서브메뉴
검색
The Genome Architecture of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Erysiphe necator and Its Relevance to Pathogenicity : A arquitetura dos genomas dos fungos fitopatogenos Cladosporium fulvum e Erysiphe necator e sua relevancia para patogenicidade
The Genome Architecture of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Erysiphe necator and Its Relevance to Pathogenicity : A arquitetura dos genomas dos fungos fitopatogenos Cladosporium fulvum e Erysiphe necator e sua relevancia para patogenicidade
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20250211152212
- ISBN
- 9798384485162
- DDC
- 575
- 서명/저자
- The Genome Architecture of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Erysiphe necator and Its Relevance to Pathogenicity : A arquitetura dos genomas dos fungos fitopatogenos Cladosporium fulvum e Erysiphe necator e sua relevancia para patogenicidade
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : University of California, Davis, 2024
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
- 형태사항
- 489 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Includes supplementary digital materials.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Stergiopoulos, Ioannis.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2024.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Fungi are diverse eukaryotic microorganisms with pivotal roles in ecosystems, but also notorious pathogens causing significant economic losses. Understanding the mechanisms underlying fungal pathogenicity is crucial for devising effective strategies to mitigate their negative impact. Fungi utilize various mechanisms to infect plants, including secreting effector proteins that promote virulence on susceptible hosts or trigger immune responses (i.e. avirulence) in resistant plants carrying resistance genes. To retain their virulence properties and abolish their avirulence ones, effectors often accumulate mutations in their coding sequence or are entirely deleted from the pathogen genome. Thus, knowing the mutability of effectors is crucial to selecting the right resistance genes when breeding for durable resistance. The tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum showcases skewed types of mutations in its effector genes to overcome resistance in tomato, which depending on the effector range from point mutations to complete gene deletions. This observation indicates that the type and frequency of mutations accumulating in effectors are to an extent driven by the genes' genomic location and the propensity of these genomic regions to structural variations (SVs). However, the genome architecture of C. fulvum and its landscape of SVs were never investigated. Similarly, SVs are thought to be an important source of adaptation in the grape powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe necator, economically the most important foliar pathogen on this crop, in which gene duplications have been already associated with the development of resistance to fungicides. In this dissertation, I seek to address these gaps by obtaining high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies and annotations for C. fulvum and E. necator, and investigating the extent to which their genomic architecture and SVs contribute to their evolution and pathogenicity. The genome of C. fulvum is organized into a variable number of 13 to 15 chromosomes, as two of them are dispensable for fungal growth and pathogenicity. The chromosomes of C. fulvum exhibit a peculiar 'checkerboard' pattern of gene-rich/repeat-poor regions, interspersed with gene-poor/repeat-rich regions. Comparisons with an additional five isolates of C. fulvum revealed that nearly all SVs corresponded to insertions or deletions in regions rich in transposable elements (TEs). Notably, three SVs that were likely induced by TEs effected the deletion of the effector genes Avr9, Avr5, and Avr4E, thereby mediating an escape of pathogen recognition by the cognate Cf-9, Cf-5 and Cf-4E resistance genes in tomato. In this dissertation we also investigated the landscape of alternative splicing (AS) events in C. fulvum genes during a complete infection cycle. The analysis showed that nearly 40% of the protein-coding genes in C. fulvum were AS at some stage during the infection process, suggesting that AS could have a role in finetuning infections of the host. Comparison of the location of the AS genes in the genome of C. fulvum revealed that AS genes are more abundant in repeat-rich core chromosomes, and exhibit significant longer 5' intergenic regions richer in repetitive DNA compared to non-AS genes, indicating that the genome organization could have an effect on the occurrence of AS. Our studies on the grape powdery mildew pathogen E. necator showed that its genome is organized into 11 chromosomes which do not exhibit large-scale compartmentalization into gene-rich and repeat-rich regions. A total of 13.1% of the genes in E. necator were predicted to be duplicated and were particularly enriched for genes encoding candidate effectors. Comparative analysis among six isolates of E. necator revealed a total of 122 genes that varied in their copy numbers. One of these varied from 1 to 31 copies and encoded a putative secreted carboxylesterase (CE), which is a member of a novel family of CEs that is unique to powdery mildew fungi. Next to the nuclear genome, the organization of the mitochondrial genome of E. necator and that of other powdery mildew fungi were also analyzed. Comparative genomics among E. necator and three other species of powdery mildew fungi revealed a wide variation of mitochondrial genome sizes, ranging from 109.8 kb in B. graminis f. sp. tritici to 332.2 kb in G. cichoracearum, which has the largest mitochondrial genome of a fungal pathogen reported to date.
