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The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters
The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20250211151501
- ISBN
- 9798383051979
- DDC
- 530
- 저자명
- Hu, Yue.
- 서명/저자
- The Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2024
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
- 형태사항
- 504 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Lazarian, Alexandre.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2024.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Turbulence and magnetic fields are fundamental to astrophysical and cosmological studies, linking microscopic phenomena like cosmic rays (CRs) and star formation to the evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Despite their significance, understanding their properties has been challenging. Traditionally considered isotropic, recent numerical studies and in-situ solar wind measurements have revealed the anisotropic nature of turbulence under the influence of magnetic fields.This thesis provides a detailed investigation-analytical, numerical, and observational-into MHD turbulence's anisotropy and its relevance to various astrophysical phenomena. Guided by modern theories on MHD turbulence and fast reconnection, we find that turbulent velocity fluctuations and their gradients are significantly more pronounced perpendicular to the local magnetic field. We explore: (i) the manifestation of MHD turbulence anisotropy in 21 cm striations within spectroscopic atomic hydrogen (H I) observations; (ii) MHD turbulence damping in a partially ionized medium; (iii) the influence of gravity, magnetic fields, radiation, and outflow feedback on the velocity statistics of turbulent clouds; (iv) the amplification of magnetic fields by shock wave interactions with inhomogeneous media; and (v) the superdiffusion of cosmic rays in compressible magnetized turbulence. (i) Our analysis shows that the anisotropy in MHD turbulence is captured in multiphase spectroscopic observations due to velocity caustics, significantly influencing the statistics of thin spectroscopic channels and the orientation of H I striations. The H I striations generated by velocity caustics predominantly align with the magnetic field. (ii) In a partially ionized medium, we demonstrate that strongly coupled ions and neutrals exhibit similar velocity and kinetic energy spectra. Weak coupling results in more severe turbulence damping in ions, leading to steep spectra and differing density structures. In addition, we find large density fluctuations in ions and neutrals and thus spatially inhomogeneous ionization fractions. As a result, the neutral-ion decoupling and damping of MHD turbulence occur over a range of length scales. (iii) Outflow feedback modifies the scaling of velocity fluctuations and amplifies the velocity fluctuations by up to a factor of 7 on scales 0.01 - 0.2 pc and drives turbulence up to a scale of 1 pc. The amplified velocity fluctuations with more solenoidal components provide more support against gravity and enhance fragmentation on small scales, contributing to a reduction in the star formation rate. (iv) We find the postshock turbulence is mainly driven by the strongest preshock density contrast and follows the Kolmogorov scaling. The resulting turbulence amplifies the postshock magnetic field reaching a maximum factor of 200, when the initially weak magnetic field is perpendicular to the shock normal. (v) For CRs, we show that freely streaming CRs' perpendicular displacement increases as 3/2 to the power of the time traveled along local magnetic field lines. This power-law index changes to 3/4 if the parallel propagation is diffusive. We find that the CRs' parallel mean free path decreases in a power-law relation of MA−2 , suggesting that the suppressed diffusion in supersonic molecular clouds arises primarily due to a large Alfv´en Mach number MA.Measuring magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM) poses significant challenges. This thesis introduces the Velocity Gradient Technique (VGT) as a novel method for probing magnetic fields in the ISM, overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches like polarized dust emission and Zeeman splitting. Through 3D MHD simulations, we explore how turbulence, self-gravity, radiative transfer, and outflow feedback influence velocity fluctuation gradients, revealing that gradients align perpendicularly to magnetic fields under dominant turbulence and shift to parallel alignments as self-gravity or outflow intensifies. Observational validation in the gravitationally collapsing Serpens G3-G6 molecular cloud and the outflow-dominant star-forming region L1551 confirms these theoretical predictions. Significantly, (a) we apply the VGT to map the Galactic Magnetic Field (GMF) in 3D spatial space using H I emission lines and the Galactic rotational curve. Our findings show that the magnetic field orientations determined through VGT-H I are statistically consistent with those obtained from stellar polarization. We estimate the GMF's strength distribution in 3D space using the MM2 approach, revealing a decrease in GMF strength towards the Galaxy's outskirts. We model