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Advancing Mobile Photography With Under-Display Cameras and Sensor Design
Advancing Mobile Photography With Under-Display Cameras and Sensor Design
Advancing Mobile Photography With Under-Display Cameras and Sensor Design

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152125
ISBN  
9798383583456
DDC  
621.3
저자명  
Yang, Anqi.
서명/저자  
Advancing Mobile Photography With Under-Display Cameras and Sensor Design
발행사항  
[Sl] : Carnegie Mellon University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
131 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-02, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Sankaranarayanan, Aswin.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Carnegie Mellon University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The ubiquity of mobile devices has made mobile photography an indispensable part of our daily life. Unlike standalone cameras, mobile device cameras have to adhere to unique design constraints imposed by the compact form factors and multi-functionality of these devices. In this thesis, we investigate two distinct challenges arising from current mobile device design trend and propose novel camera and sensor designs to address them.First, the conflict between screen size and camera placement has never been more severe than it is now, driven by the demand for full-screen devices. The prevalence of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, with their partial transparency, offers an exciting opportunity to place a conventional camera beneath the screen, allowing the simultaneous operation of both components. We study under-display cameras (UDCs), an emerging type of camera that captures a scene through the micron-scale openings of an OLED display panel. Their image quality is hindered by poor signal-to-noise ratio and severe diffractive blur due to the presence of the display. Can we redesign the hardware to improve the overall image quality of UDCs? Based on Fourier optics, we find that the diffractive blur of a UDC is fundamentally determined by the shape of the display opening. Therefore, we propose a suite of modifications to the display layout, including using a random pixel tiling and optimizing the opening shape of each pixel. The proposed method significantly advances image quality by improving the invertibility of the diffractive blur. However, this requires nontrivial display redesign. As a complementary solution, we propose to optically modify the display opening shape by adding two phase masks, one in front of and one behind the display. The first phase mask concentrates light onto the display openings, and the other phase mask restores the original wavefront, effectively rendering the display invisible to the camera under certain assumptions. This approach improves UDCs light throughput and the conditioning of the blur, and maintains display quality.Second, the continuous shrinking of image sensor pixels, with the potential to increase image resolution under a constrained sensor die size, presents challenges. Since small pixels collect less light, they are more susceptible to noise degradation in low-light conditions. Can we design novel computational techniques to combat noise and expand dynamic range of these sensors?We propose two spatially varying readout techniques that adapt to local scene brightness. The first technique involves spatially varying gain. The key insight is that a larger gain or ISO setting can overcome read noise by amplifying the signal level. Conventional sensors apply a constant gain across the entire frame, limiting the use of a large gain when the scene has a wide dynamic range. In contrast, our approach adjusts gain at small regions of interest or even individual pixels, allowing a much larger gain for dark regions while avoiding saturation in bright regions, thus effectively expanding the sensor's dynamic range. The second technique is spatially-varying binning. We investigate the optimal pixel size in terms of noise and resolution, and show that the optimal size is tightly coupled with the scene light level. We develop a simple theory that maps scene brightness to optimal pixel size, and implement this varying pixel size through binning. We demonstrate the proposed spatially varying techniques in various applications, including high dynamic range imaging, vignetting, and lens blur, and show consistently improved noise performance and effective resolution.This thesis takes a leap forward by innovating optics and sensors to address the unique challenges in mobile photography. Interestingly, many of these challenges are fundamentally linked to classic problems in computer vision, such as mitigating blur and noise, and enhancing resolution and dynamic range. We hope that the techniques presented in this work will not only open new avenues for mobile photography but also inspire broader innovation in the field of computational imaging.
일반주제명  
Computer engineering
일반주제명  
Computer science
일반주제명  
Optics
일반주제명  
Fine arts
키워드  
Computational imaging
키워드  
Computational photography
키워드  
Deep learning
키워드  
Denoising
키워드  
Sensors
키워드  
Under-display cameras
기타저자  
Carnegie Mellon University Electrical and Computer Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-02A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aYang,  Anqi.
