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Why Kṛṣṇa and Sakti Have Their Own Grammars: The Case of Jiva Gosvamin and Balarama Pancanana
Why Kṛṣṇa and Sakti Have Their Own Grammars: The Case of Jiva Gosvamin and Balarama Pan...
Why Kṛṣṇa and Sakti Have Their Own Grammars: The Case of Jiva Gosvamin and Balarama Pancanana

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151416
ISBN  
9798382784250
DDC  
323
저자명  
Blinderman, Radha.
서명/저자  
Why Kṛṣṇa and Sakti Have Their Own Grammars: The Case of Jiva Gosvamin and Balarama Pancanana
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
577 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Includes supplementary digital materials.
주기사항  
Advisor: Patil, Parimal G.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The central role of Sanskrit as 'the language of the gods' and its relationship with vernacularization in early modern South Asia has been the focal point of much prior research, but rarely was grammar as a knowledge system regarded as relevant to the history of vernacular and Sanskrit-based religious traditions of bhakti and vice versa. This dissertation attempts to fill this lacuna by analyzing two grammar-textbooks which were written for two rival Hindu religious communities during what Sheldon Pollock calls the "period of innovation" in South Asia (16th-18th cent. CE). One of them, the Harinamamṛta (henceforth the HNV), was written by Jiva Gosvamin in the 16th cent. CE for the vaiṣṇavas, or those who worship Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa as the supreme deity, and this includes Jiva's own community of Gauḍiya vaiṣṇavas, followers of Caitanya, who consider Kṛṣṇa alone to be the Supreme Deity. Another, the Prabodhaprakasa (henceforth the PP), was written by Balarama Pancanana in the 18th cent. CE for the saktas, or those who worship the feminine divine, Sakti, as the supreme. My research brings attention to some untold histories of religious rivalry, efforts in conflict resolution, and language politics, even though language textbooks may seem to be unlikely places to look for them. The discipline of grammar and language analysis (vyakaraṇa) has long been perceived as being sealed off from socio-cultural issues and of little relevance to religious history, but the HNV and the PP reveal hitherto unnoticed dynamics of religious inclusion and exclusion that were unique to Jiva's and Balarama's historical period. On the one hand, this dissertation is about these two texts and two authors, but on the other hand, it is about the intellectual history of the entire discipline of vyakaraṇa, which spans more than two thousand years, and the history of vaiṣṇavism and saktism in the Mughal period. Using the HNV and the PP as a starting point, it explores the multiple "why's" that led to the creation of the unique phenomenon of what scholars in the discipline began to call "sectarian grammars" since the nineteenth century.This dissertation seeks to demonstrate that it is untenable to treat the HNV and the PP as uniquely "sectarian", for they are certainly not the first grammatical texts that are rich with religious content, conceptualize grammar as a reflection of religiously inflected reality, or that mention Kṛṣṇa and the Goddess in some way or form. By applying Stanley J. Tambiah's concept of "participation in religious or cultural mythos" to Sanskrit knowledge systems, I argue that most Sanskrit grammatical traditions, with very rare exceptions, need to be conceptualized on a spectrum of "participation," since they were also "religious" in various ways. This framework helps identify more accurately those aspects of theologization in Jiva's and Balarama's grammars that are unique to Bengali vaiṣṇava and sakta concepts of religious devotion (bhakti). My research suggests that what is unique about the HNV is not that it mentions Kṛṣṇa in its auspicious invocations (maṅgala verses) and examples, but rather that it is repeatedly dedicated to him alone and no other deity and explicitly states that he is the source of Sanskrit phonemes and thus of the phenomenon of language. This serves as an expression of undivided or exclusive devotion (aikantiki, ananya or kevala bhakti). It is also the first and the only known grammar that references itself in the colophons as a "vaiṣṇava grammar" and clearly states that its eligible audience (adhikarin) is vaiṣṇava. I discovered that, despite the fact that the PP does not explicitly specify its target audience as sakta, it does so implicitly, while also re-defining what it means to be a good vaiṣṇava in