- 초록/해제
- 요약s fungos sao microrganismos eucarioticos diversos com papeis fundamentais nos ecossistemas, mas tambem patogenos notorios que causam perdas economicas significativas. Compreender os mecanismos subjacentes a patogenicidade fungica e crucial para elaborar estrategias eficazes para mitigar seu impacto negativo. Os fungos utilizam varios mecanismos para infectar plantas, incluindo a secrecao de proteinas efetoras que promovem a virulencia em hospedeiros suscetiveis ou desencadeiam respostas imunologicas (ou seja, avirulencia) em plantas resistentes que possuem genes de resistencia. Para manter suas propriedades de virulencia e abolir as de avirulencia, os genes que codificam efetores frequentemente acumulam mutacoes em suas sequencias ou sao completamente deletados do genoma do patogeno. Assim, conhecer a mutabilidade dos efetores e crucial para selecionar os genes de resistencia certos para criar resistencia duravel. O patogeno do tomateiro Cladosporium fulvum apresenta diferentes tipos de mutacoes em seus genes efetores para superar a resistencia no tomateiro, que variam de mutacoes de um unico nucleotideo a delecoes completas de genes, dependendo do gene efetor. Esta observacao indica que o tipo e a frequencia das mutacoes que se acumulam nos genes efetores sao, pelo menos parcialmente, impulsionados pela localizacao genomica dos genes e pela propensao dessas regioes genomicas a variacoes estruturais (VSs). No entanto, a arquitetura do genoma do C. fulvum e o suas VSs nunca foram investigadas. Da mesma forma, acredita-se que as VSs sejam uma importante fonte de adaptacao no fungo que cause oidio da uva, Erysiphe necator, o patogeno foliar economicamente mais importante dessa cultura, no qual duplicacoes de genes ja foram associadas ao desenvolvimento de resistencia a fungicidas. Nesta dissertacao, procuro preencher essas lacunas obtendo montagens de genoma de alta qualidade em nivel de cromossomo e anotacoes para C. fulvum e E. necator, e investigando ate que ponto sua arquitetura genomica e VSs contribuem para sua evolucao e patogenicidade. O genoma do C. fulvum e organizado em um numero variavel de 13 a 15 cromossomos, sendo que dois deles dispensaveis para o crescimento e patogenicidade do fungo. Os cromossomos do C. fulvum exibem um padrao peculiar de 'tabuleiro de xadrez' de regioes ricas em genes/pobres em DNA repetitivo, intercaladas com regioes pobres em genes/ricas em DNA repetitivo. Comparacoes com outros cinco isolados de C. fulvum revelaram que quase todas as VSs correspondem a insercoes ou delecoes em regioes ricas em elementos transponiveis (ETs). Notavelmente, tres VSs que provavelmente foram induzidas por ETs resultaram na delecao dos genes efetores Avr9, Avr5 e Avr4E, mediando assim uma fuga do reconhecimento do patogeno pelos genes de resistencia Cf-9, Cf-5 e Cf-4E no tomateiro. Nesta dissertacao, tambem investigamos eventos de splicing alternativo (SA) em genes do C. fulvum durante um ciclo completo de infeccao. A analise mostrou que quase 40% dos genes codificadores de proteinas em C. fulvum foram submetidos a SA em algum estagio durante o processo de infeccao, sugerindo que o SA pode ter um papel na regulacao das infeccoes do hospedeiro. A comparacao da localizacao dos genes submetidos a SA no genoma do C. fulvum revelou que esses genes sao mais abundantes nos cromossomos ricos em DNA repetitivo e exibem regioes intergenicas 5' significativamente mais longas e ricas em DNA repetitivo em comparacao com genes sem evidencia de SA, indicando que a organizacao do genoma pode ter um efeito na ocorrencia de SA. Nossos estudos sobre o patogeno do oidio da uva, E. necator, mostraram que seu genoma e organizado em 11 cromossomos que nao exibem compartimentalizacao em larga escala em regioes ricas em genes e ricas em DNA repetitivo. Um total de 13,1% dos genes em E. necator foram preditos como duplicados e sao particularmente enriquecidos em genes que codificam candidatos efetores. A analise comparativa entre seis isolados de E. necator revelou um total de 122 genes que variaram em seus numeros de copias.
- 일반주제명
- Genetics
- 일반주제명
- Plant pathology
- 일반주제명
- Bioinformatics
- 일반주제명
- Microbiology
- 일반주제명
- Plant sciences
- 키워드
- Fungal pathogens
- 키워드
- Genome evolution
- 키워드
- Genomics
- 키워드
- Transposons
- 키워드
- Two-speed genome
- 기타저자
- University of California, Davis Integrative Genetics and Genomics
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
008250123s2024 us c eng d■001000017163171
■00520250211152212
■006m o d
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020 ▼a9798384485162
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31482536
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a575
■1001 ▼aZaccaron, Alex Zanella.
