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The Present and Future of the Horn of Africa Rains
The Present and Future of the Horn of Africa Rains
The Present and Future of the Horn of Africa Rains

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152803
ISBN  
9798384011804
DDC  
551.5
저자명  
Schwarzwald, Kevin.
서명/저자  
The Present and Future of the Horn of Africa Rains
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
271 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-02, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Seager, Richard.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Societies in much of the Horn of Africa are affected by variability in two distinct rainy seasons: the March-May (MAM) "long" rains and the October-December (OND) "short" rains. The region is the driest area of the tropics, while its societies are heavily dependent on the rainfall cycle. Es- pecially worrying are anomalously dry conditions, which, together with other factors, contribute to food insecurity in the region. The recent 2020-2023 5-season drought, associated with the con- current "triple-dip" La Nina and resulting in tens of millions of people facing "high levels of food insecurity" (cf: IGAD), renewed fears of long-term and possibly anthropogenically-forced drying trends, especially during the MAM long rains. A long-term decline in the long rains beginning in the early 1980s and lasting until the 2010s had indeed been noted in studies examining his- torical station-based observations, satellite observations, and farmer recollections in the region, though seasonal average rainfall has since partially recovered. Consequently, global climate mod- els (GCMs) are increasingly used to project changes in rainfall characteristics under global warm- ing scenarios and associated impacts on societies, such as agricultural production, groundwater resources, and urban infrastructure, in addition to providing seasonal forecasts used for near-term decision-making. However, GCMs uniformly predict long-term wetting in both seasons despite observed drying trends in the long rains, an "East African Paradox" that complicates the ability of decisionmakers to plan for future rainfall conditions. Previous generations of GCMs have known biases in key dynamics of the regional hydroclimate. Decisionmakers relying on projections of future rainfall in the GHA therefore need to know whether current GCM projections are trustworthy. In other words, can we be confident in future modeled wetting trends in both the long and short rains?This thesis pursues this question in three parts. Chapter 2 seeks to understand the fundamental dynamics affecting the East African seasonal rainfall climatology, which is unique for its latitude in both its aridity and for the dynamical differences between its two rainy seasons. I explain these characteristics through the climatology of moist static stability, estimated as the difference between surface moist static energy hs and midtropospheric saturation moist static energy h*. In areas and at times when this difference, hs − h*, is higher, rainfall is more frequent and more intense. However, even during the rainy seasons, hs − h* 0 on average and the atmosphere remains largely stable, in line with the region's aridity. The seasonal cycle of hs − h*, to which the unique seasonal cycles of surface humidity, surface temperature, and midtropospheric temperature all contribute, helps explain the double-peaked nature of the regional hydroclimate. Despite tropospheric temperature being relatively uniform in the tropics, even small changes in h* can have substantial impacts on instability; for example, during the short rains, the annual minimum in regional h* lowers the threshold for convection and allows for instability despite surface humidity anomalies being relatively weak. This hs − h* framework can help identify the drivers of interannual variability in East African rainfall or diagnose the origin of biases in climate model simulations of the regional climate.Chapter 3 applies these results to conduct a process-based model evaluation of the ability of GCMs from the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6, the latest GCM generation) to simulate the historical climatology and variability in the East African long and short rains. I find that key biases from the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) remain or are worsened, including long rains that are too short and weak and short rains that are too long and strong. Model biases are driven by a complex set of related oceanic and atmospheric factors, including simulations of the Walker Circulation. hs − h* is too high in models, requiring more instability for the same amount of rainfall than in observations. Biased wet short rains in models are connected with Indian Ocean zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients that are too warm in the west and convection that is too deep. Models connect equatorial African winds with the strength of the short rains, though in observations a robust connection is primarily found in the long rains. Model mean state biases in the timing of the western Indian Ocean SST seasonal cycle are associated with certain rainfall timing biases, though both biases may be due to a common source. Simulations driven by historical SSTs (so-called 'AMIP' runs) often have larger biases than fully coupled runs. However, models generally respond to teleconnections with the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Nino Southern Oscillation in particular as expected, maintaining the possibility that trends in the long and short rains may also respond correctly to simulated trends in large-scale dynamics.Finally, Chapter 4 applies these results to directly tackle the East African Paradox by analyzing model trends across the entire observational record to identify under what conditions they fail to reproduce observed trends. Since even with perfect models and observational records model output may differ from observations due to internal variability, I analyze the full spread of CMIP6 output, including Large Ensembles and totalling 598 runs from 47 models. I find that while observed trends are always within the model spread if all runs from all Large Ensembles are considered, the Paradox remains in CMIP6 models, since GCMs substantially underproduce strong drying trends compared to observations. Within the observational record, the Paradox is limited to the time period with the most anomalous drying trends (especially in the years 1980-2010); the recent recovery in rainfall falls comfortably within the range of GCM simulations. The Paradox is not visible in AMIP runs forced with observed historical SSTs, suggesting that biases in simulations of SSTs may be part of the explanation, though clear causality remains elusive. The transition towards more biased trends from SST-forced to coupled runs can also be seen in output from hindcasts from seasonal forecast models, where trends calculated from short-lead-time projections (when the ocean state resembles observations) do not feature the Paradox, while lead times starting with 1.5 months do. More broadly, I show that climate model simulations of observed trends alone cannot be used to reject model predictions of increased (or decreased) precipitation under future forcings. Decision-makers relying on future projections of rainfall trends in East Africa will likely need to consider the possibility of further drying in addition to wetting trends from GCMs.
