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Essays in Public Economics and Development
Essays in Public Economics and Development
Essays in Public Economics and Development

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151132
ISBN  
9798382260273
DDC  
320
저자명  
Lal, Parijat.
서명/저자  
Essays in Public Economics and Development
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
215 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-10, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Best, Michael C.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation is motivated by the study of economic development and inequality within and across nations. Spanning topics in labor and public economics, this collection of papers speaks to two overarching themes: (i) how the distribution of power affects economic outcomes, and (ii) how governments can mobilize resources and spend them effectively.In Chapter 1, I study how the allocation of ownership and control rights within firms affect responses to economic shocks. To shed light on this issue, I study the heterogeneous effects of a pro-competitive reform on cooperative manufacturing firms and their non-cooperative counterparts in India. The reform removed firm-size restrictions on the production of "reserved" items, increasing competition for incumbents in "de-reserved" product markets. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I find that supplier cooperatives (SCs), owned and controlled by producer-members who supply material inputs, are resilient to the shock in terms of total revenue and move away from the production of de-reserved items. SCs increase their share of income spent on materials relative to similarly sized non-cooperatives in the same industry and location, with some evidence of downward adjustments in labor spending. These cooperatives are able to withstand competitive pressure from entrants while broadly catering to the interests of their membership. On the other hand, worker cooperatives (WCs), owned and controlled by worker-members employed at the firm, face a sharp decline in revenue due to de-reservation, unlike their non-cooperative counterparts. A potential channel behind these results is that WCs are less likely to respond by picking up items that are not directly affected by the reform. Spending on labor does not fall as much as revenue for WCs, which is in line with the immediate interests of membership, but adjustments to labor inputs vary sigificantly across employment categories.In the following chapter, my co-author, Utkarsh Kumar, and I study the equilibrium effects of subsidizing public services in the presence of vertically differentiated public and private suppliers. We evaluate one of India's largest welfare schemes, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), which subsidized childbirth at public health institutions. JSY did not improve health outcomes despite a substantial increase in take-up of institutional care. We document three equilibrium responses that explain this policy failure. First, JSY led to a mismatch in patient risk across health facilities. High-risk mothers sorted out of the highest-quality care at private facilities and into lower-quality public facilities. Second, in response to congestion and deterioration of care at public hospitals, only mothers with high socio-economic status sorted out of congested public facilities into more expensive private facilities. Third, private hospitals increased prices without improvements in healthcare quality in a specific subset of states, further crowding out high-risk and poor mothers. These findings point to the need for complementary public policies in addition to JSY.In Chapter 3, I, along with my co-authors, Alexander Klemm and Li Liu, explore the increasingly prominent position of services in international trade and their potential to facilitate tax-driven reporting and reallocation of economic activity. Given their potential in countering this form of base erosion, withholding taxes (WHTs) on payments for services have featured extensively in ongoing reforms of the international tax architecture. The rationale behind WHTs is to preserve some taxation rights in the source country given their straightforward application, which is particularly important for low-income countries in the absence of more effective rules. We build a simple model of reporting decisions when firms have economic activities in one country and affiliates in others. We then test the predictions of this model using newly compiled data on treaty and non-treaty rates for 120+ countries over 2009-2021. Our findings indicate that while there is no significant relationship between WHTs and services trade in general, these taxes do have a strong negative impact on services imports from known low-tax jurisdictions, when base erosion is a particular concern.
