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Mortality Myths?: Testing the Claims of the Theory of Deaths of Despair
Mortality Myths?: Testing the Claims of the Theory of Deaths of Despair
Mortality Myths?: Testing the Claims of the Theory of Deaths of Despair

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151104
ISBN  
9798383190043
DDC  
614.4
저자명  
Segura Sanchez, Luis Esteban.
서명/저자  
Mortality Myths?: Testing the Claims of the Theory of Deaths of Despair
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
238 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-01, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Schwartz, Sharon B.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Dr.P.H.)--Columbia University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약A groundbreaking narrative, which would come to be known as the theory of "deaths of despair", emerged in 2015 from a study by Case and Deaton analyzing mortality rates in the United States between 1999 and 2013. They found an increasing trend in all-cause mortality rates due to drug poisonings, alcohol-related liver disease, and suicides, which they called "deaths of despair", among non-Hispanic (NH) white Americans aged 45 to 54-this age group was called the midlife. Case and Deaton's findings and their narrative about the hypothetical causes of their findings garnered significant attention. The authors of this narrative hypothesized that the observed increases in mortality rates were due to white individuals in midlife increasingly suffering from "despair" and proposed a causal link between increasing "despair" rates and increased mortality rates only among white Americans in midlife. Case and Deaton did not provide a clear definition of "despair"; they presumed that white Americans in midlife were hopeless about their prospects for the future compared to what their parents had attained.This provocative narrative persisted and gained momentum because it functioned as an explanation of recent events like the 2016 U.S. presidential election, rise in white nationalism, and far right extremism. These white-related events were thought to be expressions of an agonizing, poor, under-educated generation of white Americans increasingly suffering from hypothetical feelings of "despair", which have led them to self-destructive behaviors and premature death.However, no study has investigated the central claim of this theory: whether there is evidence of an association between increased "despair" rates and increased mortality rates only among white individuals in midlife, particularly for those with low education. Moreover, there is little evidence of their hypothesis of an increasing epidemic of "despair" affecting only white Americans in midlife, particularly those with low education.The theory of "deaths of despair" can be understood through Geoffrey Rose's framework of causes of incidence and causes of cases, which highlights the difference between between-population and inter-individual causes of disease. Rose's argues that causes of incidence explain the changes in outcome rates between populations, and may be uniform and imperceptible within populations. On the other hand, the causes of cases explain why some individuals within a population are susceptible or at high risk of the outcome. Like Rose's causes of incidence, the authors of the theory of "deaths of despair" argue that "despair" increased between the midlife white American population in 1999 and in 2014, which led to increased mortality rates. Conversely, this theory does not claim that some individuals are at higher risk of death due to "despair", which would be analogous to causes of cases. Therefore, the contrast of interest to test the central claim of Case and Deaton's theory of "deaths of despair" is a between-population contrast (causes of incidence). As such, this dissertation aims to test the claims of the theory of "deaths of despair" proposed by Case and Deaton at the right level (causes of incidence).I began by conducting a scoping review of the current literature providing empirical support to the different elements of this theory: 1) socioeconomic causes as causes of "despair", "diseases of despair", "deaths of despair", and all-cause mortality, and 2) "despair" as the cause of "diseases of despair", "deaths of despair", and all-cause mortality. I found 43 studies that I organized and displayed in two graphs according to Rose's causes of cases (individual-level causes of "deaths of despair") and causes of incidence (between-population level causes of "deaths of despair" rates). In each graph, I showed the number of studies that provided evidence for the individual- or population-level elements of the theory of "deaths of despair". Of these 43 studies, I found that only 13 studies explicitly stated that they tested this theory. Three studies provided different definitions of "despair", which did not align with the previous vague definition provided by Case and Deaton about white individuals' hopeless about their prospects for the future. Most studies provided individual-level evidence for "despair" increasing the likelihood of death and despair-related outcomes, which is analogous to a type III error-a mismatch between the research question and the level at which the studies' design and analyses were conducted to answer that question. Further, no study addressed at the right level-between populations-the central claim of the theory of "deaths of despair". This led me to review the literature around concepts similar to "despair" and propose a suitable indicator to test the claims of the theory of "deaths of despair".I leveraged data from the National Health Interview Survey and the Centers for Disease Control mortality data to test whether increases in the prevalence of "despair" were associated with increases in all-cause mortality rates only among white individuals in midlife and whether this effect was bigger among low educated white individuals. To obtain a valid estimate of this association, I adapted econometric methods to develop a valid estimator of the association between increasing "despair" prevalence and increased all-cause mortality rates. After adjusting for potential confounders at the between-population level, I found that the trends in the prevalence of "despair" were negligible across all race and ethnic groups and that an increasing trend could not be identified. Further, I found no evidence that increasing prevalences of "despair" were associated with increased all-cause mortality rates among NH white individuals in midlife, or that this association was more pronounced for those with low education.Lastly, I conducted a similar analysis looking at the association between increased prevalences of "despair" and increased rates of "deaths of despair". I replicated Case and Deaton's observed increased rates of "deaths of despair" among white individuals in midlife. However, I found no evidence that increased prevalences of "despair" were associated with increased "deaths of despair" rates among white individuals in midlife or that this association was higher for those with low education.Together, these findings suggest that the claims about the causes of increased mortality rates among white Americans in midlife are at best, questionable, and at worst, false. My aim with this work is to challenge and provide a critical examination of the theory of "deaths of despair", which has fueled the narrative of a suffering white generation and justified recent problematic events as white individuals lashing out for being forgotten to despair and die. While Case and Deaton's observed rise in mortality rates among whites is a reproducible fact, their narrative ignores other evidence of white racial resentment as the cause of rise in mortality among white individuals. With this work, I intend to help stopping the perpetuation of narratives that favor structural whiteness by promoting an unsubstantiated narrative of psychosocial harm experienced by white Americans. Ultimately, I hope this work helps shift the focus in public health away from Case and Deaton's findings, which may overshadow and detract from the stark reality that mortality rates for Black individuals significantly exceed those for white individuals.