■24510▼aThe Genome Architecture of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Erysiphe necator and Its Relevance to Pathogenicity ▼bA arquitetura dos genomas dos fungos fitopatogenos Cladosporium fulvum e Erysiphe necator e sua relevancia para patogenicidade
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity of California, Davis▼c2024
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2024
■300 ▼a489 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: B.
■500 ▼aIncludes supplementary digital materials.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Stergiopoulos, Ioannis.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2024.
■520 ▼aFungi are diverse eukaryotic microorganisms with pivotal roles in ecosystems, but also notorious pathogens causing significant economic losses. Understanding the mechanisms underlying fungal pathogenicity is crucial for devising effective strategies to mitigate their negative impact. Fungi utilize various mechanisms to infect plants, including secreting effector proteins that promote virulence on susceptible hosts or trigger immune responses (i.e. avirulence) in resistant plants carrying resistance genes. To retain their virulence properties and abolish their avirulence ones, effectors often accumulate mutations in their coding sequence or are entirely deleted from the pathogen genome. Thus, knowing the mutability of effectors is crucial to selecting the right resistance genes when breeding for durable resistance. The tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum showcases skewed types of mutations in its effector genes to overcome resistance in tomato, which depending on the effector range from point mutations to complete gene deletions. This observation indicates that the type and frequency of mutations accumulating in effectors are to an extent driven by the genes' genomic location and the propensity of these genomic regions to structural variations (SVs). However, the genome architecture of C. fulvum and its landscape of SVs were never investigated. Similarly, SVs are thought to be an important source of adaptation in the grape powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe necator, economically the most important foliar pathogen on this crop, in which gene duplications have been already associated with the development of resistance to fungicides. In this dissertation, I seek to address these gaps by obtaining high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies and annotations for C. fulvum and E. necator, and investigating the extent to which their genomic architecture and SVs contribute to their evolution and pathogenicity. The genome of C. fulvum is organized into a variable number of 13 to 15 chromosomes, as two of them are dispensable for fungal growth and pathogenicity. The chromosomes of C. fulvum exhibit a peculiar 'checkerboard' pattern of gene-rich/repeat-poor regions, interspersed with gene-poor/repeat-rich regions. Comparisons with an additional five isolates of C. fulvum revealed that nearly all SVs corresponded to insertions or deletions in regions rich in transposable elements (TEs). Notably, three SVs that were likely induced by TEs effected the deletion of the effector genes Avr9, Avr5, and Avr4E, thereby mediating an escape of pathogen recognition by the cognate Cf-9, Cf-5 and Cf-4E resistance genes in tomato. In this dissertation we also investigated the landscape of alternative splicing (AS) events in C. fulvum genes during a complete infection cycle. The analysis showed that nearly 40% of the protein-coding genes in C. fulvum were AS at some stage during the infection process, suggesting that AS could have a role in finetuning infections of the host. Comparison of the location of the AS genes in the genome of C. fulvum revealed that AS genes are more abundant in repeat-rich core chromosomes, and exhibit significant longer 5' intergenic regions richer in repetitive DNA compared to non-AS genes, indicating that the genome organization could have an effect on the occurrence of AS. Our studies on the grape powdery mildew pathogen E. necator showed that its genome is organized into 11 chromosomes which do not exhibit large-scale compartmentalization into gene-rich and repeat-rich regions. A total of 13.1% of the genes in E. necator were predicted to be duplicated and were particularly enriched for genes encoding candidate effectors. Comparative analysis among six isolates of E. necator revealed a total of 122 genes that varied in their copy numbers. One of these varied from 1 to 31 copies and encoded a putative secreted carboxylesterase (CE), which is a member of a novel family of CEs that is unique to powdery mildew fungi. Next to the nuclear genome, the organization of the mitochondrial genome of E. necator and that of other powdery mildew fungi were also analyzed. Comparative genomics among E. necator and three other species of powdery mildew fungi revealed a wide variation of mitochondrial genome sizes, ranging from 109.8 kb in B. graminis f. sp. tritici to 332.2 kb in G. cichoracearum, which has the largest mitochondrial genome of a fungal pathogen reported to date.
