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Hierarchical Scaling of Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Using an Integrated Terrestrial, Aquatic, and Atmospheric Approach
Hierarchical Scaling of Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Using an Integrated Terrestrial, Aquat...
Hierarchical Scaling of Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Using an Integrated Terrestrial, Aquatic, and Atmospheric Approach

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152016
ISBN  
9798383351451
DDC  
551.5
저자명  
Ludwig, Sarah M.
서명/저자  
Hierarchical Scaling of Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Using an Integrated Terrestrial, Aquatic, and Atmospheric Approach
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
233 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Commane, Roisin.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약With warming temperatures, Arctic ecosystems are changing from a net sink to a net source of carbon to the atmosphere, but the Arctic's carbon balance remains highly uncertain. Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when interpreting eddy covariance carbon fluxes, which can lead to biases when gap-filling and scaling-up observations to determine regional carbon budgets. Tundra ecosystems are heterogeneous at multiple scales. Plant functional types, soil moisture, thaw depth, and microtopography, for example, vary across the landscape and influence carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. In Chapter 2, I reported results from growing season CO2 and CH4 fluxes from an eddy covariance tower in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (YK) Delta in Alaska. I used flux footprint models and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to unmix eddy covariance observations into constituent landcover fluxes based on high resolution landcover maps of the region. I compared three types of footprint models and used two landcover maps with varying complexity to determine the effects of these choices on derived ecosystem fluxes. I used artificially created gaps of withheld observations to compare gap-filling performance using our derived landcover-specific fluxes and traditional gap-filling methods that assume homogeneous landscapes. I also compared regional carbon budgets scaled up from observations using heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. Gap-filling methods that accounted for heterogeneous landscapes were better at predicting artificially withheld gaps in CO2 fluxes than traditional approaches, and there were only slight differences performance between footprint models and landcover maps. I identified and quantified hot spots of carbon fluxes in the landscape (e.g., late growing season emissions from wetlands and small ponds). I resolved distinct seasonality in tundra growing season CO2 fluxes. Scaling while assuming a homogeneous landscape overestimated the growing season CO2 sink by a factor of two and underestimated CH4 emissions by a factor of two when compared to scaling with any method that accounts for landscape heterogeneity. I showed how Bayesian MCMC, analytical footprint models, and high resolution landcover maps can be leveraged to derive detailed landcover carbon fluxes from eddy covariance timeseries. These results demonstrate the importance of landscape heterogeneity when scaling carbon emissions across the Arctic.Climate change is causing an intensification in tundra fires across the Arctic, including the unprecedented 2015 fires in the YK Delta. The YK Delta contains extensive surface waters (approximately 33% cover) and significant quantities of organic carbon, much of which is stored in vulnerable permafrost. Inland aquatic ecosystems act as hot-spots for landscape CO2 and CH4 emissions and likely represent a significant component of the Arctic carbon balance, yet aquatic fluxes of CO2 and CH4 are also some of the most uncertain. In Chapter 3, I measured dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations (n = 364), in surface waters from different types of waterbodies during summers from 2016 to 2019. I used Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to classify landcover types and area burned in contributing watersheds. I developed a model using machine learning to assess how waterbody properties (size, shape, and landscape properties), environmental conditions (O2 concentration, temperature), and surface water chemistry (dissolved organic carbon composition, nutrient concentrations) help predict in situ observations of CO2 and CH4 concentrations across deltaic waterbodies. CO2 concentrations were negatively related to waterbody size and positively related to waterbody edge effects. CH4 concentrations were primarily related to organic matter quantity and composition. Waterbodies in burned watersheds appeared to be less carbon limited and had longer soil water residence times than in unburned watersheds. My results illustrated the