory  cytokines  on  ligaments  and  screen  for  therapeutics.  This  resulted  in  the  identification  of  a  new  potential  treatment  for  tendinitis  -  inhibition  of  JAK1  using  a  class  of  drugs  that  have  FDA  approval.  Ultimately,  this  work  furthers  understanding  within  the  field  of  tendon/ligament  physiology  and  sets  the  foundation  for  future  in  vivo  studies  to  improve  treatment  of  tendinitis.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0029.
■650  4▼aPhysiology
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■650  4▼aBiochemistry
■650  4▼aImmunology
■653    ▼aCollagen
■653    ▼aInflammation
■653    ▼aJanus  kinase  1
■653    ▼aLigaments
■653    ▼aIsometric  loading
■690    ▼a0719
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0307
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0982
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼bMolecular,  Cellular  and  Integrative  Physiology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-11B.
■790    ▼a0029
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160157▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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