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Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Effects of Wildfire and Forest Restoration on Bee and Social Wasp (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Communities in Sierra Nevadan and Southwestern Conifer Forests of the United States
Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Effects of Wildfire and Forest Restoration on Bee...
Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Effects of Wildfire and Forest Restoration on Bee and Social Wasp (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Communities in Sierra Nevadan and Southwestern Conifer Forests of the United States

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152816
ISBN  
9798384485469
DDC  
595
저자명  
Foote, Gabriel Gene Zukosky.
서명/저자  
Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Effects of Wildfire and Forest Restoration on Bee and Social Wasp (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Communities in Sierra Nevadan and Southwestern Conifer Forests of the United States
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Davis, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
144 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Chiu, Joanna.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The introduction of livestock and wildfire suppression beginning in the mid-nineteenth century in the western United States have homogenized the structure of its mixed-conifer forests, where stands are unnaturally dense and exhibit higher rates of canopy and shrub cover compared to pre-suppression conditions. The increased continuity between surface fuels and tree crowns combined with climate change-driven droughts have exacerbated the severity-both in intensity and extent-of recent wildfires in the western US. Changes in vegetation and surface fuels resulting from altered disturbance regimes and human activities (e.g., silvicultural practices) are likely to influence the abundance and diversity of arthropod taxa and functional feeding guilds, many of which provide ecological services to forest ecosystems and surrounding landscapes. However, basic information on the community-level responses of most insect guilds to large-scale fire events is unavailable, despite increases in their occurrence in recent years. Similarly, thorough documentation of changes in insect community assemblages and diversity following various forest restoration efforts to prevent unnaturally large or severe wildfire is lacking for several ecoregions of the southwestern US. For this dissertation, I documented the community-level responses of bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) and yellowjacket wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae) to changes to forest structure following wildfire and restoration treatments in montane, coniferous forests of California and New Mexico, USA. Objectives and major findings from individual dissertation chapters are summarized below.Chapter one: I documented the early successional responses of bee communities and individual bee functional groups to the 2020 Creek Fire, a large-scale disturbance that burned several thousand hectares of submontane, montane, and upper montane mixed-conifer forest within the Sierra National Forest, California. The objectives of this research were to document post-fire relationships between stand-level burn severity and local bee diversity within these different biotic zones. I further determined whether these relationships' general patterns varied with time (one vs. two years post-fire) or along an elevational gradient. Across all biotic zones, bee communities were generally more abundant and speciose in burned versus unburned stands one year post-fire, regardless of local burn severity. During the following summer, however, bee abundance and species richness were generally highest in stands that burned at severities more representative of the local ecosystem's natural fire regime. We observed similar patterns between the abundance of individual bee functional groups and local burn severity within individual biotic zones and between sample years. Variation in local community assemblages also increased with fire severity and time since fire across all biotic zones. Increases in grass or shrub layers between years were likely correlated with changes in local bee abundance and diversity, particularly at lower elevations. Overall, our findings suggest that stand-level relationships between post-fire bee abundance or diversity and fire severity may vary along elevational