일반주제명  
Atmospheric sciences
일반주제명  
Climate change
일반주제명  
Environmental science
일반주제명  
Paleoclimate science
키워드  
Climate dynamics
키워드  
Climate model evaluation
키워드  
East Africa
키워드  
Moist static energy
키워드  
Rainfall
키워드  
Rainfall trends
기타저자  
Columbia University Earth and Environmental Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-02B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aThe  Present  and  Future  of  the  Horn  of  Africa  Rains
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■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-02,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Seager,  Richard.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aSocieties  in  much  of  the  Horn  of  Africa  are  affected  by  variability  in  two  distinct  rainy  seasons:  the  March-May  (MAM)  "long"  rains  and  the  October-December  (OND)  "short"  rains.  The  region  is  the  driest  area  of  the  tropics,  while  its  societies  are  heavily  dependent  on  the  rainfall  cycle.  Es-  pecially  worrying  are  anomalously  dry  conditions,  which,  together  with  other  factors,  contribute  to  food  insecurity  in  the  region.  The  recent  2020-2023  5-season  drought,  associated  with  the  con-  current  "triple-dip"  La  Nina  and  resulting  in  tens  of  millions  of  people  facing  "high  levels  of  food  insecurity"  (cf:  IGAD),  renewed  fears  of  long-term  and  possibly  anthropogenically-forced  drying  trends,  especially  during  the  MAM  long  rains.  A  long-term  decline  in  the  long  rains  beginning  in  the  early  1980s  and  lasting  until  the  2010s  had  indeed  been  noted  in  studies  examining  his-  torical  station-based  observations,  satellite  observations,  and  farmer  recollections  in  the  region,  though  seasonal  average  rainfall  has  since  partially  recovered.  Consequently,  global  climate  mod-  els  (GCMs)  are  increasingly  used  to  project  changes  in  rainfall  characteristics  under  global  warm-  ing  scenarios  and  associated  impacts  on  societies,  such  as  agricultural  production,  groundwater  resources,  and  urban  infrastructure,  in  addition  to  providing  seasonal  forecasts  used  for  near-term  decision-making.  However,  GCMs  uniformly  predict  long-term  wetting  in  both  seasons  despite  observed  drying  trends  in  the  long  rains,  an  "East  African  Paradox"  that  complicates  the  ability  of  decisionmakers  to  plan  for  future  rainfall  conditions.  Previous  generations  of  GCMs  have  known  biases  in  key  dynamics  of  the  regional  hydroclimate.  Decisionmakers  relying  on  projections  of  future  rainfall  in  the  GHA  therefore  need  to  know  whether  current  GCM  projections  are  trustworthy.  In  other  words,  can  we  be  confident  in  future  modeled  wetting  trends  in  both  the  long  and  short  rains?This  thesis  pursues  this  question  in  three  parts.  Chapter  2  seeks  to  understand  the  fundamental  dynamics  affecting  the  East  African  seasonal  rainfall  climatology,  which  is  unique  for  its  latitude  in  both  its  aridity  and  for  the  dynamical  differences  between  its  two  rainy  seasons.  I  explain  these  characteristics  through  the  climatology  of  moist  static  stability,  estimated  as  the  difference  between  surface  moist  static  energy  hs  and  midtropospheric  saturation  moist  static  energy  h*.  In  areas  and  at  times  when  this  difference,  hs  −  h*,  is  higher,  rainfall  is  more  frequent  and  more  intense.  However,  even  during  the  rainy  seasons,  hs  −  h*    0  on  average  and  the  atmosphere  remains  largely  stable,  in  line  with  the  region's  aridity.  The  seasonal  cycle  of  hs  −  h*,  to  which  the  unique  seasonal  cycles  of  surface  humidity,  surface  temperature,  and  midtropospheric  temperature  all  contribute,  helps  explain  the  double-peaked  nature  of  the  regional  hydroclimate.  Despite  tropospheric  temperature  being  relatively  uniform  in  the  tropics,  even  small  changes  in  h*  can  have  substantial  impacts  on  instability;  for  example,  during  the  short  rains,  the  annual  minimum  in  regional  h*  lowers  the  threshold  for  convection  and  allows  for  instability  despite  surface  humidity  anomalies  being  relatively  weak.  This  hs  −  h*  framework  can  help  identify  the  drivers  of  interannual  variability  in  East  African  rainfall  or  diagnose  the  origin  of  biases  in  climate  model  simulations  of  the  regional  climate.Chapter  3  applies  these  results  to  conduct  a  process-based  model  evaluation  of  the  ability  of  GCMs  from  the  6th  phase  of  the  Coupled  Model  Intercomparison  Project  (CMIP6,  the  latest  GCM  generation)  to  simulate  the  historical  climatology  and  variability  in  the  East  African  long  and  short  rains.  