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Buckling, Wrinkling, and Crumpling of Simulated Thin Sheets
Buckling, Wrinkling, and Crumpling of Simulated Thin Sheets
Buckling, Wrinkling, and Crumpling of Simulated Thin Sheets

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151440
ISBN  
9798382785080
DDC  
530
저자명  
Leembruggen, Madelyn Jane.
서명/저자  
Buckling, Wrinkling, and Crumpling of Simulated Thin Sheets
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
158 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Rycroft, Chris H.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Ubiquitous across nature and technology, thin films are subject to three primary out-of-plane of deformations: buckling, wrinkling, and crumpling. Plants' leaves gain structure and support from their buckled curvature, yet metalworkers are plagued by the same defects in steel production. Growing biofilms form patterns of radial wrinkles, reminiscent of the clever folds and pleats necessary to drape flat planes of cloth over the rounded human figure. Large scale movement of tectonic plates force crumples and folds into the Earth's relatively thin and fragile crust, while even the slightest thermal fluctuations drive crumpling in atomically thin materials. Thin sheets, in their infinite usefulness, surround us in time and space, and the current era of computational power promises new methods to study their deformations. Eventually we could use this understanding to squash manufacturing bugs and program novel design features. But we must begin by characterizing, predicting, and mastering the mechanics of buckling, wrinkling, and crumpling.We first introduce an irregular lattice mass-spring-model (MSM) we have developed to simulate elastic thin sheets. Our mechanical MSM reliably maps bulk properties-Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and bending rigidity-onto a discrete network of randomly arranged mesh nodes. The MSM we propose is inspired by previously established discrete stretching and bending models, but altered to comply with analytical predictions for a mesh of equilateral triangles. To our knowledge, a combined stretching and bending MSM has not been quantitatively evaluated for numerical convergence and accuracy. We measure the error associated with benchmark MSMs from the literature and our proposed MSM, in both regular and random mesh networks. We find that in both mesh types our proposed MSM has a lower magnitude of error in Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and bending rigidity than the benchmark models. The proposed model, however, performs worse in the shear modulus tests than the benchmarks. We conclude that all errors in the simulated sheets are within the range of variation one could expect from physical samples of materials.Next we simulate and study the deformation modes of a thin elastic ribbon as a function of applied end-to-end twist and tension. Our simulations reproduce all reported experimentally observed modes, including transitions from helicoids to longitudinal wrinkles, creased helicoids and loops with self-contact, and transverse wrinkles to accordion self-folds. Our simulations also show that the twist angles at which the primary longitudinal and transverse wrinkles appear are well described by various analyses of the Foppl-von Karman (FvK) equations, but the characteristic wavelength of the longitudinal wrinkles has a more complex relationship to applied tension than previously estimated. The clamped edges are shown to suppress longitudinal wrinkling over a distance set by the applied tension and the ribbon width, but otherwise have no apparent effect on measured wavelength. Further, by analyzing the stress profile, we find that longitudinal wrinkling does not completely alleviate compressive stress, but caps the magnitude of the compression. Nonetheless, the width over which wrinkles form is observed to be wider than analytical predictions in the so-called near-threshold (NT) regime - the width is more consistent with the predictions of the far-from-threshold (FT) analysis framework. However, the end-to-end contraction of the ribbon as a function of twist is found to more closely follow the corresponding NT prediction as tension in the ribbon is increased, in contrast to the expectations of FT analysis. These results point to the need for further theoretical analysis of this rich thin elastic system, guided by our physically robust and intuitive simulation model.We then propose a dimensionless bendability parameter, ε−1 = [(h/W)2 1/T] −1 to describe wrinkling of thin, twisted ribbons. Bendability has been identified as a useful parameter in several configurations of wrinkled thin sheets, and similarly proves useful in the context of twisted ribbons. Recasting predictions for the onset, wavelength, and stress distribution of longitudinal wrinkles in terms o bendability efficiently collapses data collected across a range of ribbon thicknesses, widths, and applied tensions. This demonstrates