gradients or among different forest types found within a large-scale wildfire boundary. The pattern of these relationships may also change between the early, successive years following these disturbances. Importantly, our observations suggest low to moderate intensity fire characteristic of prescribed burns used to restore or maintain the function of lower elevation, mixed-conifer forests in the Californian Sierra Nevada mountains will likely benefit bee communities at both local and regional scales.Chapter two: Regional-scale reductions in fire activity associated with centuries of logging and livestock grazing in the southwestern United States have contributed to the encroachment of pinyon pine and juniper (PJ) into high-elevation forests historically dominated by ponderosa pine. It is unclear whether alterations in overstory structure and ground cover conditions following PJ encroachment into ponderosa pine forests influence the diversity or community compositions of ecologically important insect groups like wild and native bees. I documented bee community and functional group responses to 1) variation in ponderosa pine cover within a montane PJ-ponderosa pine forested landscape in Northern New Mexico, and 2) stand-thinning operations used to restore a ponderosa pine-dominant overstory across the broader landscape. Overall, bees were significantly more abundant in stands with moderate to high amounts of ponderosa pine cover in comparison to stands that were dominated by pinyon pine and juniper. However, neither bee diversity nor local community structures were significantly affected by variation in overstory tree composition, possibly due to the relative uniformity in canopy structure and ground cover conditions across the study site. While local bee abundance may be reduced in stands with high amounts of PJ cover, these findings suggest that PJ encroachment likely does not negatively impact bee communities residing in forested landscapes historically dominated by ponderosa pine in this ecoregion. Regardless, management practices that reduce canopy closure, maintain or increase ponderosa pine dominance, and preserve or create key habitat features (snags, bare soil patches, and floral resources) are likely to benefit wild bees in these ecosystems.Chapter three: Documentation of the community-level responses of social yellowjacket wasps to wildfire in coniferous forests of the western United States is lacking, despite their ubiquitous distribution, ecological function and occasional pest status within these ecosystems. I sampled the local yellowjacket community along a burn severity gradient in montane, mixed-conifer stands located within various fire boundaries that occurred between 2015-2020 in the Californian Sierra Nevada mountains. I determined: 1) how post-burn patterns in yellowjacket abundance and diversity changed over time; and 2) how post-burn yellowjacket abundance and diversity varied along a burn severity gradient within individual fire boundaries. Regardless of burn severity, wildfire significantly reduced yellowjacket abundance and species richness during the immediate (≤ two) years following stand disturbance, possibly due to flame-induced wasp mortality combined with the destruction of above-ground foraging, nesting and overwintering substrates. Stands that burned at high severity within older fire boundaries had high rates of shrub and grass cover, and were predominantly inhabited by large numbers of pestiferous Vespula pennsylvanica wasps. Forest-obligate yellowjacket species were generally only collected in unburned stands or in locations that burned at relatively low severity. Combined, these results suggest unnaturally high severity fire within these forests might facilitate increases in pestiferous yellowjacket populations due to favorable stand conditions. In contrast, lower severity burns characteristic of prescribed fire used to restore or maintain the function of mixed-conifer forests in the Central Sierra Nevada may provide the added benefit of short-term reductions in unwanted yellowjacket population levels in areas of concern.
일반주제명  
Entomology
일반주제명  
Ecology
일반주제명  
Wildlife management
일반주제명  
American studies
키워드  
Bees
키워드  
Pollinators
키워드  
Restoration
키워드  
Wildfire
키워드  
Yellowjackets
기타저자  
University of California, Davis Entomology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■020    ▼a9798384485469
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31558676
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a595
■1001  ▼aFoote,  Gabriel  Gene  Zukosky.
