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Mechanisms of Electrical Substrate Reprogramming After Cardiac Radiotherapy
Mechanisms of Electrical Substrate Reprogramming After Cardiac Radiotherapy
Mechanisms of Electrical Substrate Reprogramming After Cardiac Radiotherapy

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151000
ISBN  
9798381960594
DDC  
574
저자명  
Zhang, David Meng.
서명/저자  
Mechanisms of Electrical Substrate Reprogramming After Cardiac Radiotherapy
발행사항  
[Sl] : Washington University in St Louis, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
126 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-09, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Rentschler, Stacey.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington University in St. Louis, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is frequently associated with morbidity in patients with heart disease and can lead to sudden cardiac death, which accounts for over 350,000 deaths per year and nearly half of all cardiovascular-related deaths in the United States. Despite its status as a major public health concern, arrhythmia management strategies are severely limited in safety and efficacy. Standards-of-care include defibrillators, anti-arrhythmic drugs, and/or ablations. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators improve survival in at-risk populations but severely reduce quality-of-life and increase risks of further-declining ventricular function. Pharmacologic interventions are limited in efficacy and have dozens of off-target effects which are major sources of morbidity and mortality. Invasive radiofrequency catheter ablations frequently fail due to anatomical factors or limitations in the physics of heat transfer to create full-thickness, gap-free ablations.Radiotherapy is a modern oncologic intervention that uses photon beams to deliver high-dose radiation, precisely and noninvasively, to any target tissue in the body. Hypothetically, ablative doses of radiation to the heart could noninvasively replicate the effect of CA, with a fibrotic response expected over months to years. Early preclinical studies that explored radiobiology for arrhythmia treatment attempted to create ablative scar by inducing mitotic catastrophe, apoptosis, and fibrosis. In these models, extremely high doses ranging from 40-160 Gy to the myocardium were sufficient to produce moderate fibrosis over a period of several months, while lower doses and earlier timeframes doses did not achieve these effects. Recent clinical evidence has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of cardiac radiotherapy for treatment of drug-refractory VT in humans. In 2017, the first case series of cardiac RT reported a 99.9% reduction in patient VT burden after only 25 Gy radiation. A subsequent 2020 prospective Phase I/II clinical trial of 19 reported a 94% reduction in episodes of VT or premature ventricular contractions after 25 Gy in patients who had either previously failed or were not eligible for CA. Several studies have now replicated these clinical results at multiple independent medical centers. In nearly all cases, VT reduction occurred within days to weeks; thus, the onset of VT reduction is inconsistent with expected and reported timeframes of radiation-induced fibrosis. As such, the mechanisms by which 25 Gy radiation sub-acutely reduces VT are unknown. In the setting of heart disease, structural and electrical heterogeneity promote areas of slow conduction in surviving myocardium, which subsequently lead to electrical reentry from delays in impulse prorogation longer than the effective refractory period. Although radiation was presumed to prevent VT by creating radiation-induced fibrosis to homogenize scar, the anti-arrhythmic effects preventing reentry could potentially be mediated through effects on enhancement and restoration of electrical conduction.Herein, I first asked whether radiation-induced fibrosis is an important radiobiologic effect in patients. Using post-mortem or explanted patient specimens previously treated with 25 Gy, I observed that radiation does not replicate the fibro-ablative effects of thermal catheter ablation. Irrespective of specimen fibrosis, all patients exhibited suppression of VT within 1 month of treatment. As a follow-up, I tested a small animal model of 25 Gy cardiac radiation and detected no evidence gross fibrosis on histology or collagen deposition at 6 weeks post-treatment. To test fibrosis-independent effects of radiation to the post-mitotic heart, I evaluated murine cardiac electrophysiology and molecular biology after radiotherapy. Within 6 weeks post-treatment, irradiated hearts exhibited enhanced electrophysiologic properties on electrocardiogram and voltage optical mapping, attributed to observed upregulations in the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5 and the gap junction subunit connexin 43. These effects were observed to occur at doses as low as 15-25 Gy and persisted for a minimum of 42 weeks, akin to an electrical reprogramming of the conducting substrate. I further demonstrated that reprogramming occurs primarily in surviving border zone myocardium and not scar myofibroblasts using a surgical model of myocardial infarction. To understand cell signaling mechanisms that may contribute to these effects, I utilized unbiased RNA sequencing of the irradiated murine ventricle and observed reactivation of the Notch signaling pathway in adult cardiomyocytes as a potential mechanistic contributor. Using an adult-inducible, cardiomyocyte-specific murine model of Notch activation, I demonstrated that transient reactivation of Notch signaling in adult left ventricles alone is sufficient to upregulate NaV1.5 for at least 1 year, and these effects correlated with persistently increased conduction velocities. To test whether Notch signaling is also necessary for conduction reprogramming, I utilized an adult-inducible Notch loss-of-function transgenic mouse model that reduced the overall effect size of conduction velocity reprogramming and NaV1.5 upregulation by 30%. Assessment of cardiomyocyte nuclei and genome accessibility revealed larger nuclear sizes in the absence of changes to DNA content, as well as chromatin compaction of cardiomyocyte DNA at 48 hours post-treatment.Within this dissertation, I demonstrate that cardiac radiotherapy regulates and reprograms cardiomyocyte electrophysiology without ablative fibrosis in human and mouse models. Herein, I further discuss therapeutic strategies for electrically-reprogramming ventricular cardiomyocytes to prevent reentry and tachycardia. Indeed, insights in cardiomyocyte radiobiology such as those presented within this dissertation are expected to lead to improvements and refinement in the cardiac radiation protocol, wider adoption of this emerging treatment technique, and potential expansion of therapy into greater arrhythmia populations.
