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Somatic Polyploidy Supports Biosynthesis and Tissue Function by Increasing Transcriptional Output
Somatic Polyploidy Supports Biosynthesis and Tissue Function by Increasing Transcriptional...
Somatic Polyploidy Supports Biosynthesis and Tissue Function by Increasing Transcriptional Output

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152943
ISBN  
9798342138642
DDC  
612
저자명  
Lessenger, Alexander T.
서명/저자  
Somatic Polyploidy Supports Biosynthesis and Tissue Function by Increasing Transcriptional Output
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
76 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Feldman, Jessica.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Cell size and biosynthetic capacity generally increase with increased DNA content. Polyploidy, the condition of having more than two copies of the genome in a single cell, has therefore been proposed to be an adaptive strategy to increase cell size in specialized tissues with high biosynthetic demands. However, if and how DNA concentration limits cellular biosynthesis in vivo is not well understood in multicellular organisms, and the impacts of polyploidy in non-disease states is not well studied. Therefore, I used polyploid cells as a model to test whether and how the amount of DNA is limiting and describe the physiological impacts of limited scaling on cells and organisms. I begin by summarizing how the size of organelles and the abundance of molecules changes with DNA concentration and how these observations inform our understanding of how DNA content may mechanistically limit biosynthesis. I then explore the impacts of reduced polyploidy in two naturally polyploid tissues, the nematode intestine and skin.First, I show that polyploidy in the C. elegansintestine is critical for cell growth and yolk biosynthesis, a central role of this organ. Artificially lowering the DNA/cytoplasm ratio by reducing polyploidization in the intestine gave rise to smaller cells with more dilute mRNA. Highly-expressed transcripts were more sensitive to this mRNA dilution, whereas lowly-expressed genes were partially compensated -- in part by loading more RNA Polymerase II on the remaining genomes. DNA-dilute cells had normal total protein concentration, which we propose is achieved by increasing production of translational machinery at the expense of specialized, cell-type specific proteins.Second, I explore how polyploidy in the skin relates to body size and the major body size-signaling pathway. Polyploidy can increase body and organ size, and it has been proposed that the TGF-beta signaling pathway controls C. elegans body size by increasing polyploidy in the syncytial skin. After discussing the evidence that led to this hypothesis, I show that polyploidization of the skin is not necessary for large body size by counter example: skin-specific depletion of CDK-2 greatly decreases organ ploidy but does not decrease body size. I propose several variables that may have confounded previous conclusions, which were based on correlational evidence, and propose an alternative model for C. elegansbody size control. Finally, I show minimal interaction between intestinal polyploidy and the TGFβ pathway.I conclude with several questions raised or left outstanding by my thesis, and propose plausible experiments to address these questions using C. elegansas a model (Chapter 4). Together, these works address a major gap in our understanding of biological scaling in multicellular systems.
일반주제명  
Physiology
일반주제명  
Cytoplasm
일반주제명  
Biosynthesis
일반주제명  
Genomes
일반주제명  
Crop diseases
일반주제명  
Yeast
일반주제명  
Cell cycle
일반주제명  
Protein synthesis
일반주제명  
Homeostasis
일반주제명  
Liver
일반주제명  
Genetic engineering
일반주제명  
Insects
일반주제명  
Polyploidy
일반주제명  
Senescence
일반주제명  
Cell growth
일반주제명  
Developmental biology
일반주제명  
Cell division
일반주제명  
Bioengineering
일반주제명  
Biology
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Genetics
일반주제명  
Plant pathology
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aLessenger,  Alexander  T.
