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Application of Partial-Pressure Fields as a Means of Accounting for Aircraft Drag Sources
Application of Partial-Pressure Fields as a Means of Accounting for Aircraft Drag Sources
Application of Partial-Pressure Fields as a Means of Accounting for Aircraft Drag Sources

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211153001
ISBN  
9798346394112
DDC  
330
저자명  
Hart, Pierce Luc.
서명/저자  
Application of Partial-Pressure Fields as a Means of Accounting for Aircraft Drag Sources
발행사항  
[Sl] : The Pennsylvania State University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
235 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Schmitz, Sven.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Pennsylvania State University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약By its very nature, a capitalist economy creates pressure on industries to continuously pursue increased profit margins, and therefore reduced operational expenses. In the civil aviation sector, operational expenses are directly tied to fuel consumption, leading to significant research interest in improved efficiency of aircraft. While the development of new propulsion systems has been the primary contributor to decreased fuel burn, improved aerodynamics has also been a factor. In the last two decades, the financial incentives to reduce fuel burn have been accompanied by societal and governmental pressures to make aviation "more sustainable". Policies have been introduced to restrict air travel within France, and now Spain, introducing bans on short-haul flights. With fossil fuel prices and societal awareness at an all-time high, several roadmaps to de-carbonize aviation have been laid out by both regulatory bodies and industry leaders. As with efficiency improvements thus far, these outlines suggest that a more sustainable future will be dictated by propulsion, and more exactly the propellant. However, optimized aerodynamics will play an essential role in achieving the demands set out.There are several different approaches being considered to improve an aircraft's aerodynamic performance, yet they all share the same desired performance metric, that is a reduction in aerodynamic drag across the flight envelope. Proposed innovative redesigns that incorporate novel aerodynamic concepts come in two forms, whole-scale approaches such as the redefinition of commercial aircraft, i.e. the blended-wing body and the transonic truss-braced wing, or more modular considerations such as winglets, natural laminar-flow technology, boundary-layer ingestion, and distributed propulsion configurations, have all shown various levels of promise relative to the industry baseline.To make an adequate assessment of these technologies, an understanding of the phenomena creating the drag produced on the body is required. So, drag decomposition analysis is used, providing insight that allows one to better optimize the aerodynamics under consideration.Drag decomposition can be evaluated from two perspectives. A near-field decomposition evaluates the aerodynamic force acting over the skin of the aircraft, understood physically as normal or shear stress. The normal stress is attributed to the pressure distribution, while the shear stress is due to the skin friction. Alternatively, one may evaluate the drag in the far field using a momentum-based control-volume analysis. In far-field methods, data in the wake is used to decompose drag into its physiological sources: lift-induced drag associated with vortex shedding and profile drag which contains both wave drag due to shock-waves and viscous drag from the boundary layer. Using volumetric separation, it is theoretically possible to further decompose these drag sources entirely into viscous and wave drag. Because of their ability to decompose total drag into components associated with physiological sources, far-field methods have been preferred to a near-field stress analysis. Although they are informative, there are some inherent drawbacks of these methods. They are reliant on the assumption of lightly-loaded wings and have been derived for traditional aircraft where the nacelle is isolated from the aerodynamic body. New designs such as boundary-layer ingestion concepts have highly coupled propulsion systems, where it can also be difficult to distinguish the nacelle from the airframe. As such, these methods may become somewhat obsolete. Furthermore, the nature of far-field control-volume analyses means that the drag sources provided are single-value integrals, which means they provide limited feedback in the design process. These integrals are inherently difficult to solve in CFD as they require well-defined meshes both in the near field and the wake, which significantly increases the required computational resources. Appropriate implementation of far-field methods requires expert input to accurately capture each drag source.Due to these limiting factors, a near-field decomposition method is highly