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Enhancing Health Policy Decisions in Diseases Affecting Disadvantaged Populations: Applied and Methodological Analyses
Enhancing Health Policy Decisions in Diseases Affecting Disadvantaged Populations: Applied...
Enhancing Health Policy Decisions in Diseases Affecting Disadvantaged Populations: Applied and Methodological Analyses

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151446
ISBN  
9798382776101
DDC  
614
저자명  
James, Lyndon.
서명/저자  
Enhancing Health Policy Decisions in Diseases Affecting Disadvantaged Populations: Applied and Methodological Analyses
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
198 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Menzies, Nicolas.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약In this dissertation, I employed three different analytic lenses to help improve health policy decisions. Each chapter focuses on either tuberculosis (TB) or sickle cell disease (SCD), conditions which predominantly affect systematically disadvantaged populations. I investigated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of shorter, all-oral regimens to treat rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) in Moldova-a country with a high burden of RR-TB-and explored the impact of methodological decisions on the distributional (i.e., equity-weighted) cost-effectiveness of new gene therapies for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in the United States (US).In chapter 1, I evaluated the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of a 6-month regimen of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid and moxifloxacin (BPaLM) to treat pulmonary RR-TB in Moldova, as compared to established 9- to 18-month regimens. Using genomic data, I built a microsimulation model to estimate the quality-adjusted life expectancy and costs under each strategy, and tracked the evolution of resistance of M. tuberculosis to 12 anti-TB drugs. Compared to longer regimens, I found that 6 months of BPaLM was cost-effective across a broad range of scenarios, and would save Moldova's national TB program budget $7.1 million (95% UI: [1.3 million, 15.4 million]) over the five year period from implementation. Six months of BPaLM also reduced the length of time spent with TB resistant to six drugs (including bedaquiline and moxifloxacin), while it increased the time spent with TB resistant to two drugs (delamanid and pretomanid), findings which could exert additional spillover effects. Overall, this study adds to the growing body of evidence in favor of shorter, more tolerable, all-oral regimens for RR-TB.In chapter 2, I compared the effectiveness of all-oral bedaquiline-containing regimens against injectable-containing regimens for pulmonary RR-TB in Moldova using data from routinely collected electronic medical records. In an intention-to-treat analysis of a cohort of adults initiating treatment for culture-positive RR-TB in 2019-2021, I found that all-oral bedaquiline-containing regimens were associated with improved probability and hazard rate of culture conversion in 6 months following treatment initiation, after adjusting for baseline covariates. These results contribute to both clinical and policy decisions alongside other empirical and modeling evidence on the tolerability, long-term health outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of these regimens.In chapter 3, I explored the impact of methodological decisions within distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA). DCEA is a modeling approach capable of balancing concerns for efficiency and equity, by affording extra priority to groups who are less well-off. Although interest is growing in applying these methods, guidance for conducting DCEA in the US setting is limited. Using an applied example in SCD, I modeled the US population in 2023, and showed that the choice of variables used to stratify the population into equity-relevant groups can affect whether a new SCD gene therapy would be recommended, even while holding the level of inequality aversion constant. Results may also be impacted by cost incidence assumptions, specifically as to how opportunity costs are experienced by those enrolled in Medicaid. This work highlights the need for awareness of the normative implications of modeling decisions in DCEA, and for reaching consensus on how these analyses are conducted in the US.