that key wrinkling quantities depend primarily on the ribbon's bendability, including the residual stress in the buckled ribbon, which saturates at the critical buckling stress. We identify scaling relations for onset, wavelength, critical stress, and residual stress in the wrinkled ribbon that are valid both in the highly bendable range (ε−1 20), as well as a range of moderately bendable ribbons (ε−1 ∈ (0, 20]). When data are restricted to highly bendable sheets-the range in which NT methods are expected to be valid-the resultant scaling exponents for wrinkle onset and wavelength reproduce theoretical NT predictions. The critical stress scaling, however, is insensitive to this data exclusion.Turning to sheets with plasticity, we determine that cylindrical sheets crumpled via twisting accumulate total ridge length ℓ with a logarithmic dependence on crumpling iteration n, in accordance with the model previously introduced to describe sheets crumpled via axial compression. This is the first systematic study of crease length accumulation in a crumpling configuration without external confinement. We introduce a process for extracting crease length through a fully automated image processing pipeline which returns a clean crease map and facet segmentation for the crumpled sheet. We emphasize the importance of "noise" in generating logarithmic growth for physical and simulated sheets, such as the inversion of some crumple facets in the sheet, introduced by physically handling the sheets or alternating twist directions in simulations. Our simulations unlock a new method of analyzing crumpling via plasticity, a primary output of the simulation. By examining the plastic deformations accumulated in edges of the simulation mesh, we justify crease length as an appropriate measure of damage in a sheet, confirm that an unfurled sheet's crease map is representative of damage in the compact configuration, and prove that increases in ℓ from n to n + 1 are overwhelmingly due to new damage conferred during the n+1iteration. Finally we investigate the softening and sharpening of existing ridges, and the rate of new ridge growth in weakly, moderately, and strongly crumpled cylinders. Finally we summarize several efforts toward determining a geometric predictor for crumpliness. Statistical models robustly couple ridge length distribution to the log-normal distribution in weakly confined sheets, and to the gamma distribution in strongly compressed systems with jamming. These successful descriptions of geometry's effects on the successive fragmentations of ridges clearly indicate a strong dependence of crease evolution on the geometry and degree of compaction. We introduce a set of simulations which radially compress square sheets to probe crease length growth in a more symmetric confinement geometry. Our simulations show early plateaus of cumulative crease length due to a near absence of mechanical noise in the unfurling and recrumpling processes. Visual inspection of the samples also reveals a strong geometric signature in the crumple patterns where damage at small confinements is mostly concentrated around the midpoints of each sheet edge. At higher compactions, however, this signature washes out and the density of crumple facets is homogeneous throughout the entire sheet. To more directly compare the axially compressed, twisted cylinder, and radially compressed crumpling experiments, we additionally introduce a confinement parameter ρ = Vf − Vmin) / (Vi − Vmin) where Vf and Vi are the final and initial confinement volumes, and Vmin is the smallest volume to which the sheet could reasonably be compressed. Thus ρ quantifies how close a given system is to maximum compaction. We attempt to scale cumulative crease length ℓ of the crumpled sheets as a function of crumpling iteration n, using the compaction parameter ρ as a normalizing factor, demonstrating reasonable collapse across the axially compressed data, and partial collapses for radially compressed and wrung cylinder datasets.
일반주제명  
Physics
일반주제명  
Applied mathematics
일반주제명  
Condensed matter physics
일반주제명  
Statistics
키워드  
Buckling
키워드  
Longitudinal wrinkles
키워드  
Crumpled sheets
키워드  
Geometric predictor
키워드  
Thin sheets
키워드  
Wrinkled ribbon
기타저자  
Harvard University Physics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■020    ▼a9798382785080
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31296072
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aLeembruggen,  Madelyn  Jane.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-0843-3479
■24510▼aBuckling,  Wrinkling,  and  Crumpling  of  Simulated  Thin  Sheets
