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The Economics of Safety-Net Programs: Evidence From the 340B Drug Pricing Program
The Economics of Safety-Net Programs: Evidence From the 340B Drug Pricing Program
The Economics of Safety-Net Programs: Evidence From the 340B Drug Pricing Program

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151128
ISBN  
9798346513346
DDC  
310
저자명  
Bruno, John Patrick.
서명/저자  
The Economics of Safety-Net Programs: Evidence From the 340B Drug Pricing Program
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Minnesota, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
172 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Holmes, Thomas;Petrin, Amil.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Minnesota, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation consists of four chapters. In the first chapter, I present research from a research agenda that I have pursued alongside collaborators in the School of Public Health (Sayeh Nikpay, Claire McGlave, and Elizabeth Watts) studying the growth of the 340B Drug Pricing Program, a safety-net program that is responsible for nearly 10% of annual pharmaceutical spending in the United States. The two articles presented in this chapter are adapted from versions that have been published in JAMA Health Forum and Health Affairs Scholar. These two articles describe the rapid growth in the 340B Drug Pricing program, particularly among chain pharmacies. My coauthors and I document that nearly three quarters of big chain pharmacies participate in the 340B program.In the second chapter, I study whether vertical integration can increase participation in social safety net programs. In particular, I study several examples of integration between pharmacies and patient or inventory management softwares, aimed at assisting hospitals manage their participation in the 340B program. In recent years, several large pharmacy chains (Walgreens, CVS, Optum, and Accredo) have integrated with software that processes claims and manages inventory - and several are integrated with insurers as well. These pharmacy chains bundle contract pharmacy and 340B administrative services, which I hypothesize lowers the transaction costs of participating in this social safety net program. Simultaneously, integration with an insurer may increase revenues from the 340B program. I study the effect of such integration on the growth of this social safety-net program, and find that vertical integration had a significant impact on participation in this program, leading to increased contract activity after the integration, without a reduction in contracts with competitors. This provides evidence that the integration broadens the scope of the program, widening the net with which a hospital is able to capture discounts.The third chapter is coauthored with Colleen Carey and Sayeh Nikpay. We study the impact of recent litigation on the ability of hospitals to claim discounts under the 340B program. The discounts are generated when participants, called "covered entities," dispense significantly discounted outpatient drugs to insured patients. Until recently, a prescription was eligible for discounts when written by a prescriber affiliated with the covered entity and filled at a pharmacy contracting with the covered entity. A recent lawsuit - Genesis Healthcare Inc., v. Xavier Becerra - expanded the pathways for 340B discount eligibility, thereby making an unknown number of prescriptions eligible for 340B discounts. We simulate the impact of the new 340B eligibility definition using 20% Medicare Part D data linked to 340B program data and inpatient and outpatient fee-for-service Medicare claims. Comparing pre and post-"Genesis" definitions, we find that the share of Medicare Part D prescriptions that are eligible for 340B discounts would increase from 12% to 16% and result in an additional $8.2B in Medicare Part D spending becoming eligible for 340B discounts. We also demonstrate that the new definition could double the number of 340B eligible prescriptions for which multiple covered entities can claim discounts.In the fourth and final chapter, I study administrative and hassle costs ("leaks") in the operation of public welfare program, and how private companies can both present efficiencies due to their scale while simultaneously distorting outcomes away from the optimal scenario. To study this question, I develop a model of hospital pharmacy contracting in the 340B program in which, if a hospital contracts with a given retail pharmacy, the hospital receives 340B revenue from patients that fill a prescription at that pharmacy. In each period, hospitals choose a set of pharmacies with which to contract, collect revenues, and pay fixed and sunk costs that depend in part on whether a pharmacy is a chain or independent pharmacy. This sunk cost parameter represents any reduction in administrative or "hassle" costs that would lead a covered entity to contract with a chain pharmacy, rather than an independent pharmacy that may generate more revenue. In order to address the massive computational costs and combinatorics inherent in such a model, I apply a moment inequality approach to estimation. My results demonstrate that while a reduction in administrative costs may help grow the scale of a welfare program, it simultaneously presents distortions relative to the optimal configuration. I find that a hospital is willing to contract with a pharmacy that has fewer patients, if that pharmacy has network effects. However, while this encourages an increased number of contracts, I find that the resulting configuration of pharmacies is not optimal. A counterfactual exercise in which I remove these effects demonstrates that the observed configuration results in 40% fewer captured patients, and thus revenue (a 7 percentage point decrease).
일반주제명  
Statistics
일반주제명  
Pharmaceutical sciences
키워드  
Safety-net programs
키워드  
340B Drug Pricing Program
키워드  
Chain pharmacies
키워드  
Hassle costs
키워드  
Vertical integration
기타저자  
University of Minnesota Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aBruno,  John  Patrick.
