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Exploring Women's Experiences in State Law Enforcement: Resistance, Persistence, and Acceptance
Exploring Women's Experiences in State Law Enforcement: Resistance, Persistence, and Accep...
Exploring Women's Experiences in State Law Enforcement: Resistance, Persistence, and Acceptance

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211153132
ISBN  
9798346852452
DDC  
350
저자명  
Davis, Jill A.
서명/저자  
Exploring Womens Experiences in State Law Enforcement: Resistance, Persistence, and Acceptance
발행사항  
[Sl] : The Ohio State University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
179 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-06, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Hassan, Shahidul.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Ohio State University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Despite federal legislation prohibiting gender discrimination and recent police reforms advocating for women's full integration into law enforcement, policing in the United States persists as one of the most exclusionary occupations for women, especially at the state level (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2023; Yu & Viswanath, 2022). From the 1968 Kerner Report (Headley & Wright, 2019) to the Biden-Harris Administration (The Executive Office of the White House, 2022), policymakers and advocates have advanced the need for diverse and inclusive law enforcement organizations to create an effective, professional police institution. Outlined in President Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing, the underlying logic explicitly calls for law enforcement to diversify across its ranks, including by gender, to promote democratic policing practices and to attenuate long-standing tensions between law enforcement and communities of color (President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015). Yet to date, law enforcement, particularly at the state-level persists as one of the most male-dominated occupations (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2023; Yu & Viswanath, 2022). A large body of research in policing, criminology, public administration, and occupational sociology document the challenges policewomen confront as they build their careers (Brown et al., 2019; Davis & Hassan, 2024; Lonsway et al., 2013; Marsh, 2019; Martin, 1980; Rabe-Hemp, 2017; Sanders et al., 2022; Shjarback & Todak, 2019; Silvestri, 2017; Todak & Brown, 2019; Yu, 2015, 2018). However, most studies focus on local or federal law enforcement organizations, with few in-depth studies investigating state-level organizations (Yu & Viswanath, 2022). Furthermore, the extant literature has not fully explained why law enforcement resists gender inclusion. The principal aim of this mixed-method dissertation project is to advance the existing literature by employing socio-ecological theoretical approaches that account for both officer psychological dispositions as well as broader institutional and structural processes that help explain the persistence of women's underrepresentation in state-level law enforcement.The first quantitative study draws on Social Dominance Theory to provide a better understanding of the values and beliefs underlying policemen's negative perceptions. With survey data and using Ordinary Least Squares Regression analyses, we examine the association between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable that captures preference for group-based social hierarchy, and officers' assessment of women's suitability for law enforcement. In line with existing evidence, the analyses show that compared to policewomen, policemen provide a significantly more negative assessment of women's suitability for law enforcement. I also find that higher SDO officers report more negative assessments of women in law enforcement, and officers' diversity value partially mediates this relationship. These novel findings suggest that officers who desire to protect existing power dynamics are more likely to resist organizational diversity efforts and have more negative views about women's suitability for law enforcement.The second, qualitative study draws on Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), which accounts for gender and other forms of individual diversity related to career development (Lent & Brown, 2013). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 33 sworn policewomen, to understand how women in state-level law enforcement cope with the challenges they experience as they build their careers and what motivates them to persist despite the challenges. The study also seeks to uncover characteristics unique to state-level law enforcement that exacerbate women's underrepresentation. Aligned with SCCT, participants reported that social support, through mentorship or a higher-ranking leader, is paramount to women's success in law enforcement. Participants motivation to join law enforcement included expressing personal values and having social support from important people in their lives. These motivations also support persistence. Primary coping strategies significantly overlapped, including tenacity, "proving yourself" and performing masculinity. Participants reported ambition, women's advantage, and passion for the work as motivators to persist despite the challenges. Finally, participants believed state-level law enforcement is less gender-inclusive due to its more intense military structure, which shapes the academy, work organization, and officer physical expectations, increasing barriers for policewomen's careers and restricting avenues to gender parity.The final critical essay builds on the first two empirical chapters by incorporating theories of hegemonic masculinity (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005) and gender status (Ridgeway, 2011) to frame police reform. The critical essay argues that police reform efforts to transform law enforcement's hyper-masculine culture into a more feminized guardian culture are misguided because they inadvertently essentialize gender. By projecting gender stereotypes onto women and men, assuming that gender is biologically rooted, we perceive exaggerated differences between women's and men's behaviors and attitudes. By focusing on perceived gender differences, our attention is pulled away from the more powerful masculine social forces that define and direct organizational and individual law enforcement behaviors. By contrast, situating public safety within a public health framework can account for the interacting gendered social processes that produce occupational and individual outcomes in law enforcement. We can also innovate new, more effective and sustainable strategies to increase women's representation in law enforcement as part of a project to create safe communities.