terms of a more inclusive bhakti. Among all the known grammar textbooks, it is uniquely poised as one that extols the Goddess, especially in the form of Kali, as the primary object of devotion. Why these Sanskrit grammar textbooks, with their unique expression of religious devotion, emerged in the context of vaiṣṇava and sakta bhakti traditions precisely in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries is a pivotal question that this dissertation tries to analyze from multiple angles.A major argument that this dissertation seeks to substantiate is that if there is a single characteristic that sets the HNV and the PP apart from all other grammars, then it is the reinvention of Kṛṣṇa's and Devi's names (as well as those of their respective entourage) as grammatical terms to create occasion for wordplay or bitextuality (sleṣa). Jiva and Balarama create texts of hybrid genre that double as grammar textbooks and works on theology. One of their central purposes is to "theologize" the study and the analysis of language, which may seem to be a mundane, non-devotional activity. To this effect they seek to imbue grammar with theological content with the help of literary devices. I compare Jiva's and Balarama's creation of a "hybrid" between a grammar textbook and a theological work with similar elements in the Muslim and Christian works of Abd al-Karim al-Qushayri (d. 1074) and Jean Gerson (d. 1429). The latter two authors similarly used wordplay, metaphor, and allegory to compare the grammar of Arabic and Latin respectively to theology, thereby creating a hybrid genre of what Dominic F. Longo calls 'Spiritual Grammars'. I analyze how sleṣa allows these Sanskrit authors to go beyond the goals set by Qushayri and Gerson, and how the HNV's innovative use of sleṣa can be traced to the idea that poetic language bears elements of the divine that non-poetic language does not, fuelled by Rupa Gosvamin's theologization of Sanskrit aesthetic theory (rasasastra). I also suggest that to continue categorizing the HNV and the PP as "sectarian grammars" means to give air to the 19th century idea that these texts and the Bengali sakta and vaiṣṇava communities they belong to should be exclusively defined in terms of mutual sectarianism. Since the term "religious grammars" is too broad, I propose a number of other terms that do not stigmatize these texts and, in my opinion, are more illuminating.Finally, I argue that Jiva and Balarama had multiple "why's" that motivated them to compose their grammars: they were motivated as grammarians, as theologians, as poets, and as religious leaders keen on affecting socio-political change, which includes attitudes toward caste norms, language politics, and patronage. My fieldwork, which involved tracing the manuscripts of these texts as well as interviewing Balarama's descendants and current teachers and students of the HNV, reveals that these texts had a greater historical impact that assumed before, and that the relative success of the HNV's textual tradition is directly related to a wave of interest in vaiṣṇava grammars in several early modern polities. In general terms, I follow Tony Stewart in saying that each of these texts is intended by the authors to function simultaneously as (1) a "description of grammar" in the traditional sense, (2) a "proposition about language and ontology," and (3) an experiential "proof" of the validity of the theological claims, with the added bonus of functioning as a "sanctioned ritual activity." To the benefit of linguists and those who study the history of Sanskrit grammar, these texts open a window into unique and local registers of Sanskrit. To theologians, they reveal how these authors universalized their respective theological systems to demonstrate how Sanskrit grammar as testimony (sabda) functions as theology's mirror, presenting a grammatical system (function 1) as theology accommodated by and regulating the inner workings of language (functions 2-3). My hope is that the research presented in this dissertation will contribute also more widely to the fields of history and religious studies by showing that the fact of a religious tradition aligning itself with a particular grammatical tradition or creating one is far from historically insignificant. As the dissertation sequentially analyzes historical, theological, poetic, and ritual aspects in Jiva's and Balarama's textbooks, as well as their purely grammatical aspirations, it ultimately tries to shed light on what is at the very core of the HNV's and the PP's projects: the intersection of grammar and religion.
