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The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters
The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clu...
The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151501
ISBN  
9798383051979
DDC  
530
저자명  
Hu, Yue.
서명/저자  
The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters
발행사항  
[Sl] : The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
504 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Lazarian, Alexandre.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Turbulence and magnetic fields are fundamental to astrophysical and cosmological studies, linking microscopic phenomena like cosmic rays (CRs) and star formation to the evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Despite their significance, understanding their properties has been challenging. Traditionally considered isotropic, recent numerical studies and in-situ solar wind measurements have revealed the anisotropic nature of turbulence under the influence of magnetic fields.This thesis provides a detailed investigation-analytical, numerical, and observational-into MHD turbulence's anisotropy and its relevance to various astrophysical phenomena. Guided by modern theories on MHD turbulence and fast reconnection, we find that turbulent velocity fluctuations and their gradients are significantly more pronounced perpendicular to the local magnetic field. We explore: (i) the manifestation of MHD turbulence anisotropy in 21 cm striations within spectroscopic atomic hydrogen (H I) observations; (ii) MHD turbulence damping in a partially ionized medium; (iii) the influence of gravity, magnetic fields, radiation, and outflow feedback on the velocity statistics of turbulent clouds; (iv) the amplification of magnetic fields by shock wave interactions with inhomogeneous media; and (v) the superdiffusion of cosmic rays in compressible magnetized turbulence. (i) Our analysis shows that the anisotropy in MHD turbulence is captured in multiphase spectroscopic observations due to velocity caustics, significantly influencing the statistics of thin spectroscopic channels and the orientation of H I striations. The H I striations generated by velocity caustics predominantly align with the magnetic field. (ii) In a partially ionized medium, we demonstrate that strongly coupled ions and neutrals exhibit similar velocity and kinetic energy spectra. Weak coupling results in more severe turbulence damping in ions, leading to steep spectra and differing density structures. In addition, we find large density fluctuations in ions and neutrals and thus spatially inhomogeneous ionization fractions. As a result, the neutral-ion decoupling and damping of MHD turbulence occur over a range of length scales. (iii) Outflow feedback modifies the scaling of velocity fluctuations and amplifies the velocity fluctuations by up to a factor of 7 on scales 0.01 - 0.2 pc and drives turbulence up to a scale of 1 pc. The amplified velocity fluctuations with more solenoidal components provide more support against gravity and enhance fragmentation on small scales, contributing to a reduction in the star formation rate. (iv) We find the postshock turbulence is mainly driven by the strongest preshock density contrast and follows the Kolmogorov scaling. The resulting turbulence amplifies the postshock magnetic field reaching a maximum factor of 200, when the initially weak magnetic field is perpendicular to the shock normal. (v) For CRs, we show that freely streaming CRs' perpendicular displacement increases as 3/2 to the power of the time traveled along local magnetic field lines. This power-law index changes to 3/4 if the parallel propagation is diffusive. We find that the CRs' parallel mean free path decreases in a power-law relation of MA−2 , suggesting that the suppressed diffusion in supersonic molecular clouds arises primarily due to a large Alfv´en Mach number MA.Measuring magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM) poses significant challenges. This thesis introduces the Velocity Gradient Technique (VGT) as a novel method for probing magnetic fields in the ISM, overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches like polarized dust emission and Zeeman splitting. Through 3D MHD simulations, we explore how turbulence, self-gravity, radiative transfer, and outflow feedback influence velocity fluctuation gradients, revealing that gradients align perpendicularly to magnetic fields under dominant turbulence and shift to parallel alignments as self-gravity or outflow intensifies. Observational validation in the gravitationally collapsing Serpens G3-G6 molecular cloud and the outflow-dominant star-forming region L1551 confirms these theoretical predictions. Significantly, (a) we apply the VGT to map the Galactic Magnetic Field (GMF) in 3D spatial space using H I emission lines and the Galactic rotational curve. Our findings show that the magnetic field orientations determined through VGT-H I are statistically consistent with those obtained from stellar polarization. We estimate the GMF's strength distribution in 3D space using the MM2 approach, revealing a decrease in GMF strength towards the Galaxy's