일반주제명  
Health sciences
일반주제명  
Public policy
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
Medicine
일반주제명  
Epidemiology
키워드  
Decision analysis
키워드  
Decision science
키워드  
Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
키워드  
Tuberculosis
키워드  
Health policy decisions
기타저자  
Harvard University Health Policy
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■24510▼aEnhancing  Health  Policy  Decisions  in  Diseases  Affecting  Disadvantaged  Populations:  Applied  and  Methodological  Analyses
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■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Menzies,  Nicolas.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aIn  this  dissertation,  I  employed  three  different  analytic  lenses  to  help  improve  health  policy  decisions.  Each  chapter  focuses  on  either  tuberculosis  (TB)  or  sickle  cell  disease  (SCD),  conditions  which  predominantly  affect  systematically  disadvantaged  populations.  I  investigated  the  effectiveness  and  cost-effectiveness  of  shorter,  all-oral  regimens  to  treat  rifampicin-resistant  TB  (RR-TB)  in  Moldova-a  country  with  a  high  burden  of  RR-TB-and  explored  the  impact  of  methodological  decisions  on  the  distributional  (i.e.,  equity-weighted)  cost-effectiveness  of  new  gene  therapies  for  Sickle  Cell  Disease  (SCD)  in  the  United  States  (US).In  chapter  1,  I  evaluated  the  cost-effectiveness  and  budget  impact  of  a  6-month  regimen  of  bedaquiline,  pretomanid,  linezolid  and  moxifloxacin  (BPaLM)  to  treat  pulmonary  RR-TB  in  Moldova,  as  compared  to  established  9-  to  18-month  regimens.  Using  genomic  data,  I  built  a  microsimulation  model  to  estimate  the  quality-adjusted  life  expectancy  and  costs  under  each  strategy,  and  tracked  the  evolution  of  resistance  of  M.  tuberculosis  to  12  anti-TB  drugs.  Compared  to  longer  regimens,  I  found  that  6  months  of  BPaLM  was  cost-effective  across  a  broad  range  of  scenarios,  and  would  save  Moldova's  national  TB  program  budget  $7.1  million  (95%  UI:  [1.3  million,  15.4  million])  over  the  five  year  period  from  implementation.  Six  months  of  BPaLM  also  reduced  the  length  of  time  spent  with  TB  resistant  to  six  drugs  (including  bedaquiline  and  moxifloxacin),  while  it  increased  the  time  spent  with  TB  resistant  to  two  drugs  (delamanid  and  pretomanid),  findings  which  could  exert  additional  spillover  effects.  Overall,  this  study  adds  to  the  growing  body  of  evidence  in  favor  of  shorter,  more  tolerable,  all-oral  regimens  for  RR-TB.In  chapter  2,  I  compared  the  effectiveness  of  all-oral  bedaquiline-containing  regimens  against  injectable-containing  regimens  for  pulmonary  RR-TB  in  Moldova  using  data  from  routinely  collected  electronic  medical  records.  In  an  intention-to-treat  analysis  of  a  cohort  of  adults  initiating  treatment  for  culture-positive  RR-TB  in  2019-2021,  I  found  that  all-oral  bedaquiline-containing  regimens  were  associated  with  improved  probability  and  hazard  rate  of  culture  conversion  in  6  months  following  treatment  initiation,  after  adjusting  for  baseline  covariates.  These  results  contribute  to  both  clinical  and  policy  decisions  alongside  other  empirical  and  modeling  evidence  on  the  tolerability,  long-term  health  outcomes,  and  cost-effectiveness  of  these  regimens.In  chapter  3,  I  explored  the  impact  of  methodological  decisions  within  distributional  cost-effectiveness  analysis  (DCEA).  DCEA  is  a  modeling  approach  capable  of  balancing  concerns  for  efficiency  and  equity,  by  affording  extra  priority  to  groups  who  are  less  well-off.  Although  interest  is  growing  in  applying  these  methods,  guidance  for  conducting  DCEA  in  the  US  setting  is  limited.  Using  an  applied  example  in  SCD,  I  modeled  the  US  population  in  2023,  and  showed  that  the  choice  of  variables  used  to  stratify  the  population  into  equity-relevant  groups  can  affect  whether  a  new  SCD  gene  therapy  would  be  recommended,  even  while  holding  the  level  of  inequality  aversion  constant.  Results  may  also  be  impacted  by  cost  incidence  assumptions,  specifically  as  to  how  opportunity  costs  are  experienced  by  those  enrolled  in  Medicaid.  This  work  highlights  the  need  for  awareness  of  the  normative  implications  of  modeling  decisions  in  DCEA,  and  for  reaching  consensus  on  how  these  analyses  are  conducted  in  the  US.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aHealth  sciences
■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aMedicine
■650  4▼aEpidemiology
■653    ▼aDecision  analysis
■653    ▼aDecision  science
■653    ▼aDistributional  cost-effectiveness  analysis
■653    ▼aTuberculosis
■653    ▼aHealth  policy  decisions
■690    ▼a0566
■690    ▼a0630
■690    ▼a0564
■690    ▼a0766
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■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161798▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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