일반주제명  
Epidemiology
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
American studies
일반주제명  
Social research
키워드  
Deaths of despair
키워드  
Despair
키워드  
High school education
키워드  
Midlife
키워드  
Mortality
키워드  
Trends
기타저자  
Columbia University Epidemiology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-01A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aSegura  Sanchez,  Luis  Esteban.
■24510▼aMortality  Myths?:  Testing  the  Claims  of  the  Theory  of  Deaths  of  Despair
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a238  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-01,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Schwartz,  Sharon  B.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Dr.P.H.)--Columbia  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aA  groundbreaking  narrative,  which  would  come  to  be  known  as  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair",  emerged  in  2015  from  a  study  by  Case  and  Deaton  analyzing  mortality  rates  in  the  United  States  between  1999  and  2013.  They  found  an  increasing  trend  in  all-cause  mortality  rates  due  to  drug  poisonings,  alcohol-related  liver  disease,  and  suicides,  which  they  called  "deaths  of  despair",  among  non-Hispanic  (NH)  white  Americans  aged  45  to  54-this  age  group  was  called  the  midlife.  Case  and  Deaton's  findings  and  their  narrative  about  the  hypothetical  causes  of  their  findings  garnered  significant  attention.  The  authors  of  this  narrative  hypothesized  that  the  observed  increases  in  mortality  rates  were  due  to  white  individuals  in  midlife  increasingly  suffering  from  "despair"  and  proposed  a  causal  link  between  increasing  "despair"  rates  and  increased  mortality  rates  only  among  white  Americans  in  midlife.  Case  and  Deaton  did  not  provide  a  clear  definition  of  "despair";  they  presumed  that  white  Americans  in  midlife  were  hopeless  about  their  prospects  for  the  future  compared  to  what  their  parents  had  attained.This  provocative  narrative  persisted  and  gained  momentum  because  it  functioned  as  an  explanation  of  recent  events  like  the  2016  U.S.  presidential  election,  rise  in  white  nationalism,  and  far  right  extremism.  These  white-related  events  were  thought  to  be  expressions  of  an  agonizing,  poor,  under-educated  generation  of  white  Americans  increasingly  suffering  from  hypothetical  feelings  of  "despair",  which  have  led  them  to  self-destructive  behaviors  and  premature  death.However,  no  study  has  investigated  the  central  claim  of  this  theory:  whether  there  is  evidence  of  an  association  between  increased  "despair"  rates  and  increased  mortality  rates  only  among  white  individuals  in  midlife,  particularly  for  those  with  low  education.  Moreover,  there  is  little  evidence  of  their  hypothesis  of  an  increasing  epidemic  of  "despair"  affecting  only  white  Americans  in  midlife,  particularly  those  with  low  education.The  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair"  can  be  understood  through  Geoffrey  Rose's  framework  of  causes  of  incidence  and  causes  of  cases,  which  highlights  the  difference  between  between-population  and  inter-individual  causes  of  disease.  Rose's  argues  that  causes  of  incidence  explain  the  changes  in  outcome  rates  between  populations,  and  may  be  uniform  and  imperceptible  within  populations.  On  the  other  hand,  the  causes  of  cases  explain  why  some  individuals  within  a  population  are  susceptible  or  at  high  risk  of  the  outcome.  Like  Rose's  causes  of  incidence,  the  authors  of  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair"  argue  that  "despair"  increased  between  the  midlife  white  American  population  in  1999  and  in  2014,  which  led  to  increased  mortality  rates.  Conversely,  this  theory  does  not  claim  that  some  individuals  are  at  higher  risk  of  death  due  to  "despair",  which  would  be  analogous  to  causes  of  cases.  Therefore,  the  contrast  of  interest  to  test  the  central  claim  of  Case  and  Deaton's  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair"  is  a  between-population  contrast  (causes  of  incidence).  As  such,  this  dissertation  aims  to  test  the  claims  of  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair"  proposed  by  Case  and  Deaton  at  the  right  level  (causes  of  incidence).I  began  by  conducting  a  scoping  review  of  the  current  literature  providing  empirical  support  to  the  different  elements  of  this  theory:  1)  socioeconomic  causes  as  causes  of  "despair",  "diseases  of  despair",  "deaths  of  despair",  and  all-cause  mortality,  and  2)  "despair"  as  the  cause  of  "diseases  of  despair",  "deaths  of  despair",  and  all-cause  mortality.  