outskirts. We model the Galactic foreground polarized radiation and show that the VGT-model dust polarization directions closely match those reported by Planck 353 GHz. (b) by applying the VGT to 12CO (1-0), 13CO (1-0), HNC (1-0), [Ne II], and Paschen-alpha emission lines, we map the magnetic field structure from 10 pc to 0.1 pc in the CMZ. The VGT-measured magnetic fields show global agreement with those observed through Planck 353 GHz and the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera Plus (HAWC+) polarized dust emissions, suggesting the dynamic importance of magnetic fields and turbulence in the Galactic Center. Utilizing the SCOUSEPY algorithm to decompose CO line emissions into distinct velocity components, we present the magnetic field tomography and a scheme of magnetic field configuration in the CMZ. (c) Expanding the VGT analysis to external galaxies, particularly Seyfert galaxies M51, NGC 1068, NGC 1097, NGC 3627, and NGC 4826, we find the magnetic fields derived from VGT-CO in these galaxies show a remarkable correlation with those inferred from dust polarization and synchrotron polarization, suggesting a link between star formation and cosmic-ray generation. In the nuclear regions, a significant radial component of the magnetic fields traced by VGT-CO highlights potential zones of efficient molecular gas inflow or outflow, providing insights into the multiphase fueling mechanisms of Seyfert activity. (iv) In analogy to the VGT, we introduce the Synchrotron Intensity Gradient (SIG) and X-ray Intensity Gradient (XIG) as innovative approaches for mapping the magnetic field in galaxy clusters. We apply SIG to five disturbed galaxy clusters (RXC J1314.4-2515, Abell 2345, Abell 3376, MCXC J0352.4-7401, and El Gordo), utilizing radio data from the Jansky Very Large Array and the MeerKAT array. The consistency of SIG with both polarization observation and numerical validation prompts us to map magnetic field structures in the radio halos of RXC J1314.4-2515 and El Gordo, marking the largest-scale magnetic field measurements to date. Furthermore, the application of XIG to Chandra X-ray observations of the relaxed Perseus, M87, Coma, and A2597 galaxy clusters reveals that magnetic fields predominantly align with the sloshing arms in Perseus, corroborating numerical models. XIG-derived magnetic fields exhibit hallmarks of magnetic draping around buoyant bubbles in cool-core clusters and around merging substructures in the Coma cluster. Mapping 3D magnetic fields, including both orientation and strength simultaneously, is an even more formidable challenge. In this thesis, we introduce four methods for probing the orientation and strength of three-dimensional magnetic fields, leveraging advancements in anisotropy in MHD turbulence, dust polarization physics, and non-linear spectroscopic mapping. These methods include (1) analysis of anisotropic velocities in young stellar objects; (2) dust polarization fraction analysis; (3) examination of anisotropy in spectroscopic emission lines; and (4) deployment of a physics-informed convolutional neural network (CNN). Through analysis of 3D compressible MHD simulations, we uncover that velocity fluctuations of young stellar objects measured parallel to the magnetic field are minimal. The ratio between the parallel and perpendicular velocity fluctuations has a power-law dependence on the magnetization. Incorporating magnetic field fluctuations as raised by MHD turbulence into the observed dust polarization enables the simultaneous retrieval of the 3D magnetic field's position and inclination angles.
초록/해제  
요약Synthetic dust emissions from 3D MHD turbulence simulations reveal the inclination angle's significant role in depolarization, while the contributions from magnetic field strength and density fluctuations are minimal.Our exploration into the non-linear spectroscopic mapping to position-position-velocity space illustrates that spectroscopic channel anisotropy is affected by inclination angle, media magnetization, and plane-of-the-sky magnetic field orientation, allowing for simultaneous estimation of the magnetic field's inclination angle and total magnetization. Utilizing these insights, we have developed a CNN model trained on synthetic emission lines of 13CO (J = 1-0) and C18O (J = 1-0), spanning sub-Alfvenic to super-Alfvenic conditions. We applied these methods to the low-mass star-forming region L1688, employing spectral emissions and polarized dust emissions to present the first comprehensive measurement of its 3D magnetic field. The total magnetic field strength, derived via the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi (DCF) method and the Differential Measure Analysis (DMA) technique, is estimated at 135 µG and 75 µG, respectively. Additionally, applying the trained CNN to the L1478 molecular cloud and comparing results with Planck 353 GHz polarization data demonstrates the CNN's effectiveness in mapping the plane-of-the-sky magnetic field orientation. showcasing strong concordance between CNN-predicted orientations and observed data. This CNN model further successfully reconstructs the 3D magnetic field topology and magnetization for the L1478 cloud.