일반주제명  
South Asian studies
일반주제명  
Classical literature
일반주제명  
Theology
일반주제명  
Religious education
일반주제명  
Classical studies
키워드  
Vernacularization
키워드  
Kṛṣṇa
키워드  
Sakti
키워드  
Grammars
키워드  
Jiva Gosvamin
기타저자  
Harvard University South Asian Studies
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■1001  ▼aBlinderman,  Radha.▼0(orcid)0009-0005-9313-4618
■24510▼aWhy  Kṛṣṇa  and  Sakti  Have  Their  Own  Grammars:  The  Case  of  Jiva  Gosvamin  and  Balarama  Pancanana
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a577  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aIncludes  supplementary  digital  materials.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Patil,  Parimal  G.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  central  role  of  Sanskrit  as  'the  language  of  the  gods'  and  its  relationship  with  vernacularization  in  early  modern  South  Asia  has  been  the  focal  point  of  much  prior  research,  but  rarely  was  grammar  as  a  knowledge  system  regarded  as  relevant  to  the  history  of  vernacular  and  Sanskrit-based  religious  traditions  of  bhakti  and  vice  versa.  This  dissertation  attempts  to  fill  this  lacuna  by  analyzing  two  grammar-textbooks  which  were  written  for  two  rival  Hindu  religious  communities  during  what  Sheldon  Pollock  calls  the  "period  of  innovation"  in  South  Asia  (16th-18th  cent.  CE).  One  of  them,  the  Harinamamṛta  (henceforth  the  HNV),  was  written  by  Jiva  Gosvamin  in  the  16th  cent.  CE  for  the  vaiṣṇavas,  or  those  who  worship  Viṣṇu  or  Kṛṣṇa  as  the  supreme  deity,  and  this  includes  Jiva's  own  community  of  Gauḍiya  vaiṣṇavas,  followers  of  Caitanya,  who  consider  Kṛṣṇa  alone  to  be  the  Supreme  Deity.  Another,  the  Prabodhaprakasa  (henceforth  the  PP),  was  written  by  Balarama  Pancanana  in  the  18th  cent.  CE  for  the  saktas,  or  those  who  worship  the  feminine  divine,  Sakti,  as  the  supreme.  My  research  brings  attention  to  some  untold  histories  of  religious  rivalry,  efforts  in  conflict  resolution,  and  language  politics,  even  though  language  textbooks  may  seem  to  be  unlikely  places  to  look  for  them.  The  discipline  of  grammar  and  language  analysis  (vyakaraṇa)  has  long  been  perceived  as  being  sealed  off  from  socio-cultural  issues  and  of  little  relevance  to  religious  history,  but  the  HNV  and  the  PP  reveal  hitherto  unnoticed  dynamics  of  religious  inclusion  and  exclusion  that  were  unique  to  Jiva's  and  Balarama's  historical  period.  On  the  one  hand,  this  dissertation  is  about  these  two  texts  and  two  authors,  but  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  about  the  intellectual  history  of  the  entire  discipline  of  vyakaraṇa,  which  spans  more  than  two  thousand  years,  and  the  history  of  vaiṣṇavism  and  saktism  in  the Mughal  period.  Using  the  HNV  and  the  PP  as  a  starting  point,  it  explores  the  multiple  "why's"  that  led  to  the  creation  of  the  unique  phenomenon  of  what  scholars  in  the  discipline  began  to  call  "sectarian  grammars"  since  the  nineteenth  century.This  dissertation  seeks  to  demonstrate  that  it  is  untenable  to  treat  the  HNV  and  the  PP  as  uniquely  "sectarian",  for  they  are  certainly  not  the  first  grammatical  texts  that  are  rich  with  religious  content,  conceptualize  grammar  as  a  reflection  of  religiously  inflected  reality,  or  that  mention  Kṛṣṇa  and  the  Goddess  in  some  way  or  form.  By  applying  Stanley  J.  