desirable. Therefore, the research objective of this thesis is to develop a near-field decomposition method relevant to commercial transport aircraft, a task that is undertaken through application of partial-pressure fields (PPFs). To successfully determine the feasibility of PPFs as an analysis tool in aircraft design. PPF theory is applied initially to two-dimensional airfoils in subsonic flow. Current theory allows one to split pressure into an Euler component associated with the bulk flow and a dissipative component accounting for the pressure created as a result of the viscous boundary layer. An evaluation of the drag factor of each PPF is made in subsonic flow. In transonic flow, there is an additional phenomenon to consider: shock formation. A PPF is developed to adequately capture the effects of the shockwave. Comparisons are made to state-of-the-art far-field decompositions to determine the validity of PPFs in such flow conditions. The final contribution of two-dimensional PPF analysis is the added consideration of thrust with a propulsive PPF generated to further our understanding of the impact of airframe/propulsor interactions.PPFs are extended to three-dimensional subsonic flows, introducing the consideration of induced drag, an inertial effect captured by the Euler PPF. The ONERA M6 wing is used as an initial case study in subsonic flow because of its simple geometry. Comparisons of the Euler PPF are made to an inviscid polar with viscous simulation undertaken at two Reynolds numbers, allowing for an investigation into the viscous-inviscid interaction and its impact on PPF drag book-keeping. The wing polar is analyzed in both subsonic and transonic flow where the PPF results are compared to classical far-field methods. Additional perspective is gained through the subsonic analysis of the Ventus-3 sailplane wing. This case study provides an industrial geometry to demonstrate real-world applicability and potential usefulness of the developed theory. The subsonic nature of sailplane aerodynamics means that a comparison between the Euler drag and far-field induced drag can be made, thus providing further insight as to the nature of viscous-inviscid interactions. Furthermore, the high aspect ratio wing means that classical lifting-line theory may also be used to estimate the induced drag, providing an effective comparison of three different decomposition tools.New challenges are introduced when considering transonic three-dimensional flows. In such cases, the profile drag contains both the wave and viscous drag, while the Euler drag includes the wave and induced components. To avoid using volumetric decompositions, a novel method to determine wave drag was considered, using a hybrid near-field and far-field approach. This method was applied to the ONERA M6 wing and the NASA Common Research Model under conditions conducive to drag formation for each of the three sources associated with a commercial transport aircraft in cruise. Through comparison of the latter study to previous far-field investigations, additional insight is gained making it apparent that this wave drag method includes an interactive drag source, leading to the wave drag prediction being higher than that of methods using the volumetric-based alternative. An attempt to overcome issues associated with the hybrid approach are made through the development of an entirely near-field decomposition method, which uses classical aerodynamic theory. The method is applied to the ONERA M6 wing and shows good agreement with far-field data from another study.The results of various simulations indicate that PPFs may be highly useful in the future of aircraft design. They can be used to provide further insight as to the sources of drag on an aircraft, whether they are used independently or in tandem with far-field methods. PPFs overcome some of the difficulties associated with far-field methods, as they provide an entire scalar field for data visualization while removing the requirement for a highly-refined wake. PPFs avoid issues with the separation of profile drag and provide separability of thrust and drag sources allowing for meaningful thrust/drag book-keeping using momentum-based CFD analyses.
일반주제명  
Aircraft
일반주제명  
Decomposition
일반주제명  
Pressure distribution
일반주제명  
Reynolds number
일반주제명  
Boundary conditions
일반주제명  
Fluid mechanics
일반주제명  
Mathematics
기타저자  
The Pennsylvania State University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■1001  ▼aHart,  Pierce  Luc.
■24510▼aApplication  of  Partial-Pressure  Fields  as  a  Means  of  Accounting  for  Aircraft  Drag  Sources