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Biophysics
일반주제명  
Medicine
일반주제명  
Therapy
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
키워드  
Arrhythmia
키워드  
Conduction
키워드  
Notch signaling
키워드  
Radioablation
키워드  
Radiotherapy
키워드  
Reprogramming
기타저자  
Washington University in St. Louis Biology & Biomedical Sciences (Molecular Cell Biology)
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-09A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aMechanisms  of  Electrical  Substrate  Reprogramming  After  Cardiac  Radiotherapy
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■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Rentschler,  Stacey.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Washington  University  in  St.  Louis,  2024.
■520    ▼aVentricular  tachycardia  (VT)  is  frequently  associated  with  morbidity  in  patients  with  heart  disease  and  can  lead  to  sudden  cardiac  death,  which  accounts  for  over  350,000  deaths  per  year  and  nearly  half  of  all  cardiovascular-related  deaths  in  the  United  States.  Despite  its  status  as  a  major  public  health  concern,  arrhythmia  management  strategies  are  severely  limited  in  safety  and  efficacy.  Standards-of-care  include  defibrillators,  anti-arrhythmic  drugs,  and/or  ablations.  Implantable  cardioverter  defibrillators  improve  survival  in  at-risk  populations  but  severely  reduce  quality-of-life  and  increase  risks  of  further-declining  ventricular  function.  Pharmacologic  interventions  are  limited  in  efficacy  and  have  dozens  of  off-target  effects  which  are  major  sources  of  morbidity  and  mortality.  Invasive  radiofrequency  catheter  ablations  frequently  fail  due  to  anatomical  factors  or  limitations  in  the  physics  of  heat  transfer  to  create  full-thickness,  gap-free  ablations.Radiotherapy  is  a  modern  oncologic  intervention  that  uses  photon  beams  to  deliver  high-dose  radiation,  precisely  and  noninvasively,  to  any  target  tissue  in  the  body.  Hypothetically,  ablative  doses  of  radiation  to  the  heart  could  noninvasively  replicate  the  effect  of  CA,  with  a  fibrotic  response  expected  over  months  to  years.  Early  preclinical  studies  that  explored  radiobiology  for  arrhythmia  treatment  attempted  to  create  ablative  scar  by  inducing  mitotic  catastrophe,  apoptosis,  and  fibrosis.  In  these  models,  extremely  high  doses  ranging  from  40-160  Gy  to  the  myocardium  were  sufficient  to  produce  moderate  fibrosis  over  a  period  of  several  months,  while  lower  doses  and  earlier  timeframes  doses  did  not  achieve  these  effects.  Recent  clinical  evidence  has  demonstrated  the  safety  and  efficacy  of  cardiac  radiotherapy  for  treatment  of  drug-refractory  VT  in  humans.  In  2017,  the  first  case  series  of  cardiac  RT  reported  a  99.9%  reduction  in  patient  VT  burden  after  only  25  Gy  radiation.  A  subsequent  2020  prospective  Phase  I/II  clinical  trial  of  19  reported  a  94%  reduction  in  episodes  of  VT  or  premature  ventricular  contractions  after  25  Gy  in  patients  who  had  either  previously  failed  or  were  not  eligible  for  CA.  Several  studies  have  now  replicated  these  clinical  results  at  multiple  independent  medical  centers.  In  nearly  all  cases,  VT  reduction  occurred  within  days  to  weeks;  thus,  the  onset  of  VT  reduction  is  inconsistent  with  expected  and  reported  timeframes  of  radiation-induced  fibrosis.  As  such,  the  mechanisms  by  which  25  Gy  radiation  sub-acutely  reduces  VT  are  unknown.  In  the  setting  of  heart  disease,  structural  and  electrical  heterogeneity  promote  areas  of  slow  conduction  in  surviving  myocardium,  which  subsequently  lead  to  electrical  reentry  from  delays  in  impulse  prorogation  longer  than  the  effective  refractory  period.  Although  radiation  was  presumed  to  prevent  VT  by  creating  radiation-induced  fibrosis  to  homogenize  scar,  the  anti-arrhythmic  effects  preventing  reentry  could  potentially  be  mediated  through  effects  on  enhancement  and  restoration  of  electrical  conduction.Herein,  I  first  asked  whether  radiation-induced  fibrosis  is  an  important  radiobiologic  effect  in  patients.  