I  find  that  key  biases  from  the  5th  phase  of  the  Coupled  Model  Intercomparison  Project  (CMIP5)  remain  or  are  worsened,  including  long  rains  that  are  too  short  and  weak  and  short  rains  that  are  too  long  and  strong.  Model  biases  are  driven  by  a  complex  set  of  related  oceanic  and  atmospheric  factors,  including  simulations  of  the  Walker  Circulation.  hs  −  h*  is  too  high  in  models,  requiring  more  instability  for  the  same  amount  of  rainfall  than  in  observations.  Biased  wet  short  rains  in  models  are  connected  with  Indian  Ocean  zonal  sea  surface  temperature  (SST)  gradients  that  are  too  warm  in  the  west  and  convection  that  is  too  deep.  Models  connect  equatorial  African  winds  with  the  strength  of  the  short  rains,  though  in  observations  a  robust  connection  is  primarily  found  in  the  long  rains.  Model  mean  state  biases  in  the  timing  of  the  western  Indian  Ocean  SST  seasonal  cycle  are  associated  with  certain  rainfall  timing  biases,  though  both  biases  may  be  due  to  a  common  source.  Simulations  driven  by  historical  SSTs  (so-called  'AMIP'  runs)  often  have  larger  biases  than  fully  coupled  runs.  However,  models  generally  respond  to  teleconnections  with  the  Indian  Ocean  Dipole  and  the  El  Nino  Southern  Oscillation  in  particular  as  expected,  maintaining  the  possibility  that  trends  in  the  long  and  short  rains  may  also  respond  correctly  to  simulated  trends  in  large-scale  dynamics.Finally,  Chapter  4  applies  these  results  to  directly  tackle  the  East  African  Paradox  by  analyzing  model  trends  across  the  entire  observational  record  to  identify  under  what  conditions  they  fail  to  reproduce  observed  trends.  Since  even  with  perfect  models  and  observational  records  model  output  may  differ  from  observations  due  to  internal  variability,  I  analyze  the  full  spread  of  CMIP6  output,  including  Large  Ensembles  and  totalling  598  runs  from  47  models.  I  find  that  while  observed  trends  are  always  within  the  model  spread  if  all  runs  from  all  Large  Ensembles  are  considered,  the  Paradox  remains  in  CMIP6  models,  since  GCMs  substantially  underproduce  strong  drying  trends  compared  to  observations.  Within  the  observational  record,  the  Paradox  is  limited  to  the  time  period  with  the  most  anomalous  drying  trends  (especially  in  the  years  1980-2010);  the  recent  recovery  in  rainfall  falls  comfortably  within  the  range  of  GCM  simulations.  The  Paradox  is  not  visible  in  AMIP  runs  forced  with  observed  historical  SSTs,  suggesting  that  biases  in  simulations  of  SSTs  may  be  part  of  the  explanation,  though  clear  causality  remains  elusive.  The  transition  towards  more  biased  trends  from  SST-forced  to  coupled  runs  can  also  be  seen  in  output  from  hindcasts  from  seasonal  forecast  models,  where  trends  calculated  from  short-lead-time  projections  (when  the  ocean  state  resembles  observations)  do  not  feature  the  Paradox,  while  lead  times  starting  with  1.5  months  do.  More  broadly,  I  show  that  climate  model  simulations  of  observed  trends  alone  cannot  be  used  to  reject  model  predictions  of  increased  (or  decreased)  precipitation  under  future  forcings.  Decision-makers  relying  on  future  projections  of  rainfall  trends  in  East  Africa  will  likely  need  to  consider  the  possibility  of  further  drying  in  addition  to  wetting  trends  from  GCMs.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aAtmospheric  sciences
■650  4▼aClimate  change
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  science
■650  4▼aPaleoclimate  science
■653    ▼aClimate  dynamics
■653    ▼aClimate  model  evaluation
■653    ▼aEast  Africa
■653    ▼aMoist  static  energy
■653    ▼aRainfall
■653    ▼aRainfall  trends
■690    ▼a0725
■690    ▼a0404
■690    ▼a0653
■690    ▼a0768
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEarth  and  Environmental  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-02B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163869▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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