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Taming the Halogens Using Metal-Organic Frameworks
Taming the Halogens Using Metal-Organic Frameworks
Taming the Halogens Using Metal-Organic Frameworks

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151507
ISBN  
9798384047469
DDC  
540
저자명  
Azbell, Tyler.
서명/저자  
Taming the Halogens Using Metal-Organic Frameworks
발행사항  
[Sl] : Cornell University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
454 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Includes supplementary digital materials.
주기사항  
Advisor: Milner, Phillip.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Cornell University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Fluorinated and chlorinated molecules represent 30% of active pharmaceuticals and 40% of agrochemicals due to their improved metabolic stabilities and lipophilicities compared to their non-halogenated analogues. However, the selective installation of these elements is challenging due to the uncontrollable reactivity of halogenating molecules, which are often toxic gasses or prohibitively unstable reagents. Therefore, the bulk of my graduate research has focused on the development of novel materials for the safe handling of the halogens, imparting tunable synthetic control and thus "taming" their reactivity. These materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are porous, crystalline, insoluble solids constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes. Their tunable structures at both their metal secondary building unit (SBU) and organic linkers impart MOFs with inherent utility, allowing for tunable host-guest interactions such as gas capture and catalysis. Larger ( 10 A) pore MOFs facilitate diffusion of substrates throughout the material, and the insoluble nature of MOFs begets advantages implicit to heterogeneous materials when considering catalytic utility. Using MOFs to sequester dangerous gasses is well-established in the literature, but few examples employ MOFs as heterogenous catalysts in tandem with toxic gas/reagent delivery. My graduate research has focused on the synthesis of MOFs that are unique in their ability to not only retain crucial material properties after exposure to elemental halogens, but also deliver the sequestered halogen to a synthetic target and drive the catalytic halogenation of a range of organic molecules. Additionally, I have devised a novel strategy for the solvent-free preparation of these MOFs on scale, alleviating the use of toxic solvents and shortening the synthesis time from 17 days to 1 day.The existing lexicon of MOFs known to be stable to the elemental halogens is limited - primarily observed are MOFs with organic linkers that contain alkenes and alkynes, which have been dibrom- and hydro-brominated to afford novel halogenated materials. The first chapter of this thesis explores work done in a collaborative effort with fellow graduate student Ruth Mandel, in which we have demonstrated the first dichlorination of alkene-containing linkers in a MOF. The family of MOFs studied for this reaction are based on Zr6(O)4(OH)4 clusters bridged by six carboxylate linkers, known commonly as the UiO (Universitetet i Oslo) topology. This isoreticular series of materials was synthesized hydrothermally and screened via dosing with chlorine gas. The frameworks MOF-801 (Zr6(O)4(OH)4(fumarate)6), also referred to as Zr-fum and Zr6(O)4(OH)4(SDC)6 (SDC2− = stilbene dicarboxylate, 4,4'-(ethene-1,2- diyl)dibenzoate), also known as Zr-stilbene, were both found to reversibly react with chlorine gas to form their dechlorinated congeners without undergoing decomposition. 77 K N2 sorption data fit using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX/EDS) and powder X-ray diffraction were used to confirm that the frameworks retain their materials properties and thus remain suitable for grafting to fabric for PPE. A stainless-steel manifold, assembled to controllably dose materials with known quantities of reactive gasses, was used to demonstrate the reactivity of Zr-fum and Zr-stilbene towards chlorine at relatively low pressures of the gas. However, while these materials demonstrate characteristics suitable for PPE, the irreversible nature of their Cl2 capture precludes them from catalytic applications.Through the work outlined in the second chapter of this thesis, I establish the first reported examples of catalytic nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) performed in a MOF. While the organic linker components of MOFs offer a platform to capture the halogens irreversibly, there exist MOFs with coordinatively unsaturated, or, open-metal site MOFs that offer an intriguing platform for reversible halogen capture, and thus catalysis. Indeed, I have demonstrated that the open-metal site MOF Co2Cl2(btdd) (btdd2− = bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4',5'-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin) can be oxidized with a range of elemental halogens and their oxidative analogues to provide a family of novel halogenated frameworks, Co2F2Cl2(btdd), Co2Cl4(btdd), Co2Br2Cl2(btdd), Co2I2Cl2(btdd). These frameworks, bearing highly nucleophilic halogens bound to Co(III) centers were used to catalytically derivatize a range of pharmaceutically relevant electron-deficient (hetero)aryl bromides to their corresponding fluorinated and chlorinated analogues. I also performed reactions in flow, and explored the recyclability and scalability of these MOF catalysts. While my report of nucleophilic catalysis with MOFs is the first of its kind, I expect future projects based on this report to explore a wide range of different nucleophiles appended in MOFs.Finally, I report on the scalable, rapid, and solvent-free synthesis method for accessing MOFs that I developed early in my graduate studies and utilized for all subsequent projects. This ionothermal method takes advantage of the low (200 ºC) melting-points of the metal-halide salts used as precursors in the syntheses of robust azolate- and salicylate-based MOFs. This method cuts the lead time down from 17 days to 48 hours for most MOFs, and is also a means to access novel MOFs otherwise inaccessible by traditional means. I report the first synthesis of two Fe(III) salicylate frameworks, confirmed via Mossbauer spectroscopy in collaboration with Dr. Melissa Bollmeyer of Professor Kyle Lancaster's research group. This ionothermal method has been subsequently adopted by members of the Milner lab and the MOF community at large as a sustainable alternative to traditional synthesis routes.Additionally, my graduate work has necessitated an understanding of solid-state magnetometry that is niche but necessary for certain projects the Milner lab. The appendix of this thesis serves as a 'beginner's guide' to processing magnetometry data to extract data meaningful to future members of the Milner lab.
