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Process Development for Integration and Characterization of Magnetically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes into Prepreg-Based CFRPs and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties Through Fracture Analysis
Process Development for Integration and Characterization of Magnetically Aligned Carbon Na...
Process Development for Integration and Characterization of Magnetically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes into Prepreg-Based CFRPs and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties Through Fracture Analysis

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152958
ISBN  
9798346389217
DDC  
600
저자명  
Braga , Ricardo Braga Nogueira.
서명/저자  
Process Development for Integration and Characterization of Magnetically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes into Prepreg-Based CFRPs and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties Through Fracture Analysis
발행사항  
[Sl] : The Pennsylvania State University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
198 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Yamamoto, Namiko.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Pennsylvania State University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs), particularly carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs), are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and energy industries due to their excellent in-plane mechanical and multifunctional properties. However, CFRPs are prone to delamination due to relatively weaker interlaminar properties. Traditional reinforcement methods such as z-pinning and stitching improve out-of-plane properties but often compromise in-plane performance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer a promising solution by enhancing interlaminar properties without affecting in-plane characteristics due to their nanoscale and excellent intrinsic mechanical properties. Introducing vertically aligned CNTs within the interlaminar region of prepreg-based CFRPs allows for maximum transverse reinforcement, however, it has been a challenge to both maintain CNT alignment during laminate fabrication and characterize CNT alignment within fabricated laminates. The goal of this study was to bridge the knowledge gap that is currently present regarding how to introduce and quantify alignment of CNTs within prepreg-based CFRPs and evaluate mechanical enhancement through analysis of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), crack morphology, and crack energy trends. To accomplish this goal, three research objectives were set.The first objective was to validate the effectiveness of magnetically aligned CNTs in toughening of epoxies while minimizing agglomeration. Mode I fracture toughness tests on CNT-epoxy nanocomposites with varying CNT content, magnetic field strengths, and epoxy viscosities were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultrasonic testing (UT) were used to characterize CNT morphology. A 72% increase in toughness was observed with 0.5 vol.% CNTs aligned at 180 G, with reduced agglomeration when compared to specimens made with higher magnetic fields (300 G). Differently from previous work, that focused mostly on CNT morphology and toughness trends with respect to one parameter, CNT content, the completion of the first objective allowed for better understanding CNT morphology trends relative to three parameters: magnetic field magnitude, CNT content, and matrix viscosity. In addition, UT was used for the first time as a potentially useful method to characterize mm-scale CNT morphology within nanocomposites.The second objective was to develop an hot press method to enable fabrication of aerospace-grade prepreg-based CFRP laminates with magnetically aligned CNTs. This involved improving CNT synthesis, magnetization, and functionalization processes and devising methods to fabricate B-staged CNT-epoxy films. These films were integrated into prepreg-based CFRPs using hot pressing, with the use of a load frame, and vacuum bagging. In addition, a method was developed to allow for integration of multiple B-staged CNT-epoxy films while minimizing ply sliding, which occurs due to epoxy bleeding from the B-staged films during laminate fabrication. The completion of the second objective enables the fabrication of aerospace-grade prepreg-based CFRP laminates integrated with magnetically aligned CNTs, with developed film fabrication methods for both coupon-sized lab testing and preliminary tests that would enable large-scale commercial manufacturing of B-staged CNT-epoxy films using a doctor blade technique. In addition, a MATLAB/ImageJ code was developed to assess laminate quality, including quantification of void, matrix, and fiber content, without the need of user input.The third objective was to evaluate the effects of introducing both randomly oriented and magnetically aligned CNTs into aerospace-grade prepreg-based CFRPs. Laminates were fabricated with one film at the midplane containing 0.1 vol.