■24510▼aTemporal  and  Geographic  Variation  in  the  Effects  of  Wildfire  and  Forest  Restoration  on  Bee  and  Social  Wasp  (Hymenoptera:  Aculeata)  Communities  in  Sierra  Nevadan  and  Southwestern  Conifer  Forests  of  the  United  States
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a144  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-04,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Chiu,  Joanna.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Davis,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  introduction  of  livestock  and  wildfire  suppression  beginning  in  the  mid-nineteenth  century  in  the  western  United  States  have  homogenized  the  structure  of  its  mixed-conifer  forests,  where  stands  are  unnaturally  dense  and  exhibit  higher  rates  of  canopy  and  shrub  cover  compared  to  pre-suppression  conditions.  The  increased  continuity  between  surface  fuels  and  tree  crowns  combined  with  climate  change-driven  droughts  have  exacerbated  the  severity-both  in  intensity  and  extent-of  recent  wildfires  in  the  western  US.  Changes  in  vegetation  and  surface  fuels  resulting  from  altered  disturbance  regimes  and  human  activities  (e.g.,  silvicultural  practices)  are  likely  to  influence  the  abundance  and  diversity  of  arthropod  taxa  and  functional  feeding  guilds,  many  of  which  provide  ecological  services  to  forest  ecosystems  and  surrounding  landscapes.  However,  basic  information  on  the  community-level  responses  of  most  insect  guilds  to  large-scale  fire  events  is  unavailable,  despite  increases  in  their  occurrence  in  recent  years.  Similarly,  thorough  documentation  of  changes  in  insect  community  assemblages  and  diversity  following  various  forest  restoration  efforts  to  prevent  unnaturally  large  or  severe  wildfire  is  lacking  for  several  ecoregions  of  the  southwestern  US.  For  this  dissertation,  I  documented  the  community-level  responses  of  bees  (Hymenoptera:  Apiformes)  and  yellowjacket  wasps  (Hymenoptera:  Vespidae,  Vespinae)  to  changes  to  forest  structure  following  wildfire  and  restoration  treatments  in  montane,  coniferous  forests  of  California  and  New  Mexico,  USA.  Objectives  and  major  findings  from  individual  dissertation  chapters  are  summarized  below.Chapter  one:  I  documented  the  early  successional  responses  of  bee  communities  and  individual  bee  functional  groups  to  the  2020  Creek  Fire,  a  large-scale  disturbance  that  burned  several  thousand  hectares  of  submontane,  montane,  and  upper  montane  mixed-conifer  forest  within  the  Sierra  National  Forest,  California.  The  objectives  of  this  research  were  to  document post-fire  relationships  between  stand-level  burn  severity  and  local  bee  diversity  within  these  different  biotic  zones.  I  further  determined  whether  these  relationships'  general  patterns  varied  with  time  (one  vs.  two  years  post-fire)  or  along  an  elevational  gradient.  Across  all  biotic  zones,  bee  communities  were  generally  more  abundant  and  speciose  in  burned  versus  unburned  stands  one  year  post-fire,  regardless  of  local  burn  severity.  During  the  following  summer,  however,  bee  abundance  and  species  richness  were  generally  highest  in  stands  that  burned  at  severities  more  representative  of  the  local  ecosystem's  natural  fire  regime.  We  observed  similar  patterns  between  the  abundance  of  individual  bee  functional  groups  and  local  burn  severity  within  individual  biotic  zones  and  between  sample  years.  Variation  in  local  community  assemblages  also  increased  with  fire  severity  and  time  since  fire  across  all  biotic  zones.  Increases  in  grass  or  shrub  layers  between  years  were  likely  correlated  with  changes  in  local  bee  abundance  and  diversity,  particularly  at  lower  elevations.  Overall,  our  findings  suggest  that  stand-level  relationships  between  post-fire  bee  abundance  or  diversity  and  fire  severity  may  vary  along  elevational  gradients  or  among  different  forest  types  found  within  a  large-scale  wildfire  boundary.  The  pattern  of  these  relationships  may  also  change  between  the  early,  successive  years  following  these  disturbances.  