일반주제명  
Chemistry
일반주제명  
Inorganic chemistry
일반주제명  
Molecular chemistry
키워드  
Catalysis
키워드  
Halogens
키워드  
Metal-organic frameworks
키워드  
Synthesis
키워드  
Secondary building unit
기타저자  
Cornell University Chemistry and Chemical Biology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aAzbell,  Tyler.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-3529-9789
■24510▼aTaming  the  Halogens  Using  Metal-Organic  Frameworks
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bCornell  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a454  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aIncludes  supplementary  digital  materials.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Milner,  Phillip.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Cornell  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aFluorinated  and  chlorinated  molecules  represent  30%  of  active  pharmaceuticals  and  40%  of  agrochemicals  due  to  their  improved  metabolic  stabilities  and  lipophilicities  compared  to  their  non-halogenated  analogues.  However,  the  selective  installation  of  these  elements  is  challenging  due  to  the  uncontrollable  reactivity  of  halogenating  molecules,  which  are  often  toxic  gasses  or  prohibitively  unstable  reagents.  Therefore,  the  bulk  of  my  graduate  research  has  focused  on  the  development  of  novel  materials  for  the  safe  handling  of  the  halogens,  imparting  tunable  synthetic  control  and  thus  "taming"  their  reactivity.  These  materials,  metal-organic  frameworks  (MOFs),  are  porous,  crystalline,  insoluble  solids  constructed  from  organic  linkers  and  inorganic  nodes.  Their  tunable  structures  at  both  their  metal  secondary  building  unit  (SBU)  and  organic  linkers  impart  MOFs  with  inherent  utility,  allowing  for  tunable  host-guest  interactions  such  as  gas  capture  and  catalysis.  Larger  (  10  A)  pore  MOFs  facilitate  diffusion  of  substrates  throughout  the  material,  and  the  insoluble  nature  of  MOFs  begets  advantages  implicit  to  heterogeneous  materials  when  considering  catalytic  utility.  Using  MOFs  to  sequester  dangerous  gasses  is  well-established  in  the  literature,  but  few  examples  employ  MOFs  as  heterogenous  catalysts  in  tandem  with  toxic  gas/reagent  delivery.  My  graduate  research  has  focused  on  the  synthesis  of  MOFs  that  are  unique  in  their  ability  to  not  only  retain  crucial  material  properties  after  exposure  to  elemental  halogens,  but  also  deliver  the  sequestered  halogen  to  a  synthetic  target  and  drive  the  catalytic  halogenation  of  a range  of  organic  molecules.  Additionally,  I  have  devised  a  novel  strategy  for  the  solvent-free  preparation  of  these  MOFs  on  scale,  alleviating  the  use  of  toxic  solvents  and  shortening  the  synthesis  time  from  17  days  to  1  day.The  existing  lexicon  of  MOFs  known  to  be  stable  to  the  elemental  halogens  is  limited  -  primarily  observed  are  MOFs  with  organic  linkers  that  contain  alkenes  and  alkynes,  which  have  been  dibrom-  and  hydro-brominated  to  afford  novel  halogenated  materials.  The  first  chapter  of  this  thesis  explores  work  done  in  a  collaborative  effort  with  fellow  graduate  student  Ruth  Mandel,  in  which  we  have  demonstrated  the  first  dichlorination  of  alkene-containing  linkers  in  a  MOF.  The  family  of  MOFs  studied  for  this  reaction  are  based  on  Zr6(O)4(OH)4  clusters  bridged  by  six  carboxylate  linkers,  known  commonly  as  the  UiO  (Universitetet  i  Oslo)  topology.  This  isoreticular  series  of  materials  was  synthesized  hydrothermally  and  screened  via  dosing  with  chlorine  gas.  The  frameworks  MOF-801  (Zr6(O)4(OH)4(fumarate)6),  also  referred  to  as  Zr-fum  and  Zr6(O)4(OH)4(SDC)6  (SDC2−  =  stilbene  dicarboxylate,  4,4'-(ethene-1,2-  diyl)dibenzoate),  also  known  as  Zr-stilbene,  were  both  found  to  reversibly  react  with  chlorine  gas  to  form  their  dechlorinated  congeners  without  undergoing  decomposition.  