일반주제명  
Physics
일반주제명  
Astrophysics
일반주제명  
Astronomy
일반주제명  
Planetology
키워드  
Cosmological studies
키워드  
Magnetic field
키워드  
Turbulence
키워드  
Galaxy clusters
키워드  
Cosmic rays
기타저자  
The University of Wisconsin - Madison Physics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■006m          o    d                
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■020    ▼a9798383051979
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31297905
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a530
■1001  ▼aHu,  Yue.
■24510▼aThe  Cosmic  Symphony:  Magnetic  Fields  and  Turbulence  Across  Clouds,  Galaxies,  to  Galaxy  Clusters
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bThe  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a504  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Lazarian,  Alexandre.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison,  2024.
■520    ▼aTurbulence  and  magnetic  fields  are  fundamental  to  astrophysical  and  cosmological  studies,  linking  microscopic  phenomena  like  cosmic  rays  (CRs)  and  star  formation  to  the  evolution  of  galaxies  and  galaxy  clusters.  Despite  their  significance,  understanding  their  properties  has  been  challenging.  Traditionally  considered  isotropic,  recent  numerical  studies  and  in-situ  solar  wind  measurements  have  revealed  the  anisotropic  nature  of  turbulence  under  the  influence  of  magnetic  fields.This  thesis  provides  a  detailed  investigation-analytical,  numerical,  and  observational-into  MHD  turbulence's  anisotropy  and  its  relevance  to  various  astrophysical  phenomena.  Guided  by  modern  theories  on  MHD  turbulence  and  fast  reconnection,  we  find  that  turbulent  velocity  fluctuations  and  their  gradients  are  significantly  more  pronounced  perpendicular  to  the  local  magnetic  field.  We  explore:  (i)  the  manifestation  of  MHD  turbulence  anisotropy  in  21  cm  striations  within  spectroscopic  atomic  hydrogen  (H  I)  observations;  (ii)  MHD  turbulence  damping  in  a  partially  ionized  medium;  (iii)  the  influence  of  gravity,  magnetic  fields,  radiation,  and  outflow  feedback  on  the  velocity  statistics  of  turbulent  clouds;  (iv)  the  amplification  of  magnetic  fields  by  shock  wave  interactions  with  inhomogeneous  media;  and  (v)  the  superdiffusion  of  cosmic  rays  in  compressible  magnetized  turbulence.  (i)  Our  analysis  shows  that  the  anisotropy  in  MHD  turbulence  is  captured  in  multiphase  spectroscopic  observations  due  to  velocity  caustics,  significantly  influencing  the  statistics  of  thin  spectroscopic  channels  and  the  orientation  of  H  I  striations.  The  H  I  striations  generated  by  velocity  caustics  predominantly  align  with  the  magnetic  field.  (ii)  In  a  partially  ionized  medium,  we  demonstrate  that  strongly  coupled  ions  and  neutrals  exhibit  similar  velocity  and  kinetic  energy  spectra.  Weak  coupling  results  in  more  severe  turbulence  damping  in  ions,  leading  to  steep  spectra  and  differing  density  structures.  In  addition,  we  find  large  density  fluctuations  in  ions  and  neutrals  and  thus  spatially  inhomogeneous  ionization  fractions.  As  a  result,  the  neutral-ion  decoupling  and  damping  of  MHD  turbulence  occur  over  a  range  of  length  scales.  (iii)  Outflow  feedback  modifies  the  scaling  of  velocity  fluctuations  and  amplifies  the  velocity  fluctuations  by  up  to  a  factor  of  7  on  scales  0.01  -  0.2  pc  and  drives  turbulence  up  to  a  scale  of  1  pc.  The  amplified  velocity  fluctuations  with  more  solenoidal  components  provide  more  support  against  gravity  and  enhance  fragmentation  on  small  scales,  contributing  to  a  reduction  in  the  star  formation  rate.  (iv)  We  find  the  postshock  turbulence  is  mainly  driven  by  the  strongest  preshock  density  contrast  and  follows  the  Kolmogorov  scaling.  The  resulting  turbulence  amplifies  the  postshock  magnetic  field  reaching  a  maximum  factor  of  200,  when  the  initially  weak  magnetic  field  is  perpendicular  to  the  shock  normal.  (v)  For  CRs,  we  show  that  freely  streaming  CRs'  perpendicular  displacement  increases  as  3/2  to  the  power  of  the  time  traveled  along  local  magnetic  field  lines.  This  power-law  index  changes  to  3/4  if  the  parallel  propagation  is  diffusive.  We  find  that  the  CRs'  parallel  mean  free  path  decreases  in  a  power-law  relation  of  MA−2  ,  suggesting  that  the  suppressed  diffusion  in  supersonic  molecular  clouds  arises  primarily  due  to  a  large  Alfv´en  Mach  number  MA.Measuring  magnetic  fields  in  the  interstellar  medium  (ISM)  poses  significant  challenges.  This  thesis  introduces  the  Velocity  Gradient  Technique  (VGT)  as  a  novel  method  for  probing  magnetic  fields  in  the  ISM,  overcoming  the  limitations  of  traditional  approaches  like  polarized  dust  emission  and  Zeeman  splitting.  Through  3D  MHD  simulations,  we  explore  how  turbulence,  self-gravity,  radiative  transfer,  and  outflow  feedback  influence  velocity  fluctuation  gradients,  revealing  that  gradients  align  perpendicularly  to  magnetic  fields  under  dominant  turbulence  and  shift  to  parallel  alignments  as  self-gravity  or  outflow  intensifies.  Observational  validation  in  the  gravitationally  collapsing  Serpens  G3-G6  molecular  cloud  and  the  outflow-dominant  star-forming  region  L1551  confirms  these  theoretical  predictions.  Significantly,  (a)  we  apply  the  VGT  to  map  the  Galactic  Magnetic  Field  (GMF)  in  3D  spatial  space  using  H  I  emission  lines  and  the  Galactic  rotational  curve.  Our  findings  show  that  the  magnetic  field  orientations  determined  through  VGT-H  I  are  statistically  consistent  with  those  obtained  from  stellar  polarization.  We  estimate  the  GMF's  strength  distribution  in  3D  space  using  the  MM2  approach,  revealing  a  decrease  in  GMF  strength  towards  the  Galaxy's  outskirts.  We  model  the  Galactic  foreground  polarized  radiation  and  show  that  the  VGT-model  dust  polarization  directions  closely  match  those  reported  by  Planck  353  GHz.  (b)  by  applying  the  VGT  to  12CO  (1-0),  13CO  (1-0),  HNC  (1-0),  [Ne  II],  and  Paschen-alpha  emission  lines,  we  map  the  magnetic  field  structure  from  10  pc  to  0.1  pc  in  the  CMZ.  The  VGT-measured  magnetic  fields  show  global  agreement  with  those  observed  through  Planck  353  GHz  and  the  High-resolution  Airborne  Wideband  Camera  Plus  (HAWC+)  polarized  dust  emissions,  suggesting  the  dynamic  importance  of  magnetic  fields  and  turbulence  in  the  Galactic  Center.  Utilizing  the  SCOUSEPY  algorithm  to  decompose  CO  line  emissions  into  distinct  velocity  components,  we  present  the  magnetic  field  tomography  and  a  scheme  of  magnetic  field  configuration  in  the  CMZ.  (c)  Expanding  the  VGT  analysis  to  external  galaxies,  particularly  Seyfert  galaxies  M51,  NGC  1068,  NGC  1097,  NGC  3627,  and  NGC  4826,  we  find  the  magnetic  fields  derived  from  VGT-CO  in  these  galaxies  show  a  remarkable  correlation  with  those  inferred  from  dust  polarization  and  synchrotron  polarization,  suggesting  a  link  between  star  formation  and  cosmic-ray  generation.  In  the  nuclear  regions,  a  significant  radial  component  of  the  magnetic  fields  traced  by  VGT-CO  highlights  potential  zones  of  efficient  molecular  gas  inflow  or  outflow,  providing  insights  into  the  multiphase  fueling  mechanisms  of  Seyfert  activity.  (iv)  In  analogy  to  the  VGT,  we  introduce  the  Synchrotron  Intensity  Gradient  (SIG)  and  X-ray  Intensity  Gradient  (XIG)  as  innovative  approaches  for  mapping  the  magnetic  field  in  galaxy  clusters.  We  apply  SIG  to  five  disturbed  galaxy  clusters  (RXC  J1314.4-2515,  Abell  2345,  Abell  3376,  MCXC  J0352.4-7401,  and  El  Gordo),  utilizing  radio  data  from  the  Jansky  Very  Large  Array  and  the  MeerKAT  array.  The  consistency  of  SIG  with  both  polarization  observation  and  numerical  validation  prompts  us  to  map  magnetic  field  structures  in  the  radio  halos  of  RXC  J1314.4-2515  and  El  Gordo,  marking  the  largest-scale  magnetic  field  measurements  to  date.  