the Galactic foreground polarized radiation and show that the VGT-model dust polarization directions closely match those reported by Planck 353 GHz. (b) by applying the VGT to 12CO (1-0), 13CO (1-0), HNC (1-0), [Ne II], and Paschen-alpha emission lines, we map the magnetic field structure from 10 pc to 0.1 pc in the CMZ. The VGT-measured magnetic fields show global agreement with those observed through Planck 353 GHz and the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera Plus (HAWC+) polarized dust emissions, suggesting the dynamic importance of magnetic fields and turbulence in the Galactic Center. Utilizing the SCOUSEPY algorithm to decompose CO line emissions into distinct velocity components, we present the magnetic field tomography and a scheme of magnetic field configuration in the CMZ. (c) Expanding the VGT analysis to external galaxies, particularly Seyfert galaxies M51, NGC 1068, NGC 1097, NGC 3627, and NGC 4826, we find the magnetic fields derived from VGT-CO in these galaxies show a remarkable correlation with those inferred from dust polarization and synchrotron polarization, suggesting a link between star formation and cosmic-ray generation. In the nuclear regions, a significant radial component of the magnetic fields traced by VGT-CO highlights potential zones of efficient molecular gas inflow or outflow, providing insights into the multiphase fueling mechanisms of Seyfert activity. (iv) In analogy to the VGT, we introduce the Synchrotron Intensity Gradient (SIG) and X-ray Intensity Gradient (XIG) as innovative approaches for mapping the magnetic field in galaxy clusters. We apply SIG to five disturbed galaxy clusters (RXC J1314.4-2515, Abell 2345, Abell 3376, MCXC J0352.4-7401, and El Gordo), utilizing radio data from the Jansky Very Large Array and the MeerKAT array. The consistency of SIG with both polarization observation and numerical validation prompts us to map magnetic field structures in the radio halos of RXC J1314.4-2515 and El Gordo, marking the largest-scale magnetic field measurements to date. Furthermore, the application of XIG to Chandra X-ray observations of the relaxed Perseus, M87, Coma, and A2597 galaxy clusters reveals that magnetic fields predominantly align with the sloshing arms in Perseus, corroborating numerical models. XIG-derived magnetic fields exhibit hallmarks of magnetic draping around buoyant bubbles in cool-core clusters and around merging substructures in the Coma cluster. Mapping 3D magnetic fields, including both orientation and strength simultaneously, is an even more formidable challenge. In this thesis, we introduce four methods for probing the orientation and strength of three-dimensional magnetic fields, leveraging advancements in anisotropy in MHD turbulence, dust polarization physics, and non-linear spectroscopic mapping. These methods include (1) analysis of anisotropic velocities in young stellar objects; (2) dust polarization fraction analysis; (3) examination of anisotropy in spectroscopic emission lines; and (4) deployment of a physics-informed convolutional neural network (CNN). Through analysis of 3D compressible MHD simulations, we uncover that velocity fluctuations of young stellar objects measured parallel to the magnetic field are minimal. The ratio between the parallel and perpendicular velocity fluctuations has a power-law dependence on the magnetization. Incorporating magnetic field fluctuations as raised by MHD turbulence into the observed dust polarization enables the simultaneous retrieval of the 3D magnetic field's position and inclination angles.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Synthetic dust emissions from 3D MHD turbulence simulations reveal the inclination angle's significant role in depolarization, while the contributions from magnetic field strength and density fluctuations are minimal.Our exploration into the non-linear spectroscopic mapping to position-position-velocity space illustrates that spectroscopic channel anisotropy is affected by inclination angle, media magnetization, and plane-of-the-sky magnetic field orientation, allowing for simultaneous estimation of the magnetic field's inclination angle and total magnetization. Utilizing these insights, we have developed a CNN model trained on synthetic emission lines of 13CO (J = 1-0) and C18O (J = 1-0), spanning sub-Alfvenic to super-Alfvenic conditions. We applied these methods to the low-mass star-forming region L1688, employing spectral emissions and polarized dust emissions to present the first comprehensive measurement of its 3D magnetic field. The total magnetic field strength, derived via the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi (DCF) method and the Differential Measure Analysis (DMA) technique, is estimated at 135 µG and 75 µG, respectively. Additionally, applying the trained CNN to the L1478 molecular cloud and comparing results with Planck 353 GHz polarization data demonstrates the CNN's effectiveness in mapping the plane-of-the-sky magnetic field orientation. showcasing strong concordance between CNN-predicted orientations and observed data. This CNN model further successfully reconstructs the 3D magnetic field topology and magnetization for the L1478 cloud.