Tambiah's  concept  of  "participation  in  religious  or  cultural  mythos"  to  Sanskrit  knowledge  systems,  I  argue  that  most  Sanskrit  grammatical  traditions,  with  very  rare  exceptions,  need  to  be  conceptualized  on  a  spectrum  of  "participation,"  since  they  were  also  "religious"  in  various  ways.  This  framework  helps  identify  more  accurately  those  aspects  of  theologization  in  Jiva's  and  Balarama's  grammars  that  are  unique  to  Bengali  vaiṣṇava  and  sakta  concepts  of  religious  devotion  (bhakti).  My  research  suggests  that  what  is  unique  about  the  HNV  is  not  that  it  mentions  Kṛṣṇa  in  its  auspicious  invocations  (maṅgala  verses)  and  examples,  but  rather  that  it  is  repeatedly  dedicated  to  him  alone  and  no  other  deity  and  explicitly  states  that  he  is  the  source  of  Sanskrit  phonemes  and  thus  of  the  phenomenon  of  language.  This  serves  as  an  expression  of  undivided  or  exclusive  devotion  (aikantiki,  ananya  or  kevala  bhakti).  It  is  also  the  first  and  the  only  known  grammar  that  references  itself  in  the  colophons  as  a  "vaiṣṇava  grammar"  and  clearly  states  that  its  eligible  audience  (adhikarin)  is  vaiṣṇava.  I  discovered  that,  despite  the  fact  that  the  PP  does  not  explicitly  specify  its  target  audience  as  sakta,  it  does  so  implicitly,  while  also  re-defining  what  it  means  to  be  a  good  vaiṣṇava  in  terms  of  a  more  inclusive  bhakti.  Among  all  the  known  grammar  textbooks,  it  is  uniquely  poised  as  one  that  extols  the  Goddess,  especially  in  the  form  of  Kali,  as  the  primary  object  of  devotion.  Why  these  Sanskrit  grammar  textbooks,  with  their  unique  expression  of  religious  devotion,  emerged  in  the  context  of  vaiṣṇava  and  sakta  bhakti  traditions  precisely  in  the  sixteenth  and eighteenth  centuries  is  a  pivotal  question  that  this  dissertation  tries  to  analyze  from  multiple  angles.A  major  argument  that  this  dissertation  seeks  to  substantiate  is  that  if  there  is  a  single  characteristic  that  sets  the  HNV  and  the  PP  apart  from  all  other  grammars,  then  it  is  the  reinvention  of  Kṛṣṇa's  and  Devi's  names  (as  well  as  those  of  their  respective  entourage)  as  grammatical  terms  to  create  occasion  for  wordplay  or  bitextuality  (sleṣa).  Jiva  and  Balarama  create  texts  of  hybrid  genre  that  double  as  grammar  textbooks  and  works  on  theology.  One  of  their  central  purposes  is  to  "theologize"  the  study  and  the  analysis  of  language,  which  may  seem  to  be  a  mundane,  non-devotional  activity.  To  this  effect  they  seek  to  imbue  grammar  with  theological  content  with  the  help  of  literary  devices.  I  compare  Jiva's  and  Balarama's  creation  of  a  "hybrid"  between  a  grammar  textbook  and  a  theological  work  with  similar  elements  in  the  Muslim  and  Christian  works  of  Abd  al-Karim  al-Qushayri  (d.  1074)  and  Jean  Gerson  (d.  1429).  The  latter  two  authors  similarly  used  wordplay,  metaphor,  and  allegory  to  compare  the  grammar  of  Arabic  and  Latin  respectively  to  theology,  thereby  creating  a  hybrid  genre  of  what  Dominic  F.  Longo  calls  'Spiritual  Grammars'.  I  analyze  how  sleṣa  allows  these  Sanskrit  authors  to  go  beyond  the  goals  set  by  Qushayri  and  Gerson,  and  how  the  HNV's  innovative  use  of  sleṣa  can  be  traced  to  the  idea  that  poetic  language  bears  elements  of  the  divine  that  non-poetic  language  does  not,  fuelled  by  Rupa  Gosvamin's  theologization  of  Sanskrit  aesthetic  theory  (rasasastra).  