일반주제명  
Public administration
일반주제명  
Gender studies
일반주제명  
Law enforcement
키워드  
Policing
키워드  
Gender
키워드  
Public management
키워드  
Gender discrimination
기타저자  
The Ohio State University Public Policy and Management
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-06A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  Ohio  State  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aDespite  federal  legislation  prohibiting  gender  discrimination  and  recent  police  reforms  advocating  for  women's  full  integration  into  law  enforcement,  policing  in  the  United  States  persists  as  one  of  the  most  exclusionary  occupations  for  women,  especially  at  the  state  level  (Bureau  of  Justice  Statistics,  2023;  Yu  &  Viswanath,  2022).  From  the  1968  Kerner  Report  (Headley  &  Wright,  2019)  to  the  Biden-Harris  Administration  (The  Executive  Office  of  the  White  House,  2022),  policymakers  and  advocates  have  advanced  the  need  for  diverse  and  inclusive  law  enforcement  organizations  to  create  an  effective,  professional  police  institution.  Outlined  in  President  Obama's  Task  Force  on  21st  Century  Policing,  the  underlying  logic  explicitly  calls  for  law  enforcement  to  diversify  across  its  ranks,  including  by  gender,  to  promote  democratic  policing  practices  and  to  attenuate  long-standing  tensions  between  law  enforcement  and  communities  of  color  (President's  Task  Force  on  21st  Century  Policing,  2015).  Yet  to  date,  law  enforcement,  particularly  at  the  state-level  persists  as  one  of  the  most  male-dominated  occupations  (Bureau  of  Justice  Statistics,  2023;  Yu  &  Viswanath,  2022).  A  large  body  of  research  in  policing, criminology,  public  administration,  and  occupational  sociology  document  the  challenges  policewomen  confront  as  they  build  their  careers  (Brown  et  al.,  2019;  Davis  &  Hassan,  2024;  Lonsway  et  al.,  2013;  Marsh,  2019;  Martin,  1980;  Rabe-Hemp,  2017;  Sanders  et  al.,  2022;  Shjarback  &  Todak,  2019;  Silvestri,  2017;  Todak  &  Brown,  2019;  Yu,  2015, 2018).  However,  most  studies  focus  on  local  or  federal  law  enforcement  organizations,  with  few  in-depth  studies  investigating  state-level  organizations  (Yu  &  Viswanath,  2022).  Furthermore,  the  extant  literature  has  not  fully  explained  why  law  enforcement  resists  gender  inclusion.  The  principal  aim  of  this  mixed-method  dissertation  project  is  to  advance  the  existing  literature  by  employing  socio-ecological  theoretical  approaches  that  account  for  both  officer  psychological  dispositions  as  well  as  broader  institutional  and  structural  processes  that  help  explain  the  persistence  of  women's  underrepresentation  in  state-level  law  enforcement.The  first  quantitative  study  draws  on  Social  Dominance  Theory  to  provide  a  better  understanding  of  the  values  and  beliefs  underlying  policemen's  negative  perceptions.  With  survey  data  and  using  Ordinary  Least  Squares  Regression  analyses,  we  examine  the  association  between  Social  Dominance  Orientation  (SDO),  an  individual  difference  variable  that  captures  preference  for  group-based  social  hierarchy,  and  officers'  assessment  of  women's  suitability  for  law  enforcement.  In  line  with  existing  evidence,  the  analyses  show  that  compared  to  policewomen,  policemen  provide  a  significantly  more  negative  assessment  of  women's  suitability  for  law  enforcement.  I  also  find  that  higher  SDO  officers  report  more  negative  assessments  of  women  in  law  enforcement,  and  officers'  diversity  value  partially  mediates  this  relationship.  