■24510▼aThe  Economics  of  Safety-Net  Programs:  Evidence  From  the  340B  Drug  Pricing  Program
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Minnesota▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a172  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Holmes,  Thomas;Petrin,  Amil.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Minnesota,  2024.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  consists  of  four  chapters.  In  the  first  chapter,  I  present  research  from  a  research  agenda  that  I  have  pursued  alongside  collaborators  in  the  School  of  Public  Health  (Sayeh  Nikpay,  Claire  McGlave,  and  Elizabeth  Watts)  studying  the  growth  of  the  340B  Drug  Pricing  Program,  a  safety-net  program  that  is  responsible  for  nearly  10%  of  annual  pharmaceutical  spending  in  the  United  States.  The  two  articles  presented  in  this  chapter  are  adapted  from  versions  that  have  been  published  in  JAMA  Health  Forum  and  Health  Affairs  Scholar.  These  two  articles  describe  the  rapid  growth  in  the  340B  Drug  Pricing  program,  particularly  among  chain  pharmacies.  My  coauthors  and  I  document  that  nearly  three  quarters  of  big  chain  pharmacies  participate  in  the  340B  program.In  the  second  chapter,  I  study  whether  vertical  integration  can  increase  participation  in  social  safety  net  programs.  In  particular,  I  study  several  examples  of  integration  between  pharmacies  and  patient  or  inventory  management  softwares,  aimed  at  assisting  hospitals  manage  their  participation  in  the  340B  program.  In  recent  years,  several  large  pharmacy  chains  (Walgreens,  CVS,  Optum,  and  Accredo)  have  integrated  with  software  that  processes  claims  and  manages  inventory  -  and  several  are  integrated  with  insurers  as  well.  These  pharmacy  chains  bundle  contract  pharmacy  and  340B  administrative  services,  which  I  hypothesize  lowers  the  transaction  costs  of  participating  in  this  social  safety  net  program.  Simultaneously,  integration  with  an  insurer  may  increase  revenues  from  the  340B  program.  I  study  the  effect  of  such  integration  on  the  growth  of  this  social  safety-net  program,  and  find  that  vertical  integration  had  a  significant  impact  on  participation  in  this  program,  leading  to  increased  contract  activity  after  the  integration,  without  a  reduction  in  contracts  with  competitors.  This  provides  evidence  that  the  integration  broadens  the  scope  of  the  program,  widening  the  net  with  which  a  hospital  is  able  to  capture  discounts.The  third  chapter  is  coauthored  with  Colleen  Carey  and  Sayeh  Nikpay.  We  study  the  impact  of  recent  litigation  on  the  ability  of  hospitals  to  claim  discounts  under  the  340B  program.  The  discounts  are  generated  when  participants,  called  "covered  entities,"  dispense  significantly  discounted  outpatient  drugs  to  insured  patients.  Until  recently,  a  prescription  was  eligible  for  discounts  when  written  by  a  prescriber  affiliated  with  the  covered  entity  and  filled  at  a  pharmacy  contracting  with  the  covered  entity.  A  recent  lawsuit  -  Genesis  Healthcare  Inc.,  v.  Xavier  Becerra  -  expanded  the  pathways  for  340B  discount  eligibility,  thereby  making  an  unknown  number  of  prescriptions  eligible  for  340B  discounts.  We  simulate  the  impact  of  the  new  340B  eligibility  definition  using  20%  Medicare  Part  D  data  linked  to  340B  program  data  and  inpatient  and  outpatient  fee-for-service  Medicare  claims.  Comparing  pre  and  post-"Genesis"  definitions,  we  find  that  the  share  of  Medicare  Part  D  prescriptions  that  are  eligible  for  340B  discounts  would  increase  from  12%  to  16%  and  result  in  an  additional  $8.2B  in  Medicare  Part  D  spending  becoming  eligible  for  340B  discounts.  We  also  demonstrate  that  the  new  definition  could  double  the  number  of  340B  eligible  prescriptions  for  which  multiple  covered  entities  can  claim  discounts.In  the  fourth  and  final  chapter,  I  study  administrative  and  hassle  costs  ("leaks")  in  the  operation  of  public  welfare  program,  and  how  private  companies  can  both  present  efficiencies  due  to  their  scale  while  simultaneously  distorting  outcomes  away  from  the  optimal  scenario.  To  study  this  question,  I  develop  a  model  of  hospital  pharmacy  contracting  in  the  340B  program  in  which,  if  a  hospital  contracts  with  a  given  retail  pharmacy,  the  hospital  receives  340B  revenue  from  patients  that  fill  a  prescription  at  that  pharmacy.  In  each  period,  hospitals  choose  a  set  of  pharmacies  with  which  to  contract,  collect  revenues,  and  pay  fixed  and  sunk  costs  that  depend  in  part  on  whether  a  pharmacy  is  a  chain  or  independent  pharmacy.  This  sunk  cost  parameter  represents  any  reduction  in  administrative  or  "hassle"  costs  that  would  lead  a  covered  entity  to  contract  with  a  chain  pharmacy,  rather  than  an  independent  pharmacy  that  may  generate  more  revenue.  In  order  to  address  the  massive  computational  costs  and  combinatorics  inherent  in  such  a  model,  I  apply  a  moment  inequality  approach  to  estimation.  My  results  demonstrate  that  while  a  reduction  in  administrative  costs  may  help  grow  the  scale  of  a  welfare  program,  it  simultaneously  presents  distortions  relative  to  the  optimal  configuration.  I  find  that  a  hospital  is  willing  to  contract  with  a  pharmacy  that  has  fewer  patients,  if  that  pharmacy  has  network  effects.  However,  while  this  encourages  an  increased  number  of  contracts,  I  find  that  the  resulting  configuration  of  pharmacies  is  not  optimal.  A  counterfactual  exercise  in  which  I  remove  these  effects  demonstrates  that  the  observed  configuration  results  in  40%  fewer  captured  patients,  and  thus  revenue  (a  7  percentage  point  decrease).
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0130.
■650  4▼aStatistics
■650  4▼aPharmaceutical  sciences
■653    ▼aSafety-net  programs
■653    ▼a340B  Drug  Pricing  Program
■653    ▼aChain  pharmacies
■653    ▼aHassle  costs
■653    ▼aVertical  integration
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0769
■690    ▼a0572
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Minnesota▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-05B.
■790    ▼a0130
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160869▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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