importance of small lakes for regional carbon emissions and demonstrate the need for a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of greenhouse gasses in small waterbodies.In the Arctic waterbodies are abundant and rapid thaw of permafrost is destabilizing the carbon cycle and changing hydrology. It is particularly important to quantify and accurately scale aquatic carbon emissions in arctic ecosystems. Recently available high-resolution remote sensing datasets capture the physical characteristics of arctic landscapes at unprecedented spatial resolution. In Chapter 4, I demonstrated how machine learning models can capitalize on these spatial datasets to greatly improve accuracy when scaling waterbody CO2 and CH4 fluxes across the YK Delta of south-west AK. I found that waterbody size and contour were strong predictors for aquatic CO2 emissions, attributing greater than two-thirds of the influence to the scaling model. Small ponds (0.001 km2) were hotspots of emissions, contributing fluxes several times their relative area, but were less than 5% of the total carbon budget. Small to medium lakes (0.001-0.1 km2 ) contributed the majority of carbon emissions from waterbodies. Waterbody CH4 emissions were predicted by a combination of wetland landcover and related drivers, as well as watershed hydrology, and waterbody surface reflectance related to chromophoric dissolved organic matter. When compared to my machine learning approach, traditional scaling methods that did not account for relevant landscape characteristics overestimated waterbody CO2 and CH4 emissions by 26%-79% and 8%-53% respectively. This chapter demonstrated the importance of an integrated terrestrial-aquatic approach to improving estimates and uncertainty when scaling carbon emissions in the arctic.In order to understand carbon feedbacks with the atmosphere and predict climate change, we need to develop methods to model and scale up carbon emissions. Gridded datasets of carbon fluxes are used to benchmark Earth system models, attribute changes in rates of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and project future climate change. There are two main approaches to deriving gridded datasets of carbon fluxes and global or regional carbon budgets: bottom-up scaling, and top-down atmospheric inversions. There is often divergence between approaches, with carbon budgets calculated from bottom-up and top-down studies rarely overlapping. The resulting uncertainty in carbon budgets calculated from either approach is more pronounced in high-latitudes. One of the challenges with combining bottom-up models and comparing top-down models is the variable spatial resolutions used in each approach. In Chapter 5, I applied flux scaling models from earlier chapters to create bottom-up carbon budgets at very high resolution (10 m) for the entire YK Delta domain. I used ERA5 land reanalysis data to extend the flux models to 2012-2015 and 2017 growing seasons to coincide with airborne observations of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations from NASA CARVE and Arctic-CAP campaigns. I progressively coarsened remote sensing imagery for the region to 30 m, 90 m, 250 m, and 1 km to create coarser landcover maps and corresponding bottom-up carbon budgets. The high resolution bottom-up models, when convolved with concentration footprints, produced simulated atmospheric enhancements that were similar to observed atmospheric enhancements. There was little change coarsening to 30 m and 90 m, but simulated atmospheric enhancements and especially carbon budgets were quite different at 250 m and 1 km spatial resolution. The changes with resolution were largely the result of an increase in area mapped as wetlands and shrub tundra, and less area mapped as small waterbodies and lichen tundra. Coarser resolution bottom-up scaling consistently overestimated CH4 budgets. By evaluating flux models against atmospheric observations, I was able to diagnose missing components such as inland water carbon emissions and times when the scaling models overestimated emissions to missing seasonal dynamics.This dissertation combined novel uses of statistical techniques with a high density of field observations to yield process-level understanding of carbon cycling that could be applied to scaling-up carbon emissions.
초록/해제  
요약By merging terrestrial and aquatic perspectives and concurrently mapping ecosystem landcovers and disturbances at high spatial resolution, I avoided common sources of uncertainty in carbon budgets such as double-counting of areas. I investigated how we represent the landscape in terms of both spatial resolution and the level of landscape heterogeneity, and determined the effects of these choices on carbon fluxes and budget estimates. By comparing to the atmosphere, I evaluated the validity of different approaches to modeling carbon fluxes in the Arctic. Together, the chapters in this dissertation provided a holistic study of carbon cycling in the Arctic.
