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Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
Detailed Information
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20250211152018
- ISBN
- 9798384097556
- DDC
- 574.191
- 저자명
- Jian, Xiaoxuan.
- 서명/저자
- Material Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : Duke University, 2024
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
- 형태사항
- 95 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Includes supplementary digital materials.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Schmidt, Christoph F.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duke University, 2024.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Cellular and tissue biomechanics is a multidisciplinary field focused on understanding of material properties and mechanical forces that govern the behaviors of biological systems on microscopic scales. This PhD thesis explores three distinct systems: bacterial peptidoglycan networks, the actin cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, and the multicellular mechanosensory chordotonal lch5 organ of Drosophila larvae.The first segment of this thesis examines bacterial cell wall mechanics. The bacterial cell wall contains high internal turgor pressures and continuously expands as the bacteria grow. The load-bearing component, the peptidoglycan layer, is a covalently cross-linked polymer network made of rigid glycan strands cross-linked by flexible peptides. Understanding the mechanical details of the bacterial cell wall is important in several ways: (i) for a fundamental physical understanding of this interesting example of biological active matter, (ii) as a complex material that might provide inspirations for the development of novel technical materials, and (iii) for the development of new, urgently needed antibiotic strategies. Antibiotics of the beta-lactam family target the cell wall synthesis machinery. By studying cell wall properties, we will better understand how these antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis, how they can overcome bacterial defenses, and how exactly they cause the cell wall to fail. To investigate the PG network, we developed coarse-grained simulations of a square patch of the E. coli PG network. We chose coarse-grained simulations over atomic or continuum models to balance computational efficiency with the ability to capture essential molecular details. We considered key molecular structural parameters, including the arrangement of the glycans, the extent of peptide cross-linking, and glycan length distribution. Our model mimicked isotropic pre-strain observed under non-zero turgor pressure by applying equal strains at all patch edges. Our analysis established the stress-strain relationship in both axial and circumferential directions, and identified the parameters determining stress ratios. We observed non-affine deformation, force chain formation, and stress stiffening. Additionally, our simulations matched experimental observations, showing that non-affine deformation led to pore sizes skewed towards larger pores. This could be essential for defect development, rupture, and potential blebbing of the inner membrane. Furthermore, we found that a small degree of angular order in the glycan chains explained the anisotropic mechanical properties of peptidoglycan.The second segment of this thesis focuses on the elastic characteristics of the chordotonal lch5 organ of Drosophila larvae. Acting as a stretch mechanoreceptor, lch5 senses muscle contractions and provides proprioceptive feedback during larval locomotion. Understanding the mechanical properties of this mechanosensory organ is crucial because its sensory function is directly tied to its material properties, which have not been previously measured. A unique aspect of lch5 is the exceptional stretchability of its cap cells, the molecular origin of which is not well understood. Combining laser ablation with micropipette force spectroscopy, we investigated the mechanical response of lch5. We found that the extracellular matrix protein Prc was a primary elastic element storing substantial resting tension in larval lch5 organs. Elastic recoil after laser ablation showed that lch5 organs had an average stretch ratio of 2.04 in third-instar larvae, reduced to 1.06 in Prc-deficient mutants. Micropipette force spectroscopy quantified the pretension of lch5 in vivo at 1.25 µN, reduced to 0.30 µN in Prc mutants. Measuring elastic response under cyclic strains indicated a softening effect in lch5, with Prc null mutants exhibiting a more substantial Mullins effect than wild type controls. Differential shear modulus measurements showed a slope of 1 for wild type controls but a slope of 0.5 for Prc null mutants, emphasizing the importance of Prc in maintaining the elastic properties of lch5.The final segment describes a novel FRET-based actin-binding-domain tension sensor (ABD-TS). This project aims to understand mechanosensing within eukaryotic cells by developing tension sensors that are integrated with the actin cytoskeleton, which is mechanically the most important component of the cytoskeleton in most cells. The ABD-TS are engineered with actin-binding domains of F-tractin on both ends to link the sensors to the actin cytoskeleton. Under tension, the two fluorophores are pulled apart, decreasing the FRET signal. Previous research has observed changes in sensors due to cell motions, but actively exerting forces to significantly alter sensor signals has not been successful. In this study, we attempted to apply active manipulation to cells expressing ABD-TS using magnetic tweezers and glass microneedles. Under a confocal microscope, we imaged cell deformations and quantified the FRET index while applying calibrated magnetic forces or moving microneedles via a piezo actuator. Preliminary results showed a decrease in the FRET signal under external mechanical micromanipulation after bleed-through corrections, but results were not clearcut. This project, in addition, faced the challenge of unknown binding geometry of the sensors to actin, and issues of temporal resolution, which made the interpretation of data rather difficult. This project was therefore not continued further, but our approach provided a potential avenue for exploring force propagation and mechanosensing in eukaryotic cells in the future.
- 일반주제명
- Biophysics
- 일반주제명
- Cellular biology
- 일반주제명
- Developmental biology
- 일반주제명
- Biomechanics
- 키워드
- Mechanosensing
- 키워드
- Eukaryotic cells
- 기타저자
- Duke University Physics
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
008250123s2024 us c eng d■001000017162493
■00520250211152018
■006m o d
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020 ▼a9798384097556
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31331990
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a574.191
■1001 ▼aJian, Xiaoxuan.