% and 0.5 vol.% of CNTs. Short beam shear (SBS) testing was conducted to compare the ILSS trends related to magnetic field application applied at different parts of the fabrication cycle, and relative to changing CNT content. It was found that having CNTs pre-aligned within B-staged films prior to laminate fabrication increases agglomeration and hinders maximum reinforcement capability. Laminates with three films containing 0.5 vol.% of CNTs were fabricated, and three-point bending tests indicated an improvement of ~ 6.5% in the mean ILSS for specimens containing aligned CNTs when compared to specimens with randomly oriented CNTs. Due to the introduction of a lower strength epoxy into the prepreg-based CFRP laminates and limitations with the SBS test method, though, the ILSS of laminates fabricated with B-staged films, with and without CNTs, decreased when compared to a prepreg-only baseline. However, fracture behavior differences between specimens fabricated with and without CNTs were apparent from assessing the load versus displacement plots, which indicated much sharper drops in load for specimens fabricated without CNTs. Laminates and CNT-epoxy films within the laminates were characterized using optical microscopy, and CNT presence and alignment were confirmed with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). In addition, a fracture energy study was conducted to quantify fracture energy dissipation for the fabricated laminates by assessing the post-fracture work to total work ratio with respect to a range of percentage load drop from the point of initial fracture. Laminates containing aligned CNTs and randomly oriented CNTs exhibited approximately a 30% increase in the post-fracture work to total work ratio when compared to prepreg-only baseline specimens for the larger part of the analyzed load drop range.In summary, the completion of this work yielded new knowledge regarding 1) the effects of CNT content, magnetic field magnitude, and matrix viscosity on the morphology and toughness of CNT-epoxy nanocomposites, 2) the evaluation and demonstration of UT as a potential method to assess multi-scale CNT structures within CNT-epoxy nanocomposites, 3) the development of a scalable process that enables magnetically aligned CNT integration to prepreg-based CFRPs through the use of B-staged CNT-epoxy films, 4) the evaluation of the effectiveness of magnetically aligned CNTs in reinforcing interlaminar properties of CFRPs by assessing interlaminar shear strength results, analyzing crack morphology, and studying crack energy trends, 5) the verification of CNT presence and quantification of CNT alignment through the use of a VSM, and 6) the development of a fully automated MATLAB/ImageJ code to quantify void, matrix, and fiber content of CFRP laminates. Finally, recommended future work regarding integration of magnetically aligned CNTs to CFRPs include 1) fabricating B-staged films using an epoxy system of similar mechanical properties to those in the prepregs it is to be introduced to allow for direct comparison of aligned CNT effects with respect to the prepreg baseline, 2) studying the possibility of introducing CNTs in the intralaminar region of prepregs by using a high-gradient magnetic field, and 3) further developing the processes discussing in this work for large-scale applications. In addition, investigating how to tailor multifunctional properties of CFRPs by controlling CNT morphology within laminates can be explored.
일반주제명  
Mechanical properties
일반주제명  
Viscosity
일반주제명  
Nanocomposites
일반주제명  
Carbon
일반주제명  
Magnetic fields
일반주제명  
Aluminum
일반주제명  
Pressure distribution
일반주제명  
Laminates
일반주제명  
Sealing compounds
일반주제명  
Contact angle
일반주제명  
Visualization
일반주제명  
Thin films
일반주제명  
Shear strength
일반주제명  
Crack propagation
일반주제명  
Condensed matter physics
일반주제명  
Electromagnetics
일반주제명  
Materials science
일반주제명  
Mechanics
일반주제명  
Nanotechnology
기타저자  
The Pennsylvania State University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a600
■1001  ▼aBraga  ,  Ricardo  Braga  Nogueira.