Importantly,  our  observations  suggest  low  to  moderate  intensity  fire  characteristic  of  prescribed  burns  used  to  restore  or  maintain  the  function  of  lower  elevation,  mixed-conifer  forests  in  the  Californian  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  will  likely  benefit  bee  communities  at  both  local  and  regional  scales.Chapter  two:  Regional-scale  reductions  in  fire  activity  associated  with  centuries  of  logging  and  livestock  grazing  in  the  southwestern  United  States  have  contributed  to  the  encroachment  of  pinyon  pine  and  juniper  (PJ)  into  high-elevation  forests  historically  dominated  by  ponderosa  pine.  It  is  unclear  whether  alterations  in  overstory  structure  and  ground  cover  conditions  following  PJ  encroachment  into  ponderosa  pine  forests  influence  the  diversity  or  community  compositions  of  ecologically  important  insect  groups  like  wild  and  native  bees.  I  documented  bee  community  and  functional  group  responses  to  1)  variation  in  ponderosa  pine  cover  within  a  montane  PJ-ponderosa  pine  forested  landscape  in  Northern  New  Mexico,  and  2)  stand-thinning  operations  used  to  restore  a  ponderosa  pine-dominant  overstory  across  the  broader  landscape.  Overall,  bees  were  significantly  more  abundant  in  stands  with  moderate  to  high  amounts  of  ponderosa  pine  cover  in  comparison  to  stands  that  were  dominated  by  pinyon  pine  and  juniper.  However,  neither  bee  diversity  nor  local  community  structures  were  significantly  affected  by  variation  in  overstory  tree  composition,  possibly  due  to  the  relative  uniformity  in  canopy  structure  and  ground  cover  conditions  across  the  study  site.  While  local  bee  abundance  may  be  reduced  in  stands  with  high  amounts  of  PJ  cover,  these  findings  suggest  that  PJ  encroachment  likely  does  not  negatively  impact  bee  communities  residing  in  forested  landscapes  historically  dominated  by  ponderosa  pine  in  this  ecoregion.  Regardless,  management  practices  that  reduce  canopy  closure,  maintain  or  increase  ponderosa  pine  dominance,  and  preserve  or  create  key  habitat  features  (snags,  bare  soil  patches,  and  floral  resources)  are  likely  to  benefit  wild  bees  in  these  ecosystems.Chapter  three:  Documentation  of  the  community-level  responses  of  social  yellowjacket  wasps  to  wildfire  in  coniferous  forests  of  the  western  United  States  is  lacking,  despite  their  ubiquitous  distribution,  ecological  function  and  occasional  pest  status  within  these  ecosystems.  I  sampled  the  local  yellowjacket  community  along  a  burn  severity  gradient  in  montane,  mixed-conifer  stands  located  within  various  fire  boundaries  that  occurred  between  2015-2020  in  the  Californian  Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  I  determined:  1)  how  post-burn  patterns  in  yellowjacket  abundance  and  diversity  changed  over  time;  and  2)  how  post-burn  yellowjacket  abundance  and diversity  varied  along  a  burn  severity  gradient  within  individual  fire  boundaries.  Regardless  of  burn  severity,  wildfire  significantly  reduced  yellowjacket  abundance  and  species  richness  during  the  immediate  (≤  two)  years  following  stand  disturbance,  possibly  due  to  flame-induced  wasp  mortality  combined  with  the  destruction  of  above-ground  foraging,  nesting  and  overwintering  substrates.  Stands  that  burned  at  high  severity  within  older  fire  boundaries  had  high  rates  of  shrub  and  grass  cover,  and  were  predominantly  inhabited  by  large  numbers  of  pestiferous  Vespula  pennsylvanica  wasps.  Forest-obligate  yellowjacket  species  were  generally  only  collected  in  unburned  stands  or  in  locations  that  burned  at  relatively  low  severity.  Combined,  these  results  suggest  unnaturally  high  severity  fire  within  these  forests  might  facilitate  increases  in  pestiferous  yellowjacket  populations  due  to  favorable  stand  conditions.  In  contrast,  lower  severity  burns  characteristic  of  prescribed  fire  used  to  restore  or  maintain  the  function  of  mixed-conifer  forests  in  the  Central  Sierra  Nevada  may  provide  the  added  benefit  of  short-term  reductions  in  unwanted  yellowjacket  population  levels  in  areas  of  concern.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0029.
■650  4▼aEntomology
■650  4▼aEcology
■650  4▼aWildlife  management
■650  4▼aAmerican  studies
■653    ▼aBees
■653    ▼aPollinators
■653    ▼aRestoration
■653    ▼aWildfire
■653    ▼aYellowjackets
■690    ▼a0353
■690    ▼a0329
■690    ▼a0286
■690    ▼a0323
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼bEntomology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-04A.
■790    ▼a0029
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163972▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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