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a158  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Rycroft,  Chris  H.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aUbiquitous  across  nature  and  technology,  thin  films  are  subject  to  three  primary  out-of-plane  of  deformations:  buckling,  wrinkling,  and  crumpling.  Plants'  leaves  gain  structure  and  support  from  their  buckled  curvature,  yet  metalworkers  are  plagued  by  the  same  defects  in  steel  production.  Growing  biofilms  form  patterns  of  radial  wrinkles,  reminiscent  of  the  clever  folds  and  pleats  necessary  to  drape  flat  planes  of  cloth  over  the  rounded  human  figure.  Large  scale  movement  of  tectonic  plates  force  crumples  and  folds  into  the  Earth's  relatively  thin  and  fragile  crust,  while  even  the  slightest  thermal  fluctuations  drive  crumpling  in  atomically  thin  materials.  Thin  sheets,  in  their  infinite  usefulness,  surround  us  in  time  and  space,  and  the  current  era  of  computational  power  promises  new  methods  to  study  their  deformations.  Eventually  we  could  use  this  understanding  to  squash  manufacturing  bugs  and  program  novel  design  features.  But  we  must  begin  by  characterizing,  predicting,  and  mastering  the  mechanics  of  buckling,  wrinkling,  and  crumpling.We  first  introduce  an  irregular  lattice  mass-spring-model  (MSM)  we  have  developed  to  simulate  elastic  thin  sheets.  Our  mechanical  MSM  reliably  maps  bulk  properties-Young's  modulus,  Poisson's  ratio,  shear  modulus,  and  bending  rigidity-onto  a  discrete  network  of  randomly  arranged  mesh  nodes.  The  MSM  we  propose  is  inspired  by  previously  established  discrete  stretching  and  bending  models,  but  altered  to  comply  with  analytical  predictions  for  a  mesh  of  equilateral  triangles.  To  our  knowledge,  a  combined  stretching  and  bending  MSM  has  not  been  quantitatively  evaluated  for  numerical  convergence  and  accuracy.  We  measure  the  error  associated  with  benchmark  MSMs  from  the  literature  and  our  proposed  MSM,  in  both  regular  and  random  mesh  networks.  We  find  that  in  both  mesh  types  our  proposed  MSM  has  a  lower  magnitude  of  error  in  Young's  modulus,  Poisson's  ratio,  and  bending  rigidity  than  the  benchmark  models.  The  proposed  model,  however,  performs  worse  in  the  shear  modulus  tests  than  the  benchmarks.  We  conclude  that  all  errors  in  the  simulated  sheets  are  within  the  range  of  variation  one  could  expect  from  physical  samples  of  materials.Next  we  simulate  and  study  the  deformation  modes  of  a  thin  elastic  ribbon  as  a  function  of  applied  end-to-end  twist  and  tension.  Our  simulations  reproduce  all  reported  experimentally  observed  modes,  including  transitions  from  helicoids  to  longitudinal  wrinkles,  creased  helicoids  and  loops  with  self-contact,  and  transverse  wrinkles  to  accordion  self-folds.  Our  simulations  also  show  that  the  twist  angles  at  which  the  primary  longitudinal  and  transverse  wrinkles  appear  are  well  described  by  various  analyses  of  the  Foppl-von  Karman  (FvK)  equations,  but  the  characteristic  wavelength  of  the  longitudinal  wrinkles  has  a  more  complex  relationship  to  applied  tension  than  previously  estimated.  The  clamped  edges  are  shown  to  suppress  longitudinal  wrinkling  over  a  distance  set  by  the  applied  tension  and  the  ribbon  width,  but  otherwise  have  no  apparent  effect  on  measured  wavelength.  Further,  by  analyzing  the  stress  profile,  we  find  that  longitudinal  wrinkling  does  not  completely  alleviate  compressive  stress,  but  caps  the  magnitude  of  the  compression.  Nonetheless,  the  width  over  which  wrinkles  form  is  observed  to  be  wider  than  analytical  predictions  in  the  so-called  near-threshold  (NT)  regime  -  the  width  is  more  consistent  with  the  predictions  of  the  far-from-threshold  (FT)  analysis  framework.  However,  the  end-to-end  contraction  of  the  ribbon  as  a  function  of  twist  is  found  to  more  closely  follow  the  corresponding  NT  prediction  as  tension  in  the  ribbon  is  increased,  in  contrast  to  the  expectations  of  FT  analysis.  These  results  point  to  the  need  for  further  theoretical  analysis  of  this  rich  thin  elastic  system,  guided  by  our  physically  robust  and  intuitive  simulation  model.We  then  propose  a  dimensionless  bendability  parameter,  ε−1  =  [(h/W)2  1/T]  −1  to  describe  wrinkling  of  thin,  twisted  ribbons.  Bendability  has  been  identified  as  a  useful  parameter  in  several  configurations  of  wrinkled  thin  sheets,  and  similarly  proves  useful  in  the  context  of  twisted  ribbons.  Recasting  predictions  for  the  onset,  wavelength,  and  stress  distribution  of  longitudinal  wrinkles  in  terms  o  bendability  efficiently  collapses  data  collected  across  a  range  of  ribbon  thicknesses,  widths,  and  applied  tensions.  This  demonstrates  that  key  wrinkling  quantities  depend  primarily  on  the  ribbon's  bendability,  including  the  residual  stress  in  the  buckled  ribbon,  which  saturates  at  the  critical  buckling  stress.  