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Essays on Educational and Labor Market Transitions
Essays on Educational and Labor Market Transitions
Essays on Educational and Labor Market Transitions

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151426
ISBN  
9798382775715
DDC  
370
저자명  
Lenard, Matthew A.
서명/저자  
Essays on Educational and Labor Market Transitions
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
225 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Miratrix, Luke.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The education pipeline is characterized by a series of well-defined and extensively documented transitions. From preschool to kindergarten, elementary to middle to high school, and college to work, students at multiple stages of human development experience transitions that shape their downstream outcomes. In this dissertation, I use administrative data and quasi-experimental analytic approaches to examine how people, programs, and policies impact individual outcomes during periods of educational transition.In my first essay, my co-author and I examine how exposure to peers on the school bus influences one's own academic achievement and behavior. We draw from an established literature on peer effects and an emerging literature on neighborhood effects to show that an out-of-school setting like the school bus can meaningfully impact individual performance. By focusing on idiosyncratic changes to the sets of students riding the bus together that result from school transitions and the spatial structure of bus routes, we develop an approach to estimating peer effects that takes advantage of transition data. To estimate bus peer effects, we measure the extent to which changes in the unexplained component of the performance of a student's bus peers predict otherwise unexplained changes in that student's own performance. We estimate our model using a leave-out-student strategy where we measure the effects of bus peers for each student using data only from their peers. Our identifying assumption is that conditional on student, school-by-school-pair, year, and grade fixed-effects, variation in the residual of student performance common to students who ride the bus together is unrelated to factors apart from their bus ride. We report two main sets of results. First, we show that a standard deviation (SD) shift in bus peers' academic performance corresponds to own changes of 0.02 SD from elementary to middle school and 0.05 SD from middle to high school. We also document shifts in behavior ranging from 0.05 SD from elementary to middle school to 0.08 SD from middle to high school. These results demonstrate that out-of-classroom interactions are more meaningful in adolescence and are roughly half the magnitude of comparably estimated school, counselor, and teacher effects. Second, we leverage survey and neighborhood data to show that the effects of social interactions on the school bus are only partly related to students' prior academic performance and that there is little evidence that bus effects are related to survey-based measures of school climate or student engagement. Our results show that social interactions in informal settings may be important in shaping student learning outcomes, highlighting the need for research to better account for the various out-of-school settings in which students participate. In my second essay, I move along the education pipeline to high school, where students grapple with questions related to the transition to college and the workforce. In my high school setting, I examine how access to and attainment of industry-recognized certifications (IRCs) shapes post-high school intentions, postsecondary enrollment, and earnings. IRCs are developed by industry groups or corporations for students hoping to demonstrate preparedness for a particular job or sector. In my sample, I leverage proprietary IRC data that covers a diverse set of industry areas, including business, the arts, and manufacturing. In my setting, students sit for an IRC exam and earn the certification if they obtain a passing score. If IRCs represent a postsecondary signal, then certified students may express interest in four-year college or experience higher enrollment rates. If they represent a workforce signal, then certified students may have higher earnings. I use two analytic approaches to describe the effects of earning an IRC in high school. First, I use matched samples of certified and non-certified students to show that IRC earners are considerably more likely to plan to and actually enroll in a four-year college. Moreover, these same students are considerably less likely to plan to and actually enroll in a two-year college. This result suggests that there is a trade-off on the margin of college type. Second, I leverage arguably exogenous assignment to certification status at the passing threshold to show that an IRC does not impact outcomes for the marginal examinee. At best, I uncover suggestive evidence that the marginal IRC earner is slightly more likely to express an interest to work after high school and delay college enrollment. This joint finding suggests that the marginal earner, in contrast with the average earner, uses IRCs as a workforce signal. I find no evidence through either approach that IRC attainment shapes short-term quarterly earnings. The results suggest that for the average certified student, IRCs constitute a component of the college-readiness portfolio while for the marginal student, IRCs weakly signal intentions to work. In all, the results show that IRC effects are more muted than credential proponents may suggest. Finally, in my third essay, my colleagues and I examine the effects of credential stacking that occurs during transitions between college and work. Credential stacking refers to the practice of earning multiple credentials within a fixed period of time. The vast majority of research estimating returns to credentials focuses on the single degree-whether the associate's, bachelor's, master's, or professional degree. Credential stacking has emerged alongside the demands of employers for workers who can re-skill or up-skill in the face of technological change, the pandemic economy, and demographic shifts. To measure the effects of credential stacking, we leverage statewide administrative data in a state that has emphasized stacking as a strategic workforce initiative. Using decades of postsecondary and labor market data, we use fixed effects approaches with individual time trends to show that credential stackers earn roughly $800 more per quarter than their counterparts who attempt to stack but ultimately do not. Moreover, we show that the benefits of stacking accrue largely to female and non-white stackers, suggesting that credential stacking may be a viable approach to skill development that addresses persistent equity gaps. We also show that credential stackers who pursue a second associate's degree (whether from a certificate or first associate's degree) earn more than stacking by other means, and that stackers in healthcare fields earn roughly twice as much per quarter as the average stacker. Our results suggest that states and institutions continue to pilot and evaluate credential stacking pathways as they pursue approaches to creating broad economic opportunity for adult learners. Taken together, these three empirical studies shed light on factors that shape individual trajectories at critical inflection points. Each paper contributes to an established research paradigm in important ways. New estimates of transition-induced bus peer effects that approach the lower bound of established effects in education (e.g., teacher, leader, or school) suggest that out-of-school contexts matter. Causal effects of IRC attainment on college enrollment and quarterly earnings paint a mixed picture and suggest that claims about the promise of certification for school-to-work transitions may be exaggerated. Finally, returns to credential stacking in the transition between school and work suggest that the practice boosts average earnings and can reduce longstanding equity gaps in the process.