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bThe  Pennsylvania  State  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a235  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Schmitz,  Sven.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  Pennsylvania  State  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aBy  its  very  nature,  a  capitalist  economy  creates  pressure  on  industries  to  continuously  pursue  increased  profit  margins,  and  therefore  reduced  operational  expenses.  In  the  civil  aviation  sector,  operational  expenses  are  directly  tied  to  fuel  consumption,  leading  to  significant  research  interest  in  improved  efficiency  of  aircraft.  While  the  development  of  new  propulsion  systems  has  been  the  primary  contributor  to  decreased  fuel  burn,  improved  aerodynamics  has  also  been  a  factor.  In  the  last  two  decades,  the  financial  incentives  to  reduce  fuel  burn  have  been  accompanied  by  societal  and  governmental  pressures  to  make  aviation  "more  sustainable".  Policies  have  been  introduced  to  restrict  air  travel  within  France,  and  now  Spain,  introducing  bans  on  short-haul  flights.  With  fossil  fuel  prices  and  societal  awareness  at  an  all-time  high,  several  roadmaps  to  de-carbonize  aviation  have  been  laid  out  by  both  regulatory  bodies  and  industry  leaders.  As  with  efficiency  improvements  thus  far,  these  outlines  suggest  that  a  more  sustainable  future  will  be  dictated  by  propulsion,  and  more  exactly  the  propellant.  However,  optimized  aerodynamics  will  play  an  essential  role  in  achieving  the  demands  set  out.There  are  several  different  approaches  being  considered  to  improve  an  aircraft's  aerodynamic  performance,  yet  they  all  share  the  same  desired  performance  metric,  that  is  a  reduction  in  aerodynamic  drag  across  the  flight  envelope.  Proposed  innovative  redesigns  that  incorporate  novel  aerodynamic  concepts  come  in  two  forms,  whole-scale  approaches  such  as  the  redefinition  of  commercial  aircraft,  i.e.  the  blended-wing  body  and  the  transonic  truss-braced  wing,  or  more  modular  considerations  such  as  winglets,  natural  laminar-flow  technology,  boundary-layer  ingestion,  and  distributed  propulsion  configurations,  have  all  shown  various  levels  of  promise  relative  to  the  industry  baseline.To  make  an  adequate  assessment  of  these  technologies,  an  understanding  of  the  phenomena  creating  the  drag  produced  on  the  body  is  required.  So,  drag  decomposition  analysis  is  used,  providing  insight  that  allows  one  to  better  optimize  the  aerodynamics  under  consideration.Drag  decomposition  can  be  evaluated  from  two  perspectives.  A  near-field  decomposition  evaluates  the  aerodynamic  force  acting  over  the  skin  of  the  aircraft,  understood  physically  as  normal  or  shear  stress.  The  normal  stress  is  attributed  to  the  pressure  distribution,  while  the  shear  stress  is  due  to  the  skin  friction.  Alternatively,  one  may  evaluate  the  drag  in  the  far  field  using  a  momentum-based  control-volume  analysis.  In  far-field  methods,  data  in  the  wake  is  used  to  decompose  drag  into  its  physiological  sources:  lift-induced  drag  associated  with  vortex  shedding  and  profile  drag  which  contains  both  wave  drag  due  to  shock-waves  and  viscous  drag  from  the  boundary  layer.  Using  volumetric  separation,  it  is  theoretically  possible  to  further  decompose  these  drag  sources  entirely  into  viscous  and  wave  drag.  Because  of  their  ability  to  decompose  total  drag  into  components  associated  with  physiological  sources,  far-field  methods  have  been  preferred  to  a  near-field  stress  analysis.  Although  they  are  informative,  there  are  some  inherent  drawbacks  of  these  methods.  They  are  reliant  on  the  assumption  of  lightly-loaded  wings  and  have  been  derived  for  traditional  aircraft  where  the  nacelle  is  isolated  from  the  aerodynamic  body.  New  designs  such  as  boundary-layer  ingestion  concepts  have  highly  coupled  propulsion  systems,  where  it  can  also  be  difficult  to  distinguish  the  nacelle  from  the  airframe.  As  such,  these  methods  may  become  somewhat  obsolete.  Furthermore,  the  nature  of  far-field  control-volume  analyses  means  that  the  drag  sources  provided  are  single-value  integrals,  which  means  they  provide  limited  feedback  in  the  design  process.  These  integrals  are  inherently  difficult  to  solve  in  CFD  as  they  require  well-defined  meshes  both  in  the  near  field  and  the  wake,  which  significantly  increases  the  required  computational  resources.  Appropriate  implementation  of  far-field  methods  requires  expert  input  to  accurately  capture  each  drag  source.Due  to  these  limiting  factors,  a  near-field  decomposition  method  is  highly  desirable.  Therefore,  the  research  objective  of  this  thesis  is  to  develop  a  near-field  decomposition  method  relevant  to  commercial  transport  aircraft,  a  task  that  is  undertaken  through  application  of  partial-pressure  fields  (PPFs).  To  successfully  determine  the  feasibility  of  PPFs  as  an  analysis  tool  in  aircraft  design.  