본문

서브메뉴

Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152018
ISBN  
9798384097556
DDC  
574.191
저자명  
Jian, Xiaoxuan.
서명/저자  
Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
발행사항  
[Sl] : Duke University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
95 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Includes supplementary digital materials.
주기사항  
Advisor: Schmidt, Christoph F.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duke University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Cellular and tissue biomechanics is a multidisciplinary field focused on understanding of material properties and mechanical forces that govern the behaviors of biological systems on microscopic scales. This PhD thesis explores three distinct systems: bacterial peptidoglycan networks, the actin cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, and the multicellular mechanosensory chordotonal lch5 organ of Drosophila larvae.The first segment of this thesis examines bacterial cell wall mechanics. The bacterial cell wall contains high internal turgor pressures and continuously expands as the bacteria grow. The load-bearing component, the peptidoglycan layer, is a covalently cross-linked polymer network made of rigid glycan strands cross-linked by flexible peptides. Understanding the mechanical details of the bacterial cell wall is important in several ways: (i) for a fundamental physical understanding of this interesting example of biological active matter, (ii) as a complex material that might provide inspirations for the development of novel technical materials, and (iii) for the development of new, urgently needed antibiotic strategies. Antibiotics of the beta-lactam family target the cell wall synthesis machinery. By studying cell wall properties, we will better understand how these antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis, how they can overcome bacterial defenses, and how exactly they cause the cell wall to fail. To investigate the PG network, we developed coarse-grained simulations of a square patch of the E. coli PG network. We chose coarse-grained simulations over atomic or continuum models to balance computational efficiency with the ability to capture essential molecular details. We considered key molecular structural parameters, including the arrangement of the glycans, the extent of peptide cross-linking, and glycan length distribution. Our model mimicked isotropic pre-strain observed under non-zero turgor pressure by applying equal strains at all patch edges. Our analysis established the stress-strain relationship in both axial and circumferential directions, and identified the parameters determining stress ratios. We observed non-affine deformation, force chain formation, and stress stiffening. Additionally, our simulations matched experimental observations, showing that non-affine deformation led to pore sizes skewed towards larger pores. This could be essential for defect development, rupture, and potential blebbing of the inner membrane. Furthermore, we found that a small degree of angular order in the glycan chains explained the anisotropic mechanical properties of peptidoglycan.The second segment of this thesis focuses on the elastic characteristics of the chordotonal lch5 organ of Drosophila larvae. Acting as a stretch mechanoreceptor, lch5 senses muscle contractions and provides proprioceptive feedback during larval locomotion. Understanding the mechanical properties of this mechanosensory organ is crucial because its sensory function is directly tied to its material properties, which have not been previously measured. A unique aspect of lch5 is the exceptional stretchability of its cap cells, the molecular origin of which is not well understood. Combining laser ablation with micropipette force spectroscopy, we investigated the mechanical response of lch5. We found that the extracellular matrix protein Prc was a primary elastic element storing substantial resting tension in larval lch5 organs. Elastic recoil after laser ablation showed that lch5 organs had an average stretch ratio of 2.04 in third-instar larvae, reduced to 1.06 in Prc-deficient mutants. Micropipette force spectroscopy quantified the pretension of lch5 in vivo at 1.25 µN, reduced to 0.30 µN in Prc mutants. Measuring elastic response under cyclic strains indicated a softening effect in lch5, with Prc null mutants exhibiting a more substantial Mullins effect than wild type controls. Differential shear modulus measurements showed a slope of 1 for wild type controls but a slope of 0.5 for Prc null mutants, emphasizing the importance of Prc in maintaining the elastic properties of lch5.The final segment describes a novel FRET-based actin-binding-domain tension sensor (ABD-TS). This project aims to understand mechanosensing within eukaryotic cells by developing tension sensors that are integrated with the actin cytoskeleton, which is mechanically the most important component of the cytoskeleton in most cells. The ABD-TS are engineered with actin-binding domains of F-tractin on both ends to link the sensors to the actin cytoskeleton. Under tension, the two fluorophores are pulled apart, decreasing the FRET signal. Previous research has observed changes in sensors due to cell motions, but actively exerting forces to significantly alter sensor signals has not been successful. In this study, we attempted to apply active manipulation to cells expressing ABD-TS using magnetic tweezers and glass microneedles. Under a confocal microscope, we imaged cell deformations and quantified the FRET index while applying calibrated magnetic forces or moving microneedles via a piezo actuator. Preliminary results showed a decrease in the FRET signal under external mechanical micromanipulation after bleed-through corrections, but results were not clearcut. This project, in addition, faced the challenge of unknown binding geometry of the sensors to actin, and issues of temporal resolution, which made the interpretation of data rather difficult. This project was therefore not continued further, but our approach provided a potential avenue for exploring force propagation and mechanosensing in eukaryotic cells in the future.
일반주제명  
Biophysics
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Developmental biology
일반주제명  
Biomechanics
키워드  
Material properties
키워드  
Mechanosensing
키워드  
Eukaryotic cells
키워드  
Bacterial cell wall mechanics
키워드  
Drosophila larvae
기타저자  
Duke University Physics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