일반주제명  
Education
일반주제명  
Public policy
일반주제명  
Educational evaluation
키워드  
Labor market
키워드  
Market transitions
키워드  
Educational transitions
키워드  
Credential stacking
기타저자  
Harvard University Education
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aLenard,  Matthew  A.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-2234-0666
■24510▼aEssays  on  Educational  and  Labor  Market  Transitions
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a225  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Miratrix,  Luke.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  education  pipeline  is  characterized  by  a  series  of  well-defined  and  extensively  documented  transitions.  From  preschool  to  kindergarten,  elementary  to  middle  to  high  school,  and  college  to  work,  students  at  multiple  stages  of  human  development  experience  transitions  that  shape  their  downstream  outcomes.  In  this  dissertation,  I  use  administrative  data  and  quasi-experimental  analytic  approaches  to  examine  how  people,  programs,  and  policies  impact  individual  outcomes  during  periods  of  educational  transition.In  my  first  essay,  my  co-author  and  I  examine  how  exposure  to  peers  on  the  school  bus  influences  one's  own  academic  achievement  and  behavior.  We  draw  from  an  established  literature  on  peer  effects  and  an  emerging  literature  on  neighborhood  effects  to  show  that  an  out-of-school  setting  like  the  school  bus  can    meaningfully  impact  individual  performance.  By  focusing  on  idiosyncratic  changes  to  the  sets  of  students  riding  the  bus  together  that  result  from  school  transitions  and  the  spatial  structure  of  bus  routes,  we  develop  an  approach  to  estimating  peer  effects  that  takes  advantage  of  transition  data.  To  estimate  bus  peer  effects,  we  measure  the  extent  to  which  changes  in  the  unexplained  component  of  the  performance  of  a  student's  bus  peers  predict  otherwise  unexplained  changes  in  that  student's  own  performance.  We  estimate  our  model  using  a  leave-out-student  strategy  where  we  measure  the  effects  of  bus  peers  for  each  student  using  data  only  from  their  peers.  Our  identifying  assumption  is  that  conditional  on  student,  school-by-school-pair,  year,  and  grade  fixed-effects,  variation  in  the  residual  of  student  performance  common  to  students  who  ride  the  bus  together  is  unrelated  to  factors  apart  from  their  bus  ride.  We  report  two  main  sets  of  results.  First,  we  show  that  a  standard  deviation  (SD)  shift  in  bus  peers'  academic  performance  corresponds  to  own  changes  of  0.02  SD  from  elementary  to  middle  school  and  0.05  SD  from  middle  to  high  school.  We  also  document  shifts  in  behavior  ranging  from  0.05  SD  from  elementary  to  middle  school  to  0.08  SD  from  middle  to  high  school.  These  results  demonstrate  that  out-of-classroom  interactions  are  more  meaningful  in  adolescence  and  are  roughly  half  the  magnitude  of  comparably  estimated  school,  counselor,  and  teacher  effects.  Second,  we  leverage  survey  and  neighborhood  data  to  show  that  the  effects  of  social  interactions  on  the  school  bus  are  only  partly  related  to  students'  prior  academic  performance  and  that  there  is  little  evidence  that  bus  effects  are  related  to  survey-based  measures  of  school  climate  or  student  engagement.  Our  results  show  that  social  interactions  in  informal  settings  may  be  important  in  shaping  student  learning  outcomes,  highlighting  the  need  for  research  to  better  account  for  the  various  out-of-school  settings  in  which  students  participate.  In  my  second  essay,  I  move  along  the  education  pipeline  to  high  school,  where  students  grapple  with  questions  related  to  the  transition  to  college  and  the  workforce.  In  my  high  school  setting,  I  examine  how  access  to  and  attainment  of  industry-recognized  certifications  (IRCs)  shapes  post-high  school  intentions,  postsecondary  enrollment,  and  earnings.  IRCs  are  developed  by  industry  groups  or  corporations  for  students  hoping  to  demonstrate  preparedness  for  a  particular  job  or  sector.  In  my  sample,  I  leverage  proprietary  IRC  data  that  covers  a  diverse  set  of  industry  areas,  including  business,  the  arts,  and  manufacturing.  In  my  setting,  students  sit  for  an  IRC  exam  and  earn  the  certification  if  they  obtain  a  passing  score.  If  IRCs  represent  a  postsecondary  signal,  then  certified  students  may  express  interest  in  four-year  college  or  experience  higher  enrollment  rates.  If  they  represent  a  workforce  signal,  then  certified  students  may  have  higher  earnings.  