■520 ▼as fungos sao microrganismos eucarioticos diversos com papeis fundamentais nos ecossistemas, mas tambem patogenos notorios que causam perdas economicas significativas. Compreender os mecanismos subjacentes a patogenicidade fungica e crucial para elaborar estrategias eficazes para mitigar seu impacto negativo. Os fungos utilizam varios mecanismos para infectar plantas, incluindo a secrecao de proteinas efetoras que promovem a virulencia em hospedeiros suscetiveis ou desencadeiam respostas imunologicas (ou seja, avirulencia) em plantas resistentes que possuem genes de resistencia. Para manter suas propriedades de virulencia e abolir as de avirulencia, os genes que codificam efetores frequentemente acumulam mutacoes em suas sequencias ou sao completamente deletados do genoma do patogeno. Assim, conhecer a mutabilidade dos efetores e crucial para selecionar os genes de resistencia certos para criar resistencia duravel. O patogeno do tomateiro Cladosporium fulvum apresenta diferentes tipos de mutacoes em seus genes efetores para superar a resistencia no tomateiro, que variam de mutacoes de um unico nucleotideo a delecoes completas de genes, dependendo do gene efetor. Esta observacao indica que o tipo e a frequencia das mutacoes que se acumulam nos genes efetores sao, pelo menos parcialmente, impulsionados pela localizacao genomica dos genes e pela propensao dessas regioes genomicas a variacoes estruturais (VSs). No entanto, a arquitetura do genoma do C. fulvum e o suas VSs nunca foram investigadas. Da mesma forma, acredita-se que as VSs sejam uma importante fonte de adaptacao no fungo que cause oidio da uva, Erysiphe necator, o patogeno foliar economicamente mais importante dessa cultura, no qual duplicacoes de genes ja foram associadas ao desenvolvimento de resistencia a fungicidas. Nesta dissertacao, procuro preencher essas lacunas obtendo montagens de genoma de alta qualidade em nivel de cromossomo e anotacoes para C. fulvum e E. necator, e investigando ate que ponto sua arquitetura genomica e VSs contribuem para sua evolucao e patogenicidade. O genoma do C. fulvum e organizado em um numero variavel de 13 a 15 cromossomos, sendo que dois deles dispensaveis para o crescimento e patogenicidade do fungo. Os cromossomos do C. fulvum exibem um padrao peculiar de 'tabuleiro de xadrez' de regioes ricas em genes/pobres em DNA repetitivo, intercaladas com regioes pobres em genes/ricas em DNA repetitivo. Comparacoes com outros cinco isolados de C. fulvum revelaram que quase todas as VSs correspondem a insercoes ou delecoes em regioes ricas em elementos transponiveis (ETs). Notavelmente, tres VSs que provavelmente foram induzidas por ETs resultaram na delecao dos genes efetores Avr9, Avr5 e Avr4E, mediando assim uma fuga do reconhecimento do patogeno pelos genes de resistencia Cf-9, Cf-5 e Cf-4E no tomateiro. Nesta dissertacao, tambem investigamos eventos de splicing alternativo (SA) em genes do C. fulvum durante um ciclo completo de infeccao. A analise mostrou que quase 40% dos genes codificadores de proteinas em C. fulvum foram submetidos a SA em algum estagio durante o processo de infeccao, sugerindo que o SA pode ter um papel na regulacao das infeccoes do hospedeiro. A comparacao da localizacao dos genes submetidos a SA no genoma do C. fulvum revelou que esses genes sao mais abundantes nos cromossomos ricos em DNA repetitivo e exibem regioes intergenicas 5' significativamente mais longas e ricas em DNA repetitivo em comparacao com genes sem evidencia de SA, indicando que a organizacao do genoma pode ter um efeito na ocorrencia de SA. Nossos estudos sobre o patogeno do oidio da uva, E. necator, mostraram que seu genoma e organizado em 11 cromossomos que nao exibem compartimentalizacao em larga escala em regioes ricas em genes e ricas em DNA repetitivo. Um total de 13,1% dos genes em E. necator foram preditos como duplicados e sao particularmente enriquecidos em genes que codificam candidatos efetores. A analise comparativa entre seis isolados de E. necator revelou um total de 122 genes que variaram em seus numeros de copias.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0029.
■650 4▼aGenetics
■650 4▼aPlant pathology
■650 4▼aBioinformatics
■650 4▼aMicrobiology
■650 4▼aPlant sciences
■653 ▼aFungal pathogens
■653 ▼aGenome evolution
■653 ▼aGenomics
■653 ▼aStructural variations
■653 ▼aTransposons
■653 ▼aTwo-speed genome
■690 ▼a0369
■690 ▼a0480
■690 ▼a0715
■690 ▼a0410
■690 ▼a0479
■71020▼aUniversity of California, Davis▼bIntegrative Genetics and Genomics.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g86-04B.
■790 ▼a0029
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2024
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163171▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