Using  post-mortem  or  explanted  patient  specimens  previously  treated  with  25  Gy,  I  observed  that  radiation  does  not  replicate  the  fibro-ablative  effects  of  thermal  catheter  ablation.  Irrespective  of  specimen  fibrosis,  all  patients  exhibited  suppression  of  VT  within  1  month  of  treatment.  As  a  follow-up,  I  tested  a  small  animal  model  of  25  Gy  cardiac  radiation  and  detected  no  evidence  gross  fibrosis  on  histology  or  collagen  deposition  at  6  weeks  post-treatment.  To  test  fibrosis-independent  effects  of  radiation  to  the  post-mitotic  heart,  I  evaluated  murine  cardiac  electrophysiology  and  molecular  biology  after  radiotherapy.  Within  6  weeks  post-treatment,  irradiated  hearts  exhibited  enhanced  electrophysiologic  properties  on  electrocardiogram  and  voltage  optical  mapping,  attributed  to  observed  upregulations  in  the  cardiac  sodium  channel  NaV1.5  and  the  gap  junction  subunit  connexin  43.  These  effects  were  observed  to  occur  at  doses  as  low  as  15-25  Gy  and  persisted  for  a  minimum  of  42  weeks,  akin  to  an  electrical  reprogramming  of  the  conducting  substrate.  I  further  demonstrated  that  reprogramming  occurs  primarily  in  surviving  border  zone  myocardium  and  not  scar  myofibroblasts  using  a  surgical  model  of  myocardial  infarction.  To  understand  cell  signaling  mechanisms  that  may  contribute  to  these  effects,  I  utilized  unbiased  RNA  sequencing  of  the  irradiated  murine  ventricle  and  observed  reactivation  of  the  Notch  signaling  pathway  in  adult  cardiomyocytes  as  a  potential  mechanistic  contributor.  Using  an  adult-inducible,  cardiomyocyte-specific  murine  model  of  Notch  activation,  I  demonstrated  that  transient  reactivation  of  Notch  signaling  in  adult  left  ventricles  alone  is  sufficient  to  upregulate  NaV1.5  for  at  least  1  year,  and  these  effects  correlated  with  persistently  increased  conduction  velocities.  To  test  whether  Notch  signaling  is  also  necessary  for  conduction  reprogramming,  I  utilized  an  adult-inducible  Notch  loss-of-function  transgenic  mouse  model  that  reduced  the  overall  effect  size  of  conduction  velocity  reprogramming  and  NaV1.5  upregulation  by  30%.  Assessment  of  cardiomyocyte  nuclei  and  genome  accessibility  revealed  larger  nuclear  sizes  in  the  absence  of  changes  to  DNA  content,  as  well  as  chromatin  compaction  of  cardiomyocyte  DNA  at  48  hours  post-treatment.Within  this  dissertation,  I  demonstrate  that  cardiac  radiotherapy  regulates  and  reprograms  cardiomyocyte  electrophysiology  without  ablative  fibrosis  in  human  and  mouse  models.  Herein,  I  further  discuss  therapeutic  strategies  for  electrically-reprogramming  ventricular  cardiomyocytes  to  prevent  reentry  and  tachycardia.  Indeed,  insights  in  cardiomyocyte  radiobiology  such  as  those  presented  within  this  dissertation  are  expected  to  lead  to  improvements  and  refinement  in  the  cardiac  radiation  protocol,  wider  adoption  of  this  emerging  treatment  technique,  and  potential  expansion  of  therapy  into  greater  arrhythmia  populations.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0252.
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aBiophysics
■650  4▼aMedicine
■650  4▼aTherapy
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■653    ▼aArrhythmia
■653    ▼aConduction
■653    ▼aNotch  signaling
■653    ▼aRadioablation
■653    ▼aRadiotherapy
■653    ▼aReprogramming
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■690    ▼a0786
■690    ▼a0564
■690    ▼a0212
■690    ▼a0307
■71020▼aWashington  University  in  St.  Louis▼bBiology  &  Biomedical  Sciences  (Molecular  Cell  Biology).
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-09A.
■790    ▼a0252
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160337▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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