일반주제명  
Public policy
일반주제명  
Statistics
키워드  
Cooperatives
키워드  
Economic development
키워드  
India
키워드  
Industrial policy
키워드  
Taxation
기타저자  
Columbia University Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-10B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■24510▼aEssays  in  Public  Economics  and  Development
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
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■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-10,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Best,  Michael  C.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  is  motivated  by  the  study  of  economic  development  and  inequality  within  and  across  nations.  Spanning  topics  in  labor  and  public  economics,  this  collection  of  papers  speaks  to  two  overarching  themes:  (i)  how  the  distribution  of  power  affects  economic  outcomes,  and  (ii)  how  governments  can  mobilize  resources  and  spend  them  effectively.In  Chapter  1,  I  study  how  the  allocation  of  ownership  and  control  rights  within  firms  affect  responses  to  economic  shocks.  To  shed  light  on  this  issue,  I  study  the  heterogeneous  effects  of  a  pro-competitive  reform  on  cooperative  manufacturing  firms  and  their  non-cooperative  counterparts  in  India.  The  reform  removed  firm-size  restrictions  on  the  production  of  "reserved"  items,  increasing  competition  for  incumbents  in  "de-reserved"  product  markets.  Using  a  difference-in-differences  approach,  I  find  that  supplier  cooperatives  (SCs),  owned  and  controlled  by  producer-members  who  supply  material  inputs,  are  resilient  to  the  shock  in  terms  of  total  revenue  and  move  away  from  the  production  of  de-reserved  items.  SCs  increase  their  share  of  income  spent  on  materials  relative  to  similarly  sized  non-cooperatives  in  the  same  industry  and  location,  with  some  evidence  of  downward  adjustments  in  labor  spending.  These  cooperatives  are  able  to  withstand  competitive  pressure  from  entrants  while  broadly  catering  to  the  interests  of  their  membership.  On  the  other  hand,  worker  cooperatives  (WCs),  owned  and  controlled  by  worker-members  employed  at  the  firm,  face  a  sharp  decline  in  revenue  due  to  de-reservation,  unlike  their  non-cooperative  counterparts.  A  potential  channel  behind  these  results  is  that  WCs  are  less  likely  to  respond  by  picking  up  items  that  are  not  directly  affected  by  the  reform.  Spending  on  labor  does  not  fall  as  much  as  revenue  for  WCs,  which  is  in  line  with  the  immediate  interests  of  membership,  but  adjustments  to  labor  inputs  vary  sigificantly  across  employment  categories.In  the  following  chapter,  my  co-author,  Utkarsh  Kumar,  and  I  study  the  equilibrium  effects  of  subsidizing  public  services  in  the  presence  of  vertically  differentiated  public  and  private  suppliers.  We  evaluate  one  of  India's  largest  welfare  schemes,  Janani  Suraksha  Yojana  (JSY),  which  subsidized  childbirth  at  public  health  institutions.  JSY  did  not  improve  health  outcomes  despite  a  substantial  increase  in  take-up  of  institutional  care.  We  document  three  equilibrium  responses  that  explain  this  policy  failure.  First,  JSY  led  to  a  mismatch  in  patient  risk  across  health  facilities.  High-risk  mothers  sorted  out  of  the  highest-quality  care  at  private  facilities  and  into  lower-quality  public  facilities.  Second,  in  response  to  congestion  and  deterioration  of  care  at  public  hospitals,  only  mothers  with  high  socio-economic  status  sorted  out  of  congested  public  facilities  into  more  expensive  private  facilities.  Third,  private  hospitals  increased  prices  without  improvements  in  healthcare  quality  in  a  specific  subset  of  states,  further  crowding  out  high-risk  and  poor  mothers.  These  findings  point  to  the  need  for  complementary  public  policies  in  addition  to  JSY.In  Chapter  3,  I,  along  with  my  co-authors,  Alexander  Klemm  and  Li  Liu,  explore  the  increasingly  prominent  position  of  services  in  international  trade  and  their  potential  to  facilitate  tax-driven  reporting  and  reallocation  of  economic  activity.  Given  their  potential  in  countering  this  form  of  base  erosion,  withholding  taxes  (WHTs)  on  payments  for  services  have  featured  extensively  in  ongoing  reforms  of  the  international  tax  architecture.  The  rationale  behind  WHTs  is  to  preserve  some  taxation  rights  in  the  source  country  given  their  straightforward  application,  which  is  particularly  important  for  low-income  countries  in  the  absence  of  more  effective  rules.  We  build  a  simple  model  of  reporting  decisions  when  firms  have  economic  activities  in  one  country  and  affiliates  in  others.  We  then  test  the  predictions  of  this  model  using  newly  compiled  data  on  treaty  and  non-treaty  rates  for  120+  countries  over  2009-2021.  Our  findings  indicate  that  while  there  is  no  significant  relationship  between  WHTs  and  services  trade  in  general,  these  taxes  do  have  a  strong  negative  impact  on  services  imports  from  known  low-tax  jurisdictions,  when  base  erosion  is  a  particular  concern.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■650  4▼aStatistics
■653    ▼aCooperatives
■653    ▼aEconomic  development
■653    ▼aIndia
■653    ▼aIndustrial  policy
■653    ▼aTaxation
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0510
■690    ▼a0630
■690    ▼a0635
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-10B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160896▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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