■24510▼aSomatic  Polyploidy  Supports  Biosynthesis  and  Tissue  Function  by  Increasing  Transcriptional  Output
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a76  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Feldman,  Jessica.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aCell  size  and  biosynthetic  capacity  generally  increase  with  increased  DNA  content.  Polyploidy,  the  condition  of  having  more  than  two  copies  of  the  genome  in  a  single  cell,  has  therefore  been  proposed  to  be  an  adaptive  strategy  to  increase  cell  size  in  specialized  tissues  with  high  biosynthetic  demands.  However,  if  and  how  DNA  concentration  limits  cellular  biosynthesis  in  vivo  is  not  well  understood  in  multicellular  organisms,  and  the  impacts  of  polyploidy  in  non-disease  states  is  not  well  studied.  Therefore,  I  used  polyploid  cells  as  a  model  to  test  whether  and  how  the  amount  of  DNA  is  limiting  and  describe  the  physiological  impacts  of  limited  scaling  on  cells  and  organisms.  I  begin  by  summarizing  how  the  size  of  organelles  and  the  abundance  of  molecules  changes  with  DNA  concentration  and  how  these  observations  inform  our  understanding  of  how  DNA  content  may  mechanistically  limit  biosynthesis.  I  then  explore  the  impacts  of  reduced  polyploidy  in  two  naturally  polyploid  tissues,  the  nematode  intestine  and  skin.First,  I  show  that  polyploidy  in  the  C.  elegansintestine  is  critical  for  cell  growth  and  yolk  biosynthesis,  a  central  role  of  this  organ.  Artificially  lowering  the  DNA/cytoplasm  ratio  by  reducing  polyploidization  in  the  intestine  gave  rise  to  smaller  cells  with  more  dilute  mRNA.  Highly-expressed  transcripts  were  more  sensitive  to  this  mRNA  dilution,  whereas  lowly-expressed  genes  were  partially  compensated  --  in  part  by  loading  more  RNA  Polymerase  II  on  the  remaining  genomes.  DNA-dilute  cells  had  normal  total  protein  concentration,  which  we  propose  is  achieved  by  increasing  production  of  translational  machinery  at  the  expense  of  specialized,  cell-type  specific  proteins.Second,  I  explore  how  polyploidy  in  the  skin  relates  to  body  size  and  the  major  body  size-signaling  pathway.  Polyploidy  can  increase  body  and  organ  size,  and  it  has  been  proposed  that  the  TGF-beta  signaling  pathway  controls  C.  elegans  body  size  by  increasing  polyploidy  in  the  syncytial  skin.  After  discussing  the  evidence  that  led  to  this  hypothesis,  I  show  that  polyploidization  of  the  skin  is  not  necessary  for  large  body  size  by  counter  example:  skin-specific  depletion  of  CDK-2  greatly  decreases  organ  ploidy  but  does  not  decrease  body  size.  I  propose  several  variables  that  may  have  confounded  previous  conclusions,  which  were  based  on  correlational  evidence,  and  propose  an  alternative  model  for  C.  elegansbody  size  control.  Finally,  I  show  minimal  interaction  between  intestinal  polyploidy  and  the  TGFβ  pathway.I  conclude  with  several  questions  raised  or  left  outstanding  by  my  thesis,  and  propose  plausible  experiments  to  address  these  questions  using  C.  elegansas  a  model  (Chapter  4).  Together,  these  works  address  a  major  gap  in  our  understanding  of  biological  scaling  in  multicellular  systems.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aPhysiology
■650  4▼aCytoplasm
■650  4▼aBiosynthesis
■650  4▼aGenomes
■650  4▼aCrop  diseases
■650  4▼aYeast
■650  4▼aCell  cycle
■650  4▼aProtein  synthesis
■650  4▼aHomeostasis
■650  4▼aLiver
■650  4▼aGenetic  engineering
■650  4▼aInsects
■650  4▼aPolyploidy
■650  4▼aSenescence
■650  4▼aCell  growth
■650  4▼aDevelopmental  biology
■650  4▼aCell  division
■650  4▼aBioengineering
■650  4▼aBiology
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aGenetics
■650  4▼aPlant  pathology
■690    ▼a0758
■690    ▼a0719
■690    ▼a0202
■690    ▼a0306
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0369
■690    ▼a0480
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-04B.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164287▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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