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Advancing Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Through a Mechanistic Understanding of Viruses in Wastewater
Advancing Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Through a Mechanistic Understanding of Viruses in ...
Advancing Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Through a Mechanistic Understanding of Viruses in Wastewater

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152953
ISBN  
9798384042068
DDC  
614.4
저자명  
Kazmer, Kate R.
서명/저자  
Advancing Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Through a Mechanistic Understanding of Viruses in Wastewater
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Michigan, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
183 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Wigginton, Krista R.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Some of the world's most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, including COVID-19, smallpox, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, and influenza. In modern times, we track viral diseases in an effort to prevent infections. In the U.S., there are a number of clinical surveillance networks for viral diseases at both the federal and state levels; however, these systems are limited to a small number of infectious diseases and rely on the availability of approved testing protocols and materials, reliable reporting infrastructure, and that infected persons seek testing. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has recently increased in popularity due to its ability to test one composite wastewater sample for virus targets in a sewershed. This is a relatively low-cost, high-throughput method that accounts for asymptomatic carriers and does not rely on robust clinical testing or an individual seeking care. Despite the vast number of WBE studies that have been carried out since the emergence of COVID-19, fundamental questions remain about the presence and behavior of viruses in wastewater. This dissertation sheds light on advancing WBE to new targets, analyzing viral signals and their decay in wastewater, and better defining the composite wastewater samples used to measure virus trends.The first chapter of this dissertation demonstrates that WBE can be expanded to new respiratory virus targets, namely respiratory human adenovirus (HAdV). Human adenovirus types 40/41, which typically cause gastrointestinal illness, were most abundant in wastewater. Nonetheless, specific assays targeting respiratory adenoviruses in wastewater revealed an outbreak in the local community. The findings are valuable for public health to identify and type respiratory HAdV outbreaks earlier than when clinical specimens are sent for sequencing. The second chapter of this dissertation answers important remaining questions about the stability of viral RNA and DNA in municipal wastewater. Specifically, the persistence of the nucleic acids was quantified both when the nucleic acids were within the virus capsid (i.e. encapsidated) and when the nucleic acids were outside of the virus capsid (i.e. extraviral). The results demonstrate that encapsidated viral genomes are relatively stable in wastewater and persist for days. Extraviral genomes, however, decay over 99% after minutes (RNA) or hours (DNA). Ultimately, the decay kinetics of the encapsidated genome was compared to the virus inactivation kinetics and the results suggest the nucleic acid signal in wastewater disappeared shortly after the viruses lost infectivity. The findings have important implications for interpreting WBE measurements, and also for when molecular measurements are used to predict the presence and concentration of infectious viruses in wastewater (i.e. HuNoV measurements for potable reuse). The third and final research chapter focuses on the implications of the type of samples used for WBE. Wastewater surveillance samples are commonly collected as either composite influent samples or as primary settled solids samples collected from the underflow of primary clarifiers. Whereas the representativeness of 24-hour composite influent samples is well-defined, this is not the case for samples collected from primary clarifiers. This study characterized the mean age of primary settled solids in two wastewater treatment plants over two seasons. The findings suggest that there is wide variation in solids ages across clarifiers, seasons, and treatment plants on the order of several hours to several days. The sample ages are reflected in the SARS-CoV-2 trends observed in paired influent and primary solids samples collected at both treatment plants. Taken together, this dissertation research improves our understanding of the mechanisms behind WBE that govern viruses in the wastewater environment and facilitates the surveillance of new targets with either influent or primary solids samples.
일반주제명  
Epidemiology
일반주제명  
Virology
키워드  
Virus
키워드  
Wastewater-based epidemiology
키워드  
Adenovirus
키워드  
Decay
키워드  
Settled solids
기타저자  
University of Michigan Environmental Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Michigan,  2024.