■24510▼aProcess  Development  for  Integration  and  Characterization  of  Magnetically  Aligned  Carbon  Nanotubes  into  Prepreg-Based  CFRPs  and  Evaluation  of  Mechanical  Properties  Through  Fracture  Analysis
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bThe  Pennsylvania  State  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a198  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Yamamoto,  Namiko.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  Pennsylvania  State  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aFiber-reinforced  plastics  (FRPs),  particularly  carbon  fiber-reinforced  plastics  (CFRPs),  are  widely  used  in  aerospace,  automotive,  and  energy  industries  due  to  their  excellent  in-plane  mechanical  and  multifunctional  properties.  However,  CFRPs  are  prone  to  delamination  due  to  relatively  weaker  interlaminar  properties.  Traditional  reinforcement  methods  such  as  z-pinning  and  stitching  improve  out-of-plane  properties  but  often  compromise  in-plane  performance.  Carbon  nanotubes  (CNTs)  offer  a  promising  solution  by  enhancing  interlaminar  properties  without  affecting  in-plane  characteristics  due  to  their  nanoscale  and  excellent  intrinsic  mechanical  properties.  Introducing  vertically  aligned  CNTs  within  the  interlaminar  region  of  prepreg-based  CFRPs  allows  for  maximum  transverse  reinforcement,  however,  it  has  been  a  challenge  to  both  maintain  CNT  alignment  during  laminate  fabrication  and  characterize  CNT  alignment  within  fabricated  laminates.  The  goal  of  this  study  was  to  bridge  the  knowledge  gap  that  is  currently  present  regarding  how  to  introduce  and  quantify  alignment  of  CNTs  within  prepreg-based  CFRPs  and  evaluate  mechanical  enhancement  through  analysis  of  interlaminar  shear  strength  (ILSS),  crack  morphology,  and  crack  energy  trends.  To  accomplish  this  goal,  three  research  objectives  were  set.The  first  objective  was  to  validate  the  effectiveness  of  magnetically  aligned  CNTs  in  toughening  of  epoxies  while  minimizing  agglomeration.  Mode  I  fracture  toughness  tests  on  CNT-epoxy  nanocomposites  with  varying  CNT  content,  magnetic  field  strengths,  and  epoxy  viscosities  were  conducted.  Scanning  electron  microscopy  (SEM)  and  ultrasonic  testing  (UT)  were  used  to  characterize  CNT  morphology.  A  72%  increase  in  toughness  was  observed  with  0.5  vol.%  CNTs  aligned  at  180  G,  with  reduced  agglomeration  when  compared  to  specimens  made  with  higher  magnetic  fields  (300  G).  Differently  from  previous  work,  that  focused  mostly  on  CNT  morphology  and  toughness  trends  with  respect  to  one  parameter,  CNT  content,  the  completion  of  the  first  objective  allowed  for  better  understanding  CNT  morphology  trends  relative  to  three  parameters:  magnetic  field  magnitude,  CNT  content,  and  matrix  viscosity.  In  addition,  UT  was  used  for  the  first  time  as  a  potentially  useful  method  to  characterize  mm-scale  CNT  morphology  within  nanocomposites.The  second  objective  was  to  develop  an  hot  press  method  to  enable  fabrication  of  aerospace-grade  prepreg-based  CFRP  laminates  with  magnetically  aligned  CNTs.  This  involved  improving  CNT  synthesis,  magnetization,  and  functionalization  processes  and  devising  methods  to  fabricate  B-staged  CNT-epoxy  films.  These  films  were  integrated  into  prepreg-based  CFRPs  using  hot  pressing,  with  the  use  of  a  load  frame,  and  vacuum  bagging.  In  addition,  a  method  was  developed  to  allow  for  integration  of  multiple  B-staged  CNT-epoxy  films  while  minimizing  ply  sliding,  which  occurs  due  to  epoxy  bleeding  from  the  B-staged  films  during  laminate  fabrication.  The  completion  of  the  second  objective  enables  the  fabrication  of  aerospace-grade  prepreg-based  CFRP  laminates  integrated  with  magnetically  aligned  CNTs,  with  developed  film  fabrication  methods  for  both  coupon-sized  lab  testing  and  preliminary  tests  that  would  enable  large-scale  commercial  manufacturing  of  B-staged  CNT-epoxy  films  using  a  doctor  blade  technique.  In  addition,  a  MATLAB/ImageJ  code  was  developed  to  assess  laminate  quality,  including  quantification  of  void,  matrix,  and  fiber  content,  without  the  need  of  user  input.The  third  objective  was  to  evaluate  the  effects  of  introducing  both  randomly  oriented  and  magnetically  aligned  CNTs  into  aerospace-grade  prepreg-based  CFRPs.  Laminates  were  fabricated  with  one  film  at  the  midplane  containing  0.1  vol.%  and  0.5  vol.%  of  CNTs.  