 008250123s2024        us                              c    eng  d
■001000017162493
■00520250211152018
■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798384097556
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31331990
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a574.191
■1001  ▼aJian,  Xiaoxuan.
■24510▼aMaterial  Properties  and  Mechanosensing  in  Cells  and  Organs  Under  Extreme  Forces
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bDuke  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a95  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aIncludes  supplementary  digital  materials.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Schmidt,  Christoph  F.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Duke  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aCellular  and  tissue  biomechanics  is  a  multidisciplinary  field  focused  on  understanding  of  material  properties  and  mechanical  forces  that  govern  the  behaviors  of  biological  systems  on  microscopic  scales.  This  PhD  thesis  explores  three  distinct  systems:  bacterial  peptidoglycan  networks,  the  actin  cytoskeleton  of  eukaryotic  cells,  and  the  multicellular  mechanosensory  chordotonal  lch5  organ  of  Drosophila  larvae.The  first  segment  of  this  thesis  examines  bacterial  cell  wall  mechanics.  The  bacterial  cell  wall  contains  high  internal  turgor  pressures  and  continuously  expands  as  the  bacteria  grow.  The  load-bearing  component,  the  peptidoglycan  layer,  is  a  covalently  cross-linked  polymer  network  made  of  rigid  glycan  strands  cross-linked  by  flexible  peptides.  Understanding  the  mechanical  details  of  the  bacterial  cell  wall  is  important  in  several  ways:  (i)  for  a  fundamental  physical  understanding  of  this  interesting  example  of  biological  active  matter,  (ii)  as  a  complex  material  that  might  provide  inspirations  for  the  development  of  novel  technical  materials,  and  (iii)  for  the  development  of  new,  urgently  needed  antibiotic  strategies.  Antibiotics  of  the  beta-lactam  family  target  the  cell  wall  synthesis  machinery.  By  studying  cell  wall  properties,  we  will  better  understand  how  these  antibiotics  disrupt  cell  wall  synthesis,  how  they  can  overcome  bacterial  defenses,  and  how  exactly  they  cause  the  cell  wall  to  fail.  To  investigate  the  PG  network,  we  developed  coarse-grained  simulations  of  a  square  patch  of  the  E.  coli  PG  network.  We  chose  coarse-grained  simulations  over  atomic  or  continuum  models  to  balance  computational  efficiency  with  the  ability  to  capture  essential  molecular  details.  We  considered  key  molecular  structural  parameters,  including  the  arrangement  of  the  glycans,  the  extent  of  peptide  cross-linking,  and  glycan  length  distribution.  Our  model  mimicked  isotropic  pre-strain  observed  under  non-zero  turgor  pressure  by  applying  equal  strains  at  all  patch  edges.  Our  analysis  established  the  stress-strain  relationship  in  both  axial  and  circumferential  directions,  and  identified  the  parameters  determining  stress  ratios.  We  observed  non-affine  deformation,  force  chain  formation,  and  stress  stiffening.  Additionally,  our  simulations  matched  experimental  observations,  showing  that  non-affine  deformation  led  to  pore  sizes  skewed  towards  larger  pores.  This  could  be  essential  for  defect  development,  rupture,  and  potential  blebbing  of  the  inner  membrane.  Furthermore,  we  found  that  a  small  degree  of  angular  order  in  the  glycan  chains  explained  the  anisotropic  mechanical  properties  of  peptidoglycan.The  second  segment  of  this  thesis  focuses  on  the  elastic  characteristics  of  the  chordotonal  lch5  organ  of  Drosophila  larvae.  Acting  as  a  stretch  mechanoreceptor,  lch5  senses  muscle  contractions  and  provides  proprioceptive  feedback  during  larval  locomotion.  Understanding  the  mechanical  properties  of  this  mechanosensory  organ  is  crucial  because  its  sensory  function  is  directly  tied  to  its  material  properties,  which  have  not  been  previously  measured.  