■24510▼aAdvancing  Mobile  Photography  With  Under-Display  Cameras  and  Sensor  Design
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bCarnegie  Mellon  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a131  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-02,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Sankaranarayanan,  Aswin.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Carnegie  Mellon  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  ubiquity  of  mobile  devices  has  made  mobile  photography  an  indispensable  part  of  our  daily  life.  Unlike  standalone  cameras,  mobile  device  cameras  have  to  adhere  to  unique  design  constraints  imposed  by  the  compact  form  factors  and  multi-functionality  of  these  devices.  In  this  thesis,  we  investigate  two  distinct  challenges  arising  from  current  mobile  device  design  trend  and  propose  novel  camera  and  sensor  designs  to  address  them.First,  the  conflict  between  screen  size  and  camera  placement  has  never  been  more  severe  than  it  is  now,  driven  by  the  demand  for  full-screen  devices.  The  prevalence  of  organic  light-emitting  diode  (OLED)  displays,  with  their  partial  transparency,  offers  an  exciting  opportunity  to  place  a  conventional  camera  beneath  the  screen,  allowing  the  simultaneous  operation  of  both  components. We  study  under-display  cameras  (UDCs),  an  emerging  type  of  camera  that  captures  a  scene  through  the  micron-scale  openings  of  an  OLED  display  panel.  Their  image  quality  is  hindered  by  poor  signal-to-noise  ratio  and  severe  diffractive  blur  due  to  the  presence  of  the  display.  Can  we  redesign  the  hardware  to  improve  the  overall  image  quality  of  UDCs?  Based  on  Fourier  optics,  we  find  that  the  diffractive  blur  of  a  UDC  is  fundamentally  determined  by  the  shape  of  the  display  opening.  Therefore,  we  propose  a  suite  of  modifications  to  the  display  layout,  including  using  a  random  pixel  tiling  and  optimizing  the  opening  shape  of  each  pixel.  The  proposed  method  significantly  advances  image  quality  by  improving  the  invertibility  of  the  diffractive  blur.  However,  this  requires  nontrivial  display  redesign.  As  a  complementary  solution,  we  propose  to  optically  modify  the  display  opening  shape  by  adding  two  phase  masks,  one  in  front  of  and  one  behind  the  display.  The  first  phase  mask  concentrates  light  onto  the  display  openings,  and  the  other  phase  mask  restores  the  original  wavefront,  effectively  rendering  the  display  invisible  to  the  camera  under  certain  assumptions.  This  approach  improves  UDCs  light  throughput  and  the  conditioning  of  the  blur,  and  maintains  display  quality.Second,  the  continuous  shrinking  of  image  sensor  pixels,  with  the  potential  to  increase  image  resolution  under  a  constrained  sensor  die  size,  presents  challenges.  Since  small  pixels  collect  less  light,  they  are  more  susceptible  to  noise  degradation  in  low-light  conditions.  Can  we  design  novel  computational  techniques  to  combat  noise  and  expand  dynamic  range  of  these  sensors?We  propose  two  spatially  varying  readout  techniques  that  adapt  to  local  scene  brightness.  The  first  technique  involves  spatially  varying  gain.  The  key  insight  is  that  a  larger  gain  or  ISO  setting  can  overcome  read  noise  by  amplifying  the  signal  level.  Conventional  sensors  apply  a  constant  gain  across  the  entire  frame,  limiting  the  use  of  a  large  gain  when  the  scene  has  a  wide  dynamic  range.  In  contrast,  our  approach  adjusts  gain  at  small  regions  of  interest  or  even  individual  pixels,  allowing  a  much  larger  gain  for  dark  regions  while  avoiding  saturation  in  bright  regions,  thus  effectively  expanding  the  sensor's  dynamic  range.  The  second  technique  is  spatially-varying  binning.  We  investigate  the  optimal  pixel  size  in  terms  of  noise  and  resolution,  and  show  that  the  optimal  size  is  tightly  coupled  with  the  scene  light  level.  We  develop  a  simple  theory  that  maps  scene  brightness  to  optimal  pixel  size,  and  implement  this  varying  pixel  size  through  binning.  We  demonstrate  the  proposed  spatially  varying  techniques  in  various  applications,  including  high  dynamic  range  imaging,  vignetting,  and  lens  blur,  and  show  consistently  improved  noise  performance  and  effective  resolution.This  thesis  takes  a  leap  forward  by  innovating  optics  and  sensors  to  address  the  unique  challenges  in  mobile  photography.  Interestingly,  many  of  these  challenges  are  fundamentally  linked  to  classic  problems  in  computer  vision,  such  as  mitigating  blur  and  noise,  and  enhancing  resolution  and  dynamic  range.  We  hope  that  the  techniques  presented  in  this  work  will  not  only  open  new  avenues  for  mobile  photography  but  also  inspire  broader  innovation  in  the  field  of  computational  imaging.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0041.
■650  4▼aComputer  engineering
■650  4▼aComputer  science
■650  4▼aOptics
■650  4▼aFine  arts
■653    ▼aComputational  imaging
■653    ▼aComputational  photography
■653    ▼aDeep  learning
■653    ▼aDenoising
■653    ▼aSensors
■653    ▼aUnder-display  cameras
■690    ▼a0464
■690    ▼a0984
■690    ▼a0752
■690    ▼a0357
■71020▼aCarnegie  Mellon  University▼bElectrical  and  Computer  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-02A.
■790    ▼a0041
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163021▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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