77  K  N2  sorption  data  fit  using  the  Brunauer-Emmett-Teller  (BET)  model,  scanning  electron  microscopy  (SEM)  and  energy-dispersive  X-ray  spectroscopy  (EDX/EDS)  and  powder  X-ray  diffraction  were  used  to  confirm  that  the  frameworks  retain  their  materials  properties  and  thus  remain  suitable  for  grafting  to  fabric  for  PPE.  A  stainless-steel  manifold,  assembled  to  controllably  dose  materials  with  known  quantities  of  reactive  gasses,  was  used  to  demonstrate  the  reactivity  of  Zr-fum  and  Zr-stilbene  towards  chlorine  at  relatively  low  pressures  of  the  gas.  However,  while  these  materials  demonstrate  characteristics  suitable  for  PPE,  the  irreversible  nature  of  their  Cl2  capture  precludes  them  from  catalytic  applications.Through  the  work  outlined  in  the  second  chapter  of  this  thesis,  I  establish  the  first  reported  examples  of  catalytic  nucleophilic  aromatic  substitution  (SNAr)  performed  in  a  MOF.  While  the  organic  linker  components  of  MOFs  offer  a  platform  to  capture  the  halogens  irreversibly,  there  exist  MOFs  with  coordinatively  unsaturated,  or,  open-metal  site  MOFs  that  offer  an  intriguing  platform  for  reversible  halogen  capture,  and  thus  catalysis.  Indeed,  I  have  demonstrated  that  the  open-metal  site  MOF  Co2Cl2(btdd)  (btdd2−  =  bis(1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b],[4',5'-i])dibenzo[1,4]dioxin)  can  be  oxidized  with  a  range  of  elemental  halogens  and  their  oxidative  analogues  to  provide  a  family  of  novel  halogenated  frameworks,  Co2F2Cl2(btdd),  Co2Cl4(btdd),  Co2Br2Cl2(btdd),  Co2I2Cl2(btdd).  These  frameworks,  bearing  highly  nucleophilic  halogens  bound  to  Co(III)  centers  were  used  to  catalytically  derivatize  a  range  of  pharmaceutically  relevant  electron-deficient  (hetero)aryl  bromides  to  their  corresponding  fluorinated  and  chlorinated  analogues.  I  also  performed  reactions  in  flow,  and  explored  the  recyclability  and  scalability  of  these  MOF  catalysts.  While  my  report  of  nucleophilic  catalysis  with  MOFs  is  the  first  of  its  kind,  I  expect  future  projects  based  on  this  report  to  explore  a  wide  range  of  different  nucleophiles  appended  in  MOFs.Finally,  I  report  on  the  scalable,  rapid,  and  solvent-free  synthesis  method  for  accessing  MOFs  that  I  developed  early  in  my  graduate  studies  and  utilized  for  all  subsequent  projects.  This  ionothermal  method  takes  advantage  of  the  low  (200  ºC)  melting-points  of  the  metal-halide  salts  used  as  precursors  in  the  syntheses  of  robust  azolate-  and  salicylate-based  MOFs.  This  method  cuts  the  lead  time  down  from  17  days  to  48  hours for  most  MOFs,  and  is  also  a  means  to  access  novel  MOFs  otherwise  inaccessible  by  traditional  means.  I  report  the  first  synthesis  of  two  Fe(III)  salicylate  frameworks,  confirmed  via  Mossbauer  spectroscopy  in  collaboration  with  Dr.  Melissa  Bollmeyer  of  Professor  Kyle  Lancaster's  research  group.  This  ionothermal  method  has  been  subsequently  adopted  by  members  of  the  Milner  lab  and  the  MOF  community  at  large  as  a  sustainable  alternative  to  traditional  synthesis  routes.Additionally,  my  graduate  work  has  necessitated  an  understanding  of  solid-state  magnetometry  that  is  niche  but  necessary  for  certain  projects  the  Milner  lab.  The  appendix  of  this  thesis  serves  as  a  'beginner's  guide'  to  processing  magnetometry  data  to  extract  data  meaningful  to  future  members  of  the  Milner  lab.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0058.
■650  4▼aChemistry
■650  4▼aInorganic  chemistry
■650  4▼aMolecular  chemistry
■653    ▼aCatalysis
■653    ▼aHalogens
■653    ▼aMetal-organic  frameworks
■653    ▼aSynthesis
■653    ▼aSecondary  building  unit
■690    ▼a0485
■690    ▼a0488
■690    ▼a0431
■71020▼aCornell  University▼bChemistry  and  Chemical  Biology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0058
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161955▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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