I  found  43  studies  that  I  organized  and  displayed  in  two  graphs  according  to  Rose's  causes  of  cases  (individual-level  causes  of  "deaths  of  despair")  and  causes  of  incidence  (between-population  level  causes  of  "deaths  of  despair"  rates).  In  each  graph,  I  showed  the  number  of  studies  that  provided  evidence  for  the  individual-  or  population-level  elements  of  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair".  Of  these  43  studies,  I  found  that  only  13  studies  explicitly  stated  that  they  tested  this  theory.  Three  studies  provided  different  definitions  of  "despair",  which  did  not  align  with  the  previous  vague  definition  provided  by  Case  and  Deaton  about  white  individuals'  hopeless  about  their  prospects  for  the  future.  Most  studies  provided  individual-level  evidence  for  "despair"  increasing  the  likelihood  of  death  and  despair-related  outcomes,  which  is  analogous  to  a  type  III  error-a  mismatch  between  the  research  question  and  the  level  at  which  the  studies'  design  and  analyses  were  conducted  to  answer  that  question.  Further,  no  study  addressed  at  the  right  level-between  populations-the  central  claim  of  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair".  This  led  me  to  review  the  literature  around  concepts  similar  to  "despair"  and  propose  a  suitable  indicator  to  test  the  claims  of  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair".I  leveraged  data  from  the  National  Health  Interview  Survey  and  the  Centers  for  Disease  Control  mortality  data  to  test  whether  increases  in  the  prevalence  of  "despair"  were  associated  with  increases  in  all-cause  mortality  rates  only  among  white  individuals  in  midlife  and  whether  this  effect  was  bigger  among  low  educated  white  individuals.  To  obtain  a  valid  estimate  of  this  association,  I  adapted  econometric  methods  to  develop  a  valid  estimator  of  the  association  between  increasing  "despair"  prevalence  and  increased  all-cause  mortality  rates.  After  adjusting  for  potential  confounders  at  the  between-population  level,  I  found  that  the  trends  in  the  prevalence  of  "despair"  were  negligible  across  all  race  and  ethnic  groups  and  that  an  increasing  trend  could  not  be  identified.  Further,  I  found  no  evidence  that  increasing  prevalences  of  "despair"  were  associated  with  increased  all-cause  mortality  rates  among  NH  white  individuals  in  midlife,  or  that  this  association  was  more  pronounced  for  those  with  low  education.Lastly,  I  conducted  a  similar  analysis  looking  at  the  association  between  increased  prevalences  of  "despair"  and  increased  rates  of  "deaths  of  despair".  I  replicated  Case  and  Deaton's  observed  increased  rates  of  "deaths  of  despair"  among  white  individuals  in  midlife.  However,  I  found  no  evidence  that  increased  prevalences  of  "despair"  were  associated  with  increased  "deaths  of  despair"  rates  among  white  individuals  in  midlife  or  that  this  association  was  higher  for  those  with  low  education.Together,  these  findings  suggest  that  the  claims  about  the  causes  of  increased  mortality  rates  among  white  Americans  in  midlife  are  at  best,  questionable,  and  at  worst,  false.  My  aim  with  this  work  is  to  challenge  and  provide  a  critical  examination  of  the  theory  of  "deaths  of  despair",  which  has  fueled  the  narrative  of  a  suffering  white  generation  and  justified  recent  problematic  events  as  white  individuals  lashing  out  for  being  forgotten  to  despair  and  die.  While  Case  and  Deaton's  observed  rise  in  mortality  rates  among  whites  is  a  reproducible  fact,  their  narrative  ignores  other  evidence  of  white  racial  resentment  as  the  cause  of  rise  in  mortality  among  white  individuals.  With  this  work,  I  intend  to  help  stopping  the  perpetuation  of  narratives  that  favor  structural  whiteness  by  promoting  an  unsubstantiated  narrative  of  psychosocial  harm  experienced  by  white  Americans.  Ultimately,  I  hope  this  work  helps  shift  the  focus  in  public  health  away  from  Case  and  Deaton's  findings,  which  may  overshadow  and  detract  from  the  stark  reality  that  mortality  rates  for  Black  individuals  significantly  exceed  those  for  white  individuals.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aEpidemiology
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aAmerican  studies
■650  4▼aSocial  research
■653    ▼aDeaths  of  despair
■653    ▼aDespair
■653    ▼aHigh  school  education
■653    ▼aMidlife
■653    ▼aMortality
■653    ▼aTrends
■690    ▼a0766
■690    ▼a0573
■690    ▼a0323
■690    ▼a0344
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEpidemiology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-01A.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aDr.P.H.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160706▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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