I  use  two  analytic  approaches  to  describe  the  effects  of  earning  an  IRC  in  high  school.  First,  I  use  matched  samples  of  certified  and  non-certified  students  to  show  that  IRC  earners  are  considerably  more  likely  to  plan  to  and  actually  enroll  in  a  four-year  college.  Moreover,  these  same  students  are  considerably  less  likely  to  plan  to  and  actually  enroll  in  a  two-year  college.  This  result  suggests  that  there  is  a  trade-off  on  the  margin  of  college  type.  Second,  I  leverage  arguably  exogenous  assignment  to  certification  status  at  the  passing  threshold  to  show  that  an  IRC  does  not  impact  outcomes  for  the  marginal  examinee.  At  best,  I  uncover  suggestive  evidence  that  the  marginal  IRC  earner  is  slightly  more  likely  to  express  an  interest  to  work  after  high  school  and  delay  college  enrollment.  This  joint  finding  suggests  that  the  marginal  earner,  in  contrast  with  the  average  earner,  uses  IRCs  as  a  workforce  signal.  I  find  no  evidence  through  either  approach  that  IRC  attainment  shapes  short-term  quarterly  earnings.  The  results  suggest  that  for  the  average  certified  student,  IRCs  constitute  a  component  of  the  college-readiness  portfolio  while  for  the  marginal  student,  IRCs  weakly  signal  intentions  to  work.  In  all,  the  results  show  that  IRC  effects  are  more  muted  than  credential  proponents  may  suggest.  Finally,  in  my  third  essay,  my  colleagues  and  I  examine  the  effects  of  credential  stacking  that  occurs  during  transitions  between  college  and  work.  Credential  stacking  refers  to  the  practice  of  earning  multiple  credentials  within  a  fixed  period  of  time.  The  vast  majority  of  research  estimating  returns  to  credentials  focuses  on  the  single  degree-whether  the  associate's,  bachelor's,  master's,  or  professional  degree.  Credential  stacking  has  emerged  alongside  the  demands  of  employers  for  workers  who  can  re-skill  or  up-skill  in  the  face  of  technological  change,  the  pandemic  economy,  and  demographic  shifts.  To  measure  the  effects  of  credential  stacking,  we  leverage  statewide  administrative  data  in  a  state  that  has  emphasized  stacking  as  a  strategic  workforce  initiative.  Using  decades  of  postsecondary  and  labor  market  data,  we  use  fixed  effects  approaches  with  individual  time  trends  to  show  that  credential  stackers  earn  roughly  $800  more  per  quarter  than  their  counterparts  who  attempt  to  stack  but  ultimately  do  not.  Moreover,  we  show  that  the  benefits  of  stacking  accrue  largely  to  female  and  non-white  stackers,  suggesting  that  credential  stacking  may  be  a  viable  approach  to  skill  development  that  addresses  persistent  equity  gaps.  We  also  show  that  credential  stackers  who  pursue  a  second  associate's  degree  (whether  from  a  certificate  or  first  associate's  degree)  earn  more  than  stacking  by  other  means,  and  that  stackers  in  healthcare  fields  earn  roughly  twice  as  much  per  quarter  as  the  average  stacker.  Our  results  suggest  that  states  and  institutions  continue  to  pilot  and  evaluate  credential  stacking  pathways  as  they  pursue  approaches  to  creating  broad  economic  opportunity  for  adult  learners.    Taken  together,  these  three  empirical  studies  shed  light  on  factors  that  shape  individual  trajectories  at  critical  inflection  points.  Each  paper  contributes  to  an  established  research  paradigm  in  important  ways.  New  estimates  of  transition-induced  bus  peer  effects  that  approach  the  lower  bound  of  established  effects  in  education  (e.g.,  teacher,  leader,  or  school)  suggest  that  out-of-school  contexts  matter.  Causal  effects  of  IRC  attainment  on  college  enrollment  and  quarterly  earnings  paint  a  mixed  picture  and  suggest  that  claims  about  the  promise  of  certification  for  school-to-work  transitions  may  be  exaggerated.  Finally,  returns  to  credential  stacking  in  the  transition  between  school  and  work  suggest  that  the  practice  boosts  average  earnings  and  can  reduce  longstanding  equity  gaps  in  the  process.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aEducation
■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■650  4▼aEducational  evaluation
■653    ▼aLabor  market
■653    ▼aMarket  transitions
■653    ▼aEducational  transitions
■653    ▼aCredential  stacking
■690    ▼a0515
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0630
■690    ▼a0443
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bEducation.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12A.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161658▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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