■24510▼aMaterial Properties and Mechanosensing in Cells and Organs Under Extreme Forces
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bDuke University▼c2024
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2024
■300 ▼a95 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
■500 ▼aIncludes supplementary digital materials.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Schmidt, Christoph F.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--Duke University, 2024.
■520 ▼aCellular and tissue biomechanics is a multidisciplinary field focused on understanding of material properties and mechanical forces that govern the behaviors of biological systems on microscopic scales. This PhD thesis explores three distinct systems: bacterial peptidoglycan networks, the actin cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, and the multicellular mechanosensory chordotonal lch5 organ of Drosophila larvae.The first segment of this thesis examines bacterial cell wall mechanics. The bacterial cell wall contains high internal turgor pressures and continuously expands as the bacteria grow. The load-bearing component, the peptidoglycan layer, is a covalently cross-linked polymer network made of rigid glycan strands cross-linked by flexible peptides. Understanding the mechanical details of the bacterial cell wall is important in several ways: (i) for a fundamental physical understanding of this interesting example of biological active matter, (ii) as a complex material that might provide inspirations for the development of novel technical materials, and (iii) for the development of new, urgently needed antibiotic strategies. Antibiotics of the beta-lactam family target the cell wall synthesis machinery. By studying cell wall properties, we will better understand how these antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis, how they can overcome bacterial defenses, and how exactly they cause the cell wall to fail. To investigate the PG network, we developed coarse-grained simulations of a square patch of the E. coli PG network. We chose coarse-grained simulations over atomic or continuum models to balance computational efficiency with the ability to capture essential molecular details. We considered key molecular structural parameters, including the arrangement of the glycans, the extent of peptide cross-linking, and glycan length distribution. Our model mimicked isotropic pre-strain observed under non-zero turgor pressure by applying equal strains at all patch edges. Our analysis established the stress-strain relationship in both axial and circumferential directions, and identified the parameters determining stress ratios. We observed non-affine deformation, force chain formation, and stress stiffening. Additionally, our simulations matched experimental observations, showing that non-affine deformation led to pore sizes skewed towards larger pores. This could be essential for defect development, rupture, and potential blebbing of the inner membrane. Furthermore, we found that a small degree of angular order in the glycan chains explained the anisotropic mechanical properties of peptidoglycan.The second segment of this thesis focuses on the elastic characteristics of the chordotonal lch5 organ of Drosophila larvae. Acting as a stretch mechanoreceptor, lch5 senses muscle contractions and provides proprioceptive feedback during larval locomotion. Understanding the mechanical properties of this mechanosensory organ is crucial because its sensory function is directly tied to its material properties, which have not been previously measured. A unique aspect of lch5 is the exceptional stretchability of its cap cells, the molecular origin of which is not well understood. Combining laser ablation with micropipette force spectroscopy, we investigated the mechanical response of lch5. We found that the extracellular matrix protein Prc was a primary elastic element storing substantial resting tension in larval lch5 organs. Elastic recoil after laser ablation showed that lch5 organs had an average stretch ratio of 2.04 in third-instar larvae, reduced to 1.06 in Prc-deficient mutants. Micropipette force spectroscopy quantified the pretension of lch5 in vivo at 1.25 µN, reduced to 0.30 µN in Prc mutants. Measuring elastic response under cyclic strains indicated a softening effect in lch5, with Prc null mutants exhibiting a more substantial Mullins effect than wild type controls. Differential shear modulus measurements showed a slope of 1 for wild type controls but a slope of 0.5 for Prc null mutants, emphasizing the importance of Prc in maintaining the elastic properties of lch5.The final segment describes a novel FRET-based actin-binding-domain tension sensor (ABD-TS). This project aims to understand mechanosensing within eukaryotic cells by developing tension sensors that are integrated with the actin cytoskeleton, which is mechanically the most important component of the cytoskeleton in most cells. The ABD-TS are engineered with actin-binding domains of F-tractin on both ends to link the sensors to the actin cytoskeleton. Under tension, the two fluorophores are pulled apart, decreasing the FRET signal. Previous research has observed changes in sensors due to cell motions, but actively exerting forces to significantly alter sensor signals has not been successful. In this study, we attempted to apply active manipulation to cells expressing ABD-TS using magnetic tweezers and glass microneedles. Under a confocal microscope, we imaged cell deformations and quantified the FRET index while applying calibrated magnetic forces or moving microneedles via a piezo actuator. Preliminary results showed a decrease in the FRET signal under external mechanical micromanipulation after bleed-through corrections, but results were not clearcut. This project, in addition, faced the challenge of unknown binding geometry of the sensors to actin, and issues of temporal resolution, which made the interpretation of data rather difficult. This project was therefore not continued further, but our approach provided a potential avenue for exploring force propagation and mechanosensing in eukaryotic cells in the future.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0066.
■650 4▼aBiophysics
■650 4▼aCellular biology
■650 4▼aDevelopmental biology
■650 4▼aBiomechanics
■653 ▼aMaterial properties
■653 ▼aMechanosensing
■653 ▼aEukaryotic cells
■653 ▼aBacterial cell wall mechanics
■653 ▼aDrosophila larvae
■690 ▼a0786
■690 ▼a0379
■690 ▼a0758
■690 ▼a0648
■71020▼aDuke University▼bPhysics.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g86-03B.
■790 ▼a0066
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2024
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17162493▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.
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