These  novel  findings  suggest  that  officers  who  desire  to  protect  existing  power  dynamics  are  more  likely  to  resist  organizational  diversity  efforts  and  have  more  negative  views  about  women's  suitability  for  law  enforcement.The  second,  qualitative  study  draws  on  Social  Cognitive  Career  Theory  (SCCT),  which  accounts  for  gender  and  other  forms  of  individual  diversity  related  to  career  development  (Lent  &  Brown,  2013).  Data  were  collected  through  semi-structured  interviews  with  33  sworn  policewomen,  to  understand  how  women  in  state-level  law  enforcement  cope  with  the  challenges  they  experience  as  they  build  their  careers  and  what  motivates  them  to  persist  despite  the  challenges.  The  study  also  seeks  to  uncover  characteristics  unique  to  state-level  law  enforcement  that  exacerbate  women's  underrepresentation.  Aligned  with  SCCT,  participants  reported  that  social  support,  through  mentorship  or  a  higher-ranking  leader,  is  paramount  to  women's  success  in  law  enforcement.  Participants  motivation  to  join  law  enforcement  included  expressing  personal  values  and  having  social  support  from  important  people  in  their  lives.  These  motivations  also  support  persistence.  Primary  coping  strategies  significantly  overlapped,  including  tenacity,  "proving  yourself"  and  performing  masculinity.  Participants  reported  ambition,  women's  advantage,  and  passion  for  the  work  as  motivators  to  persist  despite  the  challenges.  Finally,  participants  believed  state-level  law  enforcement  is  less  gender-inclusive  due  to  its  more  intense  military  structure,  which  shapes  the  academy,  work  organization,  and  officer  physical  expectations,  increasing  barriers  for  policewomen's  careers  and  restricting  avenues  to  gender  parity.The  final  critical  essay  builds  on  the  first  two  empirical  chapters  by  incorporating  theories  of  hegemonic  masculinity  (Connell  &  Messerschmidt,  2005)  and  gender  status  (Ridgeway,  2011)  to  frame  police  reform.  The  critical  essay  argues  that  police  reform  efforts  to  transform  law  enforcement's  hyper-masculine  culture  into  a  more  feminized guardian  culture  are  misguided  because  they  inadvertently  essentialize  gender.  By  projecting  gender  stereotypes  onto  women  and  men,  assuming  that  gender  is  biologically  rooted,  we  perceive  exaggerated  differences  between  women's  and  men's  behaviors  and  attitudes.  By  focusing  on  perceived  gender  differences,  our  attention  is  pulled  away  from  the  more  powerful  masculine  social  forces  that  define  and  direct  organizational  and  individual  law  enforcement  behaviors.  By  contrast,  situating  public  safety  within  a  public  health  framework  can  account  for  the  interacting  gendered  social  processes  that  produce  occupational  and  individual  outcomes  in  law  enforcement.  We  can  also  innovate  new,  more  effective  and  sustainable  strategies  to  increase  women's  representation  in  law  enforcement  as  part  of  a  project  to  create  safe  communities.
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■650  4▼aPublic  administration
■650  4▼aGender  studies
■650  4▼aLaw  enforcement
■653    ▼aPolicing
■653    ▼aGender
■653    ▼aPublic  management
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■690    ▼a0206
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■690    ▼a0703
■71020▼aThe  Ohio  State  University▼bPublic  Policy  and  Management.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-06A.
■790    ▼a0168
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■792    ▼a2024
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■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17165171▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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