■520    ▼aSome  of  the  world's  most  virulent  diseases  are  caused  by  viruses,  including  COVID-19,  smallpox,  Ebola,  HIV/AIDS,  and  influenza.  In  modern  times,  we  track  viral  diseases  in  an  effort  to  prevent  infections.  In  the  U.S.,  there  are  a  number  of  clinical  surveillance  networks  for  viral  diseases  at  both  the  federal  and  state  levels;  however,  these  systems  are  limited  to  a  small  number  of  infectious  diseases  and  rely  on  the  availability  of  approved  testing  protocols  and  materials,  reliable  reporting  infrastructure,  and  that  infected  persons  seek  testing.  Wastewater-based  epidemiology  (WBE)  has  recently  increased  in  popularity  due  to  its  ability  to  test  one  composite  wastewater  sample  for  virus  targets  in  a  sewershed.  This  is  a  relatively  low-cost,  high-throughput  method  that  accounts  for  asymptomatic  carriers  and  does  not  rely  on  robust  clinical  testing  or  an  individual  seeking  care.  Despite  the  vast  number  of  WBE  studies  that  have  been  carried  out  since  the  emergence  of  COVID-19,  fundamental  questions  remain  about  the  presence  and  behavior  of  viruses  in  wastewater.  This  dissertation  sheds  light  on  advancing  WBE  to  new  targets,  analyzing  viral  signals  and  their  decay  in  wastewater,  and  better  defining  the  composite  wastewater  samples  used  to  measure  virus  trends.The  first  chapter  of  this  dissertation  demonstrates  that  WBE  can  be  expanded  to  new  respiratory  virus  targets,  namely  respiratory  human  adenovirus  (HAdV).  Human  adenovirus  types  40/41,  which  typically  cause  gastrointestinal  illness,  were  most  abundant  in  wastewater.  Nonetheless,  specific  assays  targeting  respiratory  adenoviruses  in  wastewater  revealed  an  outbreak  in  the  local  community.  The  findings  are  valuable  for  public  health  to  identify  and  type  respiratory  HAdV  outbreaks  earlier  than  when  clinical  specimens  are  sent  for  sequencing.  The  second  chapter  of  this  dissertation  answers  important  remaining  questions  about  the  stability  of  viral  RNA  and  DNA  in  municipal  wastewater.  Specifically,  the  persistence  of  the  nucleic  acids  was  quantified  both  when  the  nucleic  acids  were  within  the  virus  capsid  (i.e.  encapsidated)  and  when  the  nucleic  acids  were  outside  of  the  virus  capsid  (i.e.  extraviral).  The  results  demonstrate  that  encapsidated  viral  genomes  are  relatively  stable  in  wastewater  and  persist  for  days.  Extraviral  genomes,  however,  decay  over  99%  after  minutes  (RNA)  or  hours  (DNA).  Ultimately,  the  decay  kinetics  of  the  encapsidated  genome  was  compared  to  the  virus  inactivation  kinetics  and  the  results  suggest  the  nucleic  acid  signal  in  wastewater  disappeared  shortly  after  the  viruses  lost  infectivity.  The  findings  have  important  implications  for  interpreting  WBE  measurements,  and  also  for  when  molecular  measurements  are  used  to  predict  the  presence  and  concentration  of  infectious  viruses  in  wastewater  (i.e.  HuNoV  measurements  for  potable  reuse).  The  third  and  final  research  chapter  focuses  on  the  implications  of  the  type  of  samples  used  for  WBE.  Wastewater  surveillance  samples  are  commonly  collected  as  either  composite  influent  samples  or  as  primary  settled  solids  samples  collected  from  the  underflow  of  primary  clarifiers.  Whereas  the  representativeness  of  24-hour  composite  influent  samples  is  well-defined,  this  is  not  the  case  for  samples  collected  from  primary  clarifiers.  This  study  characterized  the  mean  age  of  primary  settled  solids  in  two  wastewater  treatment  plants  over  two  seasons.  The  findings  suggest  that  there  is  wide  variation  in  solids  ages  across  clarifiers,  seasons,  and  treatment  plants  on  the  order  of  several  hours  to  several  days.  The  sample  ages  are  reflected  in  the  SARS-CoV-2  trends  observed  in  paired  influent  and  primary  solids  samples  collected  at  both  treatment  plants.  Taken  together,  this  dissertation  research  improves  our  understanding  of  the  mechanisms  behind  WBE  that  govern  viruses  in  the  wastewater  environment  and  facilitates  the  surveillance  of  new  targets  with  either  influent  or  primary  solids  samples.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0127.
■650  4▼aEpidemiology
■650  4▼aVirology
■653    ▼aVirus
■653    ▼aWastewater-based  epidemiology
■653    ▼aAdenovirus
■653    ▼aDecay
■653    ▼aSettled  solids
■690    ▼a0543
■690    ▼a0720
■690    ▼a0766
■690    ▼a0474
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Michigan▼bEnvironmental  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0127
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164364▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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