PPF  theory  is  applied  initially  to  two-dimensional  airfoils  in  subsonic  flow.  Current  theory  allows  one  to  split  pressure  into  an  Euler  component  associated  with  the  bulk  flow  and  a  dissipative  component  accounting  for  the  pressure  created  as  a  result  of  the  viscous  boundary  layer.  An  evaluation  of  the  drag  factor  of  each  PPF  is  made  in  subsonic  flow.  In  transonic  flow,  there  is  an  additional  phenomenon  to  consider:  shock  formation.  A  PPF  is  developed  to  adequately  capture  the  effects  of  the  shockwave.  Comparisons  are  made  to  state-of-the-art  far-field  decompositions  to  determine  the  validity  of  PPFs  in  such  flow  conditions.  The  final  contribution  of  two-dimensional  PPF  analysis  is  the  added  consideration  of  thrust  with  a  propulsive  PPF  generated  to  further  our  understanding  of  the  impact  of  airframe/propulsor  interactions.PPFs  are  extended  to  three-dimensional  subsonic  flows,  introducing  the  consideration  of  induced  drag,  an  inertial  effect  captured  by  the  Euler  PPF.  The  ONERA  M6  wing  is  used  as  an  initial  case  study  in  subsonic  flow  because  of  its  simple  geometry.  Comparisons  of  the  Euler  PPF  are  made  to  an  inviscid  polar  with  viscous  simulation  undertaken  at  two  Reynolds  numbers,  allowing  for  an  investigation  into  the  viscous-inviscid  interaction  and  its  impact  on  PPF  drag  book-keeping.  The  wing  polar  is  analyzed  in  both  subsonic  and  transonic  flow  where  the  PPF  results  are  compared  to  classical  far-field  methods.  Additional  perspective  is  gained  through  the  subsonic  analysis  of  the  Ventus-3  sailplane  wing.  This  case  study  provides  an  industrial  geometry  to  demonstrate  real-world  applicability  and  potential  usefulness  of  the  developed  theory.  The  subsonic  nature  of  sailplane  aerodynamics  means  that  a  comparison  between  the  Euler  drag  and  far-field  induced  drag  can  be  made,  thus  providing  further  insight  as  to  the  nature  of  viscous-inviscid  interactions.  Furthermore,  the  high  aspect  ratio  wing  means  that  classical  lifting-line  theory  may  also  be  used  to  estimate  the  induced  drag,  providing  an  effective  comparison  of  three  different  decomposition  tools.New  challenges  are  introduced  when  considering  transonic  three-dimensional  flows.  In  such  cases,  the  profile  drag  contains  both  the  wave  and  viscous  drag,  while  the  Euler  drag  includes  the  wave  and  induced  components.  To  avoid  using  volumetric  decompositions,  a  novel  method  to  determine  wave  drag  was  considered,  using  a  hybrid  near-field  and  far-field  approach.  This  method  was  applied  to  the  ONERA  M6  wing  and  the  NASA  Common  Research  Model  under  conditions  conducive  to  drag  formation  for  each  of  the  three  sources  associated  with  a  commercial  transport  aircraft  in  cruise.  Through  comparison  of  the  latter  study  to  previous  far-field  investigations,  additional  insight  is  gained  making  it  apparent  that  this  wave  drag  method  includes  an  interactive  drag  source,  leading  to  the  wave  drag  prediction  being  higher  than  that  of  methods  using  the  volumetric-based  alternative.  An  attempt  to  overcome  issues  associated  with  the  hybrid  approach  are  made  through  the  development  of  an  entirely  near-field  decomposition  method,  which  uses  classical  aerodynamic  theory.  The  method  is  applied  to  the  ONERA  M6  wing  and  shows  good  agreement  with  far-field  data  from  another  study.The  results  of  various  simulations  indicate  that  PPFs  may  be  highly  useful  in  the  future  of  aircraft  design.  They  can  be  used  to  provide  further  insight  as  to  the  sources  of  drag  on  an  aircraft,  whether  they  are  used  independently  or  in  tandem  with  far-field  methods.  PPFs  overcome  some  of  the  difficulties  associated  with  far-field  methods,  as  they  provide  an  entire  scalar  field  for  data  visualization  while  removing  the  requirement  for  a  highly-refined  wake.  PPFs  avoid  issues  with  the  separation  of  profile  drag  and  provide  separability  of  thrust  and  drag  sources  allowing  for  meaningful  thrust/drag  book-keeping  using  momentum-based  CFD  analyses.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0176.
■650  4▼aAircraft
■650  4▼aDecomposition
■650  4▼aPressure  distribution
■650  4▼aReynolds  number
■650  4▼aBoundary  conditions
■650  4▼aFluid  mechanics
■650  4▼aMathematics
■690    ▼a0204
■690    ▼a0405
■71020▼aThe  Pennsylvania  State  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-05B.
■790    ▼a0176
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164431▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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