I  also  suggest  that  to  continue  categorizing  the  HNV  and  the  PP  as  "sectarian  grammars"  means  to  give  air  to  the  19th  century  idea  that  these  texts  and  the  Bengali  sakta  and  vaiṣṇava  communities  they  belong  to  should  be  exclusively  defined  in  terms  of  mutual  sectarianism.  Since  the  term  "religious  grammars"  is  too  broad,  I  propose  a  number  of  other  terms  that  do  not  stigmatize  these  texts  and,  in  my  opinion,  are  more  illuminating.Finally,  I  argue  that  Jiva  and  Balarama  had  multiple  "why's"  that  motivated  them  to  compose  their  grammars:  they  were  motivated  as  grammarians,  as  theologians,  as  poets,  and  as  religious  leaders  keen  on  affecting  socio-political  change,  which  includes  attitudes  toward  caste  norms,  language  politics,  and  patronage.  My  fieldwork,  which  involved  tracing  the  manuscripts  of  these  texts  as  well  as  interviewing  Balarama's  descendants  and  current  teachers  and  students  of  the  HNV,  reveals  that  these  texts  had  a  greater  historical  impact  that  assumed  before,  and  that  the  relative  success  of  the  HNV's  textual  tradition  is  directly  related  to  a  wave  of  interest  in  vaiṣṇava  grammars  in  several  early  modern  polities.  In  general  terms,  I  follow  Tony  Stewart  in  saying  that  each  of  these  texts  is  intended  by  the  authors  to  function  simultaneously  as  (1)  a  "description  of  grammar"  in  the  traditional  sense,  (2)  a  "proposition  about  language  and  ontology,"  and  (3)  an  experiential  "proof"  of  the  validity  of  the  theological  claims,  with  the  added  bonus  of  functioning  as  a  "sanctioned  ritual  activity."  To  the  benefit  of  linguists  and  those  who  study  the  history  of  Sanskrit  grammar,  these  texts  open  a  window  into  unique  and  local  registers  of  Sanskrit.  To  theologians,  they  reveal  how  these  authors  universalized  their  respective  theological  systems  to  demonstrate  how  Sanskrit  grammar  as  testimony  (sabda)  functions  as  theology's  mirror,  presenting  a  grammatical  system  (function  1)  as  theology  accommodated  by  and  regulating  the  inner  workings  of  language  (functions  2-3).  My  hope  is  that  the  research  presented  in  this  dissertation  will  contribute  also  more  widely  to  the  fields  of  history  and  religious  studies  by  showing  that  the  fact  of  a  religious  tradition  aligning  itself  with  a  particular  grammatical  tradition  or  creating  one  is  far  from  historically  insignificant.  As  the  dissertation  sequentially  analyzes  historical,  theological,  poetic,  and  ritual  aspects  in  Jiva's  and  Balarama's  textbooks,  as  well  as  their  purely  grammatical  aspirations,  it  ultimately  tries  to  shed  light  on  what  is  at  the  very  core  of  the  HNV's  and  the  PP's  projects:  the  intersection  of  grammar  and  religion.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aSouth  Asian  studies
■650  4▼aClassical  literature
■650  4▼aTheology
■650  4▼aReligious  education
■650  4▼aClassical  studies
■653    ▼aVernacularization
■653    ▼aKṛṣṇa
■653    ▼aSakti
■653    ▼aGrammars
■653    ▼aJiva  Gosvamin
■690    ▼a0638
■690    ▼a0434
■690    ▼a0469
■690    ▼a0294
■690    ▼a0527
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bSouth  Asian  Studies.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12A.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161586▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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