A  unique  aspect  of  lch5  is  the  exceptional  stretchability  of  its  cap  cells,  the  molecular  origin  of  which  is  not  well  understood.  Combining  laser  ablation  with  micropipette  force  spectroscopy,  we  investigated  the  mechanical  response  of  lch5.  We  found  that  the  extracellular  matrix  protein  Prc  was  a  primary  elastic  element  storing  substantial  resting  tension  in  larval  lch5  organs.  Elastic  recoil  after  laser  ablation  showed  that  lch5  organs  had  an  average  stretch  ratio  of  2.04  in  third-instar  larvae,  reduced  to  1.06  in  Prc-deficient  mutants.  Micropipette  force  spectroscopy  quantified  the  pretension  of  lch5  in  vivo  at  1.25  µN,  reduced  to  0.30  µN  in  Prc  mutants.  Measuring  elastic  response  under  cyclic  strains  indicated  a  softening  effect  in  lch5,  with  Prc  null  mutants  exhibiting  a  more  substantial  Mullins  effect  than  wild  type  controls.  Differential  shear  modulus  measurements  showed  a  slope  of  1  for  wild  type  controls  but  a  slope  of  0.5  for  Prc  null  mutants,  emphasizing  the  importance  of  Prc  in  maintaining  the  elastic  properties  of  lch5.The  final  segment  describes  a  novel  FRET-based  actin-binding-domain  tension  sensor  (ABD-TS).  This  project  aims  to  understand  mechanosensing  within  eukaryotic  cells  by  developing  tension  sensors  that  are  integrated  with  the  actin  cytoskeleton,  which  is  mechanically  the  most  important  component  of  the  cytoskeleton  in  most  cells.  The  ABD-TS  are  engineered  with  actin-binding  domains  of  F-tractin  on  both  ends  to  link  the  sensors  to  the  actin  cytoskeleton.  Under  tension,  the  two  fluorophores  are  pulled  apart,  decreasing  the  FRET  signal.  Previous  research  has  observed  changes  in  sensors  due  to  cell  motions,  but  actively  exerting  forces  to  significantly  alter  sensor  signals  has  not  been  successful.  In this  study,  we  attempted  to  apply  active  manipulation  to  cells  expressing  ABD-TS  using  magnetic  tweezers  and  glass  microneedles.  Under  a  confocal  microscope,  we  imaged  cell  deformations  and  quantified  the  FRET  index  while  applying  calibrated  magnetic  forces  or  moving  microneedles  via  a  piezo  actuator.  Preliminary  results  showed  a  decrease  in  the  FRET  signal  under  external  mechanical  micromanipulation  after  bleed-through  corrections,  but  results  were  not  clearcut.  This  project,  in  addition,  faced  the  challenge  of  unknown  binding  geometry  of  the  sensors  to  actin,  and  issues  of  temporal  resolution,  which  made  the  interpretation  of  data  rather  difficult.  This  project  was  therefore  not  continued  further,  but  our  approach  provided  a  potential  avenue  for  exploring  force  propagation  and  mechanosensing  in  eukaryotic  cells  in  the  future.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0066.
■650  4▼aBiophysics
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aDevelopmental  biology
■650  4▼aBiomechanics
■653    ▼aMaterial  properties
■653    ▼aMechanosensing
■653    ▼aEukaryotic  cells
■653    ▼aBacterial  cell  wall  mechanics
■653    ▼aDrosophila  larvae
■690    ▼a0786
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0758
■690    ▼a0648
■71020▼aDuke  University▼bPhysics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0066
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17162493▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

Preview

Export

ChatGPT Discussion

AI Recommended Related Books


    New Books MORE
    Statistics for the past 3 years. Go to brief

    Подробнее информация.

    • Бронирование
    • не существует
    • моя папка
    • Первый запрос зрения
    • Non-Book Loan Application
    • Nighttime Book Loan Application
    материал
    Reg No. Количество платежных Местоположение статус Ленд информации
    TF11065 전자도서 대출가능 My Folder 부재도서신고 비도서대출신청 야간 도서대출신청

    * Бронирование доступны в заимствований книги. Чтобы сделать предварительный заказ, пожалуйста, нажмите кнопку бронирование

    Books borrowed together with this book

    Related Popular Books

    Available after logging in.