Short  beam  shear  (SBS)  testing  was  conducted  to  compare  the  ILSS  trends  related  to  magnetic  field  application  applied  at  different  parts  of  the  fabrication  cycle,  and  relative  to  changing  CNT  content.  It  was  found  that  having  CNTs  pre-aligned  within  B-staged  films  prior  to  laminate  fabrication  increases  agglomeration  and  hinders  maximum  reinforcement  capability.  Laminates  with  three  films  containing  0.5  vol.%  of  CNTs  were  fabricated,  and  three-point  bending  tests  indicated  an  improvement  of  ~  6.5%  in  the  mean  ILSS  for  specimens  containing  aligned  CNTs  when  compared  to  specimens  with  randomly  oriented  CNTs.  Due  to  the  introduction  of  a  lower  strength  epoxy  into  the  prepreg-based  CFRP  laminates  and  limitations  with  the  SBS  test  method,  though,  the  ILSS  of  laminates  fabricated  with  B-staged  films,  with  and  without  CNTs,  decreased  when  compared  to  a  prepreg-only  baseline.  However,  fracture  behavior  differences  between  specimens  fabricated  with  and  without  CNTs  were  apparent  from  assessing  the  load  versus  displacement  plots,  which  indicated  much  sharper  drops  in  load  for  specimens  fabricated  without  CNTs.  Laminates  and  CNT-epoxy  films  within  the  laminates  were  characterized  using  optical  microscopy,  and  CNT  presence  and  alignment  were  confirmed  with  a  vibrating  sample  magnetometer  (VSM).  In  addition,  a  fracture  energy  study  was  conducted  to  quantify  fracture  energy  dissipation  for  the  fabricated  laminates  by  assessing  the  post-fracture  work  to  total  work  ratio  with  respect  to  a  range  of  percentage  load  drop  from  the  point  of  initial  fracture.  Laminates  containing  aligned  CNTs  and  randomly  oriented  CNTs  exhibited  approximately  a  30%  increase  in  the  post-fracture  work  to  total  work  ratio  when  compared  to  prepreg-only  baseline  specimens  for  the  larger  part  of  the  analyzed  load  drop  range.In  summary,  the  completion  of  this  work  yielded  new  knowledge  regarding  1)  the  effects  of  CNT  content,  magnetic  field  magnitude,  and  matrix  viscosity  on  the  morphology  and  toughness  of  CNT-epoxy  nanocomposites,  2)  the  evaluation  and  demonstration  of  UT  as  a  potential  method  to  assess  multi-scale  CNT  structures  within  CNT-epoxy  nanocomposites,  3)  the  development  of  a  scalable  process  that  enables  magnetically  aligned  CNT  integration  to  prepreg-based  CFRPs  through  the  use  of  B-staged  CNT-epoxy  films,  4)  the  evaluation  of  the  effectiveness  of  magnetically  aligned  CNTs  in  reinforcing  interlaminar  properties  of  CFRPs  by  assessing  interlaminar  shear  strength  results,  analyzing  crack  morphology,  and  studying  crack  energy  trends,  5)  the  verification  of  CNT  presence  and  quantification  of  CNT  alignment  through  the  use  of  a  VSM,  and  6)  the  development  of  a  fully  automated  MATLAB/ImageJ  code  to  quantify  void,  matrix,  and  fiber  content  of  CFRP  laminates.  Finally,  recommended  future  work  regarding  integration  of  magnetically  aligned  CNTs  to  CFRPs  include  1)  fabricating  B-staged  films  using  an  epoxy  system  of  similar  mechanical  properties  to  those  in  the  prepregs  it  is  to  be  introduced  to  allow  for  direct  comparison  of  aligned  CNT  effects  with  respect  to  the  prepreg  baseline,  2)  studying  the  possibility  of  introducing  CNTs  in  the  intralaminar  region  of  prepregs  by  using  a  high-gradient  magnetic  field,  and  3)  further  developing  the  processes  discussing  in  this  work  for  large-scale  applications.  In  addition,  investigating  how  to  tailor  multifunctional  properties  of  CFRPs  by  controlling  CNT  morphology  within  laminates  can  be  explored.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0176.
■650  4▼aMechanical  properties
■650  4▼aViscosity
■650  4▼aNanocomposites
■650  4▼aCarbon
■650  4▼aMagnetic  fields
■650  4▼aAluminum
■650  4▼aPressure  distribution
■650  4▼aLaminates
■650  4▼aSealing  compounds
■650  4▼aContact  angle
■650  4▼aVisualization
■650  4▼aThin  films
■650  4▼aShear  strength
■650  4▼aCrack  propagation
■650  4▼aCondensed  matter  physics
■650  4▼aElectromagnetics
■650  4▼aMaterials  science
■650  4▼aMechanics
■650  4▼aNanotechnology
■690    ▼a0611
■690    ▼a0607
■690    ▼a0794
■690    ▼a0346
■690    ▼a0652
■71020▼aThe  Pennsylvania  State  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-05B.
■790    ▼a0176
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164410▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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