일반주제명  
Atmospheric sciences
일반주제명  
Biogeochemistry
일반주제명  
Ecology
일반주제명  
Geophysics
일반주제명  
Remote sensing
키워드  
Arctic
키워드  
Carbon fluxes
키워드  
Machine learning
키워드  
Methane
키워드  
Permafrost
기타저자  
Columbia University Earth and Environmental Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■00520250211152016
■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798383351451
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31331745
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a551.5
■1001  ▼aLudwig,  Sarah  M.
■24510▼aHierarchical  Scaling  of  Carbon  Fluxes  in  the  Arctic  Using  an  Integrated  Terrestrial,  Aquatic,  and  Atmospheric  Approach
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a233  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Commane,  Roisin.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aWith  warming  temperatures,  Arctic  ecosystems  are  changing  from  a  net  sink  to  a  net  source  of  carbon  to  the  atmosphere,  but  the  Arctic's  carbon  balance  remains  highly  uncertain.  Landscapes  are  often  assumed  to  be  homogeneous  when  interpreting  eddy  covariance  carbon  fluxes,  which  can  lead  to  biases  when  gap-filling  and  scaling-up  observations  to  determine  regional  carbon  budgets.  Tundra  ecosystems  are  heterogeneous  at  multiple  scales.  Plant  functional  types,  soil  moisture,  thaw  depth,  and  microtopography,  for  example,  vary  across  the  landscape  and  influence  carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  and  methane  (CH4)  fluxes.  In  Chapter  2,  I  reported  results  from  growing  season  CO2  and  CH4  fluxes  from  an  eddy  covariance  tower  in  the  Yukon-Kuskokwim  (YK)  Delta  in  Alaska.  I  used  flux  footprint  models  and  Bayesian  Markov  Chain  Monte  Carlo  (MCMC)  methods  to  unmix  eddy  covariance  observations  into  constituent  landcover  fluxes  based  on  high  resolution  landcover  maps  of  the  region.  I  compared  three  types  of  footprint  models  and  used  two  landcover  maps  with  varying  complexity  to  determine  the  effects  of  these  choices  on  derived  ecosystem  fluxes.  I  used  artificially  created  gaps  of  withheld  observations  to  compare  gap-filling  performance  using  our  derived  landcover-specific  fluxes  and  traditional  gap-filling  methods  that  assume  homogeneous  landscapes.  I  also  compared  regional  carbon  budgets  scaled  up  from  observations  using  heterogeneous  and  homogeneous  approaches.  Gap-filling  methods  that  accounted  for  heterogeneous  landscapes  were  better  at  predicting  artificially  withheld  gaps  in  CO2  fluxes  than  traditional  approaches,  and  there  were  only  slight  differences  performance  between  footprint  models  and  landcover  maps.  I  identified  and  quantified  hot  spots  of  carbon  fluxes  in  the  landscape  (e.g.,  late  growing  season  emissions  from  wetlands  and  small  ponds).  I  resolved  distinct  seasonality  in  tundra  growing  season  CO2  fluxes.  Scaling  while  assuming  a  homogeneous  landscape  overestimated  the  growing  season  CO2  sink  by  a  factor  of  two  and  underestimated  CH4  emissions  by  a  factor  of  two  when  compared  to  scaling  with  any  method  that  accounts  for  landscape  heterogeneity.  I  showed  how  Bayesian  MCMC,  analytical  footprint  models,  and  high  resolution  landcover  maps  can  be  leveraged  to  derive  detailed  landcover  carbon  fluxes  from  eddy  covariance  timeseries.  These  results  demonstrate  the  importance  of  landscape  heterogeneity  when  scaling  carbon  emissions  across  the  Arctic.Climate  change  is  causing  an  intensification  in  tundra  fires  across  the  Arctic,  including  the  unprecedented  2015  fires  in  the  YK  Delta.  