- 일반주제명
- Physics
- 일반주제명
- Astrophysics
- 일반주제명
- Astronomy
- 일반주제명
- Planetology
- 키워드
- Magnetic field
- 키워드
- Turbulence
- 키워드
- Galaxy clusters
- 키워드
- Cosmic rays
- 기타저자
- The University of Wisconsin - Madison Physics
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■00520250211151501
■006m o d
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020 ▼a9798383051979
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31297905
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a530
■1001 ▼aHu, Yue.
■24510▼aThe Cosmic Symphony: Magnetic Fields and Turbulence Across Clouds, Galaxies, to Galaxy Clusters
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bThe University of Wisconsin - Madison▼c2024
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2024
■300 ▼a504 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Lazarian, Alexandre.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2024.
■520 ▼aTurbulence and magnetic fields are fundamental to astrophysical and cosmological studies, linking microscopic phenomena like cosmic rays (CRs) and star formation to the evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Despite their significance, understanding their properties has been challenging. Traditionally considered isotropic, recent numerical studies and in-situ solar wind measurements have revealed the anisotropic nature of turbulence under the influence of magnetic fields.This thesis provides a detailed investigation-analytical, numerical, and observational-into MHD turbulence's anisotropy and its relevance to various astrophysical phenomena. Guided by modern theories on MHD turbulence and fast reconnection, we find that turbulent velocity fluctuations and their gradients are significantly more pronounced perpendicular to the local magnetic field. We explore: (i) the manifestation of MHD turbulence anisotropy in 21 cm striations within spectroscopic atomic hydrogen (H I) observations; (ii) MHD turbulence damping in a partially ionized medium; (iii) the influence of gravity, magnetic fields, radiation, and outflow feedback on the velocity statistics of turbulent clouds; (iv) the amplification of magnetic fields by shock wave interactions with inhomogeneous media; and (v) the superdiffusion of cosmic rays in compressible magnetized turbulence. (i) Our analysis shows that the anisotropy in MHD turbulence is captured in multiphase spectroscopic observations due to velocity caustics, significantly influencing the statistics of thin spectroscopic channels and the orientation of H I striations. The H I striations generated by velocity caustics predominantly align with the magnetic field. (ii) In a partially ionized medium, we demonstrate that strongly coupled ions and neutrals exhibit similar velocity and kinetic energy spectra. Weak coupling results in more severe turbulence damping in ions, leading to steep spectra and differing density structures. In addition, we find large density fluctuations in ions and neutrals and thus spatially inhomogeneous ionization fractions. As a result, the neutral-ion decoupling and damping of MHD turbulence occur over a range of length scales. (iii) Outflow feedback modifies the scaling of velocity fluctuations and amplifies the velocity fluctuations by up to a factor of 7 on scales 0.01 - 0.2 pc and drives turbulence up to a scale of 1 pc. The amplified velocity fluctuations with more solenoidal components provide more support against gravity and enhance fragmentation on small scales, contributing to a reduction in the star formation rate. (iv) We find the postshock turbulence is mainly driven by the strongest preshock density contrast and follows the Kolmogorov scaling. The resulting turbulence amplifies the postshock magnetic field reaching a maximum factor of 200, when the initially weak magnetic field is perpendicular to the shock normal. (v) For CRs, we show that freely streaming CRs' perpendicular displacement increases as 3/2 to the power of the time traveled along local magnetic field lines. This power-law index changes to 3/4 if the parallel propagation is diffusive. We find that the CRs' parallel mean free path decreases in a power-law relation of MA−2 , suggesting that the suppressed diffusion in supersonic molecular clouds arises primarily due to a large Alfv´en Mach number MA.Measuring magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM) poses significant challenges. This thesis introduces the Velocity Gradient Technique (VGT) as a novel method for probing magnetic fields in the ISM, overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches like polarized dust emission and Zeeman splitting. Through 3D MHD simulations, we explore how turbulence, self-gravity, radiative transfer, and outflow feedback influence velocity fluctuation gradients, revealing that gradients align perpendicularly to magnetic fields under dominant turbulence and shift to parallel alignments as self-gravity or outflow intensifies. Observational validation in the gravitationally collapsing Serpens G3-G6 molecular cloud and the outflow-dominant star-forming region L1551 confirms these theoretical predictions. Significantly, (a) we apply the VGT to map the Galactic Magnetic Field (GMF) in 3D spatial space using H I emission lines and the Galactic rotational curve. Our findings show that the magnetic field orientations determined through VGT-H I are statistically consistent with those obtained from stellar polarization. We estimate the GMF's strength distribution in 3D space using the MM2 approach, revealing a decrease in GMF strength towards the Galaxy's outskirts. We model the Galactic foreground polarized radiation and show that the VGT-model dust polarization directions closely match those reported by Planck 353 GHz. (b) by applying the VGT to 12CO (1-0), 13CO (1-0), HNC (1-0), [Ne II], and Paschen-alpha emission lines, we map the magnetic field structure from 10 pc to 0.1 pc in the CMZ. The VGT-measured magnetic fields show global agreement with those observed through Planck 353 GHz and the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera Plus (HAWC+) polarized dust emissions, suggesting the dynamic importance of magnetic fields and turbulence in the Galactic Center. Utilizing the SCOUSEPY algorithm to decompose CO line emissions into distinct velocity components, we present the magnetic field tomography and a scheme of magnetic field configuration in the CMZ. (c) Expanding the VGT analysis to external galaxies, particularly Seyfert galaxies M51, NGC 1068, NGC 1097, NGC 3627, and NGC 4826, we find the magnetic fields derived from VGT-CO in these galaxies show a remarkable correlation with those inferred from dust polarization and synchrotron polarization, suggesting a link between star formation and cosmic-ray generation. In the nuclear regions, a significant radial component of the magnetic fields traced by VGT-CO highlights potential zones of efficient molecular gas inflow or outflow, providing insights into the multiphase fueling mechanisms of Seyfert activity. (iv) In analogy to the VGT, we introduce the Synchrotron Intensity Gradient (SIG) and X-ray Intensity Gradient (XIG) as innovative approaches for mapping the magnetic field in galaxy clusters. We apply SIG to five disturbed galaxy clusters (RXC J1314.4-2515, Abell 2345, Abell 3376, MCXC J0352.4-7401, and El Gordo), utilizing radio data from the Jansky Very Large Array and the MeerKAT array. The consistency of SIG with both polarization observation and numerical validation prompts us to map magnetic field structures in the radio halos of RXC J1314.4-2515 and El Gordo, marking the largest-scale magnetic field measurements to date. Furthermore, the application of XIG to Chandra X-ray observations of the relaxed Perseus, M87, Coma, and A2597 galaxy clusters reveals that magnetic fields predominantly align with the sloshing arms in Perseus, corroborating numerical models. XIG-derived magnetic fields exhibit hallmarks of magnetic draping around buoyant bubbles in cool-core clusters and around merging substructures in the Coma cluster. Mapping 3D magnetic fields, including both orientation and strength simultaneously, is an even more formidable challenge. In this thesis, we introduce four methods for probing the orientation and strength of three-dimensional magnetic fields, leveraging advancements in anisotropy in MHD turbulence, dust polarization physics, and non-linear spectroscopic mapping. These methods include (1) analysis of anisotropic velocities in young stellar objects; (2) dust polarization fraction analysis; (3) examination of anisotropy in spectroscopic emission lines; and (4) deployment of a physics-informed convolutional neural network (CNN). Through analysis of 3D compressible MHD simulations, we uncover that velocity fluctuations of young stellar objects measured parallel to the magnetic field are minimal. The ratio between the parallel and perpendicular velocity