We  identify  scaling  relations  for  onset,  wavelength,  critical  stress,  and  residual  stress  in  the  wrinkled  ribbon  that  are  valid  both  in  the  highly  bendable  range  (ε−1    20),  as  well  as  a  range  of  moderately  bendable  ribbons  (ε−1  ∈  (0,  20]).  When  data  are  restricted  to  highly  bendable  sheets-the  range  in  which  NT  methods  are  expected  to  be  valid-the  resultant  scaling  exponents  for  wrinkle  onset  and  wavelength  reproduce  theoretical  NT  predictions.  The  critical  stress  scaling,  however,  is  insensitive  to  this  data  exclusion.Turning  to  sheets  with  plasticity,  we  determine  that  cylindrical  sheets  crumpled  via  twisting  accumulate  total  ridge  length  ℓ  with  a  logarithmic  dependence  on  crumpling  iteration  n,  in  accordance  with  the  model  previously  introduced  to  describe  sheets  crumpled  via  axial  compression.  This  is  the  first  systematic  study  of  crease  length  accumulation  in  a  crumpling  configuration  without  external  confinement.  We  introduce  a  process  for  extracting  crease  length  through  a  fully  automated  image  processing  pipeline  which  returns  a  clean  crease  map  and  facet  segmentation  for  the  crumpled  sheet.  We  emphasize  the  importance  of  "noise"  in  generating  logarithmic  growth  for  physical  and  simulated  sheets,  such  as  the  inversion  of  some  crumple  facets  in  the  sheet,  introduced  by  physically  handling  the  sheets  or  alternating  twist  directions  in  simulations.  Our  simulations  unlock  a  new  method  of  analyzing  crumpling  via  plasticity,  a  primary  output  of  the  simulation.  By  examining  the  plastic  deformations  accumulated  in  edges  of  the  simulation  mesh,  we  justify  crease  length  as  an  appropriate  measure  of  damage  in  a  sheet,  confirm  that  an  unfurled  sheet's  crease  map  is  representative  of  damage  in  the  compact  configuration,  and  prove  that  increases  in  ℓ  from  n  to  n  +  1  are  overwhelmingly  due  to  new  damage  conferred  during  the  n+1iteration.  Finally  we  investigate  the  softening  and  sharpening  of  existing  ridges,  and  the  rate  of  new  ridge  growth  in  weakly,  moderately,  and  strongly  crumpled  cylinders. Finally  we  summarize  several  efforts  toward  determining  a  geometric  predictor  for  crumpliness.  Statistical  models  robustly  couple  ridge  length  distribution  to  the  log-normal  distribution  in  weakly  confined  sheets,  and  to  the  gamma  distribution  in  strongly  compressed  systems  with  jamming.  These  successful  descriptions  of  geometry's  effects  on  the  successive  fragmentations  of  ridges  clearly  indicate  a  strong  dependence  of  crease  evolution  on  the  geometry  and  degree  of  compaction.  We  introduce  a  set  of  simulations  which  radially  compress  square  sheets  to  probe  crease  length  growth  in  a  more  symmetric  confinement  geometry.  Our  simulations  show  early  plateaus  of  cumulative  crease  length  due  to  a  near  absence  of  mechanical  noise  in  the  unfurling  and  recrumpling  processes.  Visual  inspection  of  the  samples  also  reveals  a  strong  geometric  signature  in  the  crumple  patterns  where  damage  at  small  confinements  is  mostly  concentrated  around  the  midpoints  of  each  sheet  edge.  At  higher  compactions,  however,  this  signature  washes  out  and  the  density  of  crumple  facets  is  homogeneous  throughout  the  entire  sheet.  To  more  directly  compare  the  axially  compressed,  twisted  cylinder,  and  radially  compressed  crumpling  experiments,  we  additionally  introduce  a  confinement  parameter  ρ  =  Vf  −  Vmin)  /  (Vi  −  Vmin)  where  Vf  and  Vi  are  the  final  and  initial  confinement  volumes,  and  Vmin  is  the  smallest  volume  to  which  the  sheet  could  reasonably  be  compressed.  Thus  ρ  quantifies  how  close  a  given  system  is  to  maximum  compaction.  We  attempt  to  scale  cumulative  crease  length  ℓ  of  the  crumpled  sheets  as  a  function  of  crumpling  iteration  n,  using  the  compaction  parameter  ρ  as  a  normalizing  factor,  demonstrating  reasonable  collapse  across  the  axially  compressed  data,  and  partial  collapses  for  radially  compressed  and  wrung  cylinder  datasets.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aPhysics
■650  4▼aApplied  mathematics
■650  4▼aCondensed  matter  physics
■650  4▼aStatistics
■653    ▼aBuckling
■653    ▼aLongitudinal  wrinkles
■653    ▼aCrumpled  sheets
■653    ▼aGeometric  predictor
■653    ▼aThin  sheets
■653    ▼aWrinkled  ribbon
■690    ▼a0605
■690    ▼a0364
■690    ▼a0611
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bPhysics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161757▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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