The  YK  Delta  contains  extensive  surface  waters  (approximately  33%  cover)  and  significant  quantities  of  organic  carbon,  much  of  which  is  stored  in  vulnerable  permafrost.  Inland  aquatic  ecosystems  act  as  hot-spots  for  landscape  CO2  and  CH4  emissions  and  likely  represent  a  significant  component  of  the  Arctic  carbon  balance,  yet  aquatic  fluxes  of  CO2  and  CH4  are  also  some  of  the  most  uncertain.  In  Chapter  3,  I  measured  dissolved  CO2  and  CH4  concentrations  (n  =  364),  in  surface  waters  from  different  types  of  waterbodies  during  summers  from  2016  to  2019.  I  used  Sentinel-2  multispectral  imagery  to  classify  landcover  types  and  area  burned  in  contributing  watersheds.  I  developed  a  model  using  machine  learning  to  assess  how  waterbody  properties  (size,  shape,  and  landscape  properties),  environmental  conditions  (O2  concentration,  temperature),  and  surface  water  chemistry  (dissolved  organic  carbon  composition,  nutrient  concentrations)  help  predict  in  situ  observations  of  CO2  and  CH4  concentrations  across  deltaic  waterbodies.  CO2  concentrations  were  negatively  related  to  waterbody  size  and  positively  related  to  waterbody  edge  effects.  CH4  concentrations  were  primarily  related  to  organic  matter  quantity  and  composition.  Waterbodies  in  burned  watersheds  appeared  to  be  less  carbon  limited  and  had  longer  soil  water  residence  times  than  in  unburned  watersheds.  My  results  illustrated  the  importance  of  small  lakes  for  regional  carbon  emissions  and  demonstrate  the  need  for  a  mechanistic  understanding  of  the  drivers  of  greenhouse  gasses  in  small  waterbodies.In  the  Arctic  waterbodies  are  abundant  and  rapid  thaw  of  permafrost  is  destabilizing  the  carbon  cycle  and  changing  hydrology.  It  is  particularly  important  to  quantify  and  accurately  scale  aquatic  carbon  emissions  in  arctic  ecosystems.  Recently  available  high-resolution  remote  sensing  datasets  capture  the  physical  characteristics  of  arctic  landscapes  at  unprecedented  spatial  resolution.  In  Chapter  4,  I  demonstrated  how  machine  learning  models  can  capitalize  on  these  spatial  datasets  to  greatly  improve  accuracy  when  scaling  waterbody  CO2  and  CH4  fluxes  across  the  YK  Delta  of  south-west  AK.  I  found  that  waterbody  size  and  contour  were  strong  predictors  for  aquatic  CO2  emissions,  attributing  greater  than  two-thirds  of  the  influence  to  the  scaling  model.  Small  ponds  (0.001  km2)  were  hotspots  of  emissions,  contributing  fluxes  several  times  their  relative  area,  but  were  less  than  5%  of  the  total  carbon  budget.  Small  to  medium  lakes  (0.001-0.1  km2  )  contributed  the  majority  of  carbon  emissions  from  waterbodies.  Waterbody  CH4  emissions  were  predicted  by  a  combination  of  wetland  landcover  and  related  drivers,  as  well  as  watershed  hydrology,  and  waterbody  surface  reflectance  related  to  chromophoric  dissolved  organic  matter.  When  compared  to  my  machine  learning  approach,  traditional  scaling  methods  that  did  not  account  for  relevant  landscape  characteristics  overestimated  waterbody  CO2  and  CH4  emissions  by  26%-79%  and  8%-53%  respectively.  This  chapter  demonstrated  the  importance  of  an  integrated  terrestrial-aquatic  approach  to  improving  estimates  and  uncertainty  when  scaling  carbon  emissions  in  the  arctic.In  order  to  understand  carbon  feedbacks  with  the  atmosphere  and  predict  climate  change,  we  need  to  develop  methods  to  model  and  scale  up  carbon  emissions.  Gridded  datasets  of  carbon  fluxes  are  used  to  benchmark  Earth  system  models,  attribute  changes  in  rates  of  atmospheric  concentrations  of  greenhouse  gases,  and  project  future  climate  change.  