Furthermore,  the  application  of  XIG  to  Chandra  X-ray  observations  of  the  relaxed  Perseus,  M87,  Coma,  and  A2597  galaxy  clusters  reveals  that  magnetic  fields  predominantly  align  with  the  sloshing  arms  in  Perseus,  corroborating  numerical  models.  XIG-derived  magnetic  fields  exhibit  hallmarks  of  magnetic  draping  around  buoyant  bubbles  in  cool-core  clusters  and  around  merging  substructures  in  the  Coma  cluster. Mapping  3D  magnetic  fields,  including  both  orientation  and  strength  simultaneously,  is  an  even  more  formidable  challenge.  In  this  thesis,  we  introduce  four  methods  for  probing  the  orientation  and  strength  of  three-dimensional  magnetic  fields,  leveraging  advancements  in  anisotropy  in  MHD  turbulence,  dust  polarization  physics,  and  non-linear  spectroscopic  mapping.  These  methods  include  (1)  analysis  of  anisotropic  velocities  in  young  stellar  objects;  (2)  dust  polarization  fraction  analysis;  (3)  examination  of  anisotropy  in  spectroscopic  emission  lines;  and  (4)  deployment  of  a  physics-informed  convolutional  neural  network  (CNN).  Through  analysis  of  3D  compressible  MHD  simulations,  we  uncover  that  velocity  fluctuations  of  young  stellar  objects  measured  parallel  to  the  magnetic  field  are  minimal.  The  ratio  between  the  parallel  and  perpendicular  velocity  fluctuations  has  a  power-law  dependence  on  the  magnetization.  Incorporating  magnetic  field  fluctuations  as  raised  by  MHD  turbulence  into  the  observed  dust  polarization  enables  the  simultaneous  retrieval  of  the  3D  magnetic  field's  position  and  inclination  angles.  
■520    ▼aSynthetic  dust  emissions  from  3D  MHD  turbulence  simulations  reveal  the  inclination  angle's  significant  role  in  depolarization,  while  the  contributions  from  magnetic  field  strength  and  density  fluctuations  are  minimal.Our  exploration  into  the  non-linear  spectroscopic  mapping  to  position-position-velocity  space  illustrates  that  spectroscopic  channel  anisotropy  is  affected  by  inclination  angle,  media  magnetization,  and  plane-of-the-sky  magnetic  field  orientation,  allowing  for  simultaneous  estimation  of  the  magnetic  field's  inclination  angle  and  total  magnetization.  Utilizing  these  insights,  we  have  developed  a  CNN  model  trained  on  synthetic  emission  lines  of  13CO  (J  =  1-0)  and  C18O  (J  =  1-0),  spanning  sub-Alfvenic  to  super-Alfvenic  conditions.  We  applied  these  methods  to  the  low-mass  star-forming  region  L1688,  employing  spectral  emissions  and  polarized  dust  emissions  to  present  the  first  comprehensive  measurement  of  its  3D  magnetic  field.  The  total  magnetic  field  strength,  derived  via  the  Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi  (DCF)  method  and  the  Differential  Measure  Analysis  (DMA)  technique,  is  estimated  at  135  µG  and  75  µG,  respectively.  Additionally,  applying  the  trained  CNN  to  the  L1478  molecular  cloud  and  comparing  results  with  Planck  353  GHz  polarization  data  demonstrates  the  CNN's  effectiveness  in  mapping  the  plane-of-the-sky  magnetic  field  orientation.  showcasing  strong  concordance  between  CNN-predicted  orientations  and  observed  data.  This  CNN  model  further  successfully  reconstructs  the  3D  magnetic  field  topology  and  magnetization  for  the  L1478  cloud. 
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0262.
■650  4▼aPhysics
■650  4▼aAstrophysics
■650  4▼aAstronomy
■650  4▼aPlanetology
■653    ▼aCosmological  studies
■653    ▼aMagnetic  field
■653    ▼aTurbulence
■653    ▼aGalaxy  clusters
■653    ▼aCosmic  rays  
■690    ▼a0605
■690    ▼a0596
■690    ▼a0606
■690    ▼a0590
■71020▼aThe  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison▼bPhysics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12B.
■790    ▼a0262
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161912▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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