There  are  two  main  approaches  to  deriving  gridded  datasets  of  carbon  fluxes  and  global  or  regional  carbon  budgets:  bottom-up  scaling,  and  top-down  atmospheric  inversions.  There  is  often  divergence  between  approaches,  with  carbon  budgets  calculated  from  bottom-up  and  top-down  studies  rarely  overlapping.  The  resulting  uncertainty  in  carbon  budgets  calculated  from  either  approach  is  more  pronounced  in  high-latitudes.  One  of  the  challenges  with  combining  bottom-up  models  and  comparing  top-down  models  is  the  variable  spatial  resolutions  used  in  each  approach.  In  Chapter  5,  I  applied  flux  scaling  models  from  earlier  chapters  to  create  bottom-up  carbon  budgets  at  very  high  resolution  (10  m)  for  the  entire  YK  Delta  domain.  I  used  ERA5  land  reanalysis  data  to  extend  the  flux  models  to  2012-2015  and  2017  growing  seasons  to  coincide  with  airborne  observations  of  atmospheric  CO2  and  CH4  concentrations  from  NASA  CARVE  and  Arctic-CAP  campaigns.  I  progressively  coarsened  remote  sensing  imagery  for  the  region  to  30  m,  90  m,  250  m,  and  1  km  to  create  coarser  landcover  maps  and  corresponding  bottom-up  carbon  budgets.  The  high  resolution  bottom-up  models,  when  convolved  with  concentration  footprints,  produced  simulated  atmospheric  enhancements  that  were  similar  to  observed  atmospheric  enhancements.  There  was  little  change  coarsening  to  30  m  and  90  m,  but  simulated  atmospheric  enhancements  and  especially  carbon  budgets  were  quite  different  at  250  m  and  1  km  spatial  resolution.  The  changes  with  resolution  were  largely  the  result  of  an  increase  in  area  mapped  as  wetlands  and  shrub  tundra,  and  less  area  mapped  as  small  waterbodies  and  lichen  tundra.  Coarser  resolution  bottom-up  scaling  consistently  overestimated  CH4  budgets.  By  evaluating  flux  models  against  atmospheric  observations,  I  was  able  to  diagnose  missing  components  such  as  inland  water  carbon  emissions  and  times  when  the  scaling  models  overestimated  emissions  to  missing  seasonal  dynamics.This  dissertation  combined  novel  uses  of  statistical  techniques  with  a  high  density  of  field  observations  to  yield  process-level  understanding  of  carbon  cycling  that  could  be  applied  to  scaling-up  carbon  emissions.  
■520    ▼aBy  merging  terrestrial  and  aquatic  perspectives  and  concurrently  mapping  ecosystem  landcovers  and  disturbances  at  high  spatial  resolution,  I  avoided  common  sources  of  uncertainty  in  carbon  budgets  such  as  double-counting  of  areas.  I  investigated  how  we  represent  the  landscape  in  terms  of  both  spatial  resolution  and  the  level  of  landscape  heterogeneity,  and  determined  the  effects  of  these  choices  on  carbon  fluxes  and  budget  estimates.  By  comparing  to  the  atmosphere,  I  evaluated  the  validity  of  different  approaches  to  modeling  carbon  fluxes  in  the  Arctic.  Together,  the  chapters  in  this  dissertation  provided  a  holistic  study  of  carbon  cycling  in  the  Arctic.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aAtmospheric  sciences
■650  4▼aBiogeochemistry
■650  4▼aEcology
■650  4▼aGeophysics
■650  4▼aRemote  sensing
■653    ▼aArctic
■653    ▼aCarbon  fluxes
■653    ▼aMachine  learning
■653    ▼aMethane
■653    ▼aPermafrost
■690    ▼a0725
■690    ▼a0425
■690    ▼a0329
■690    ▼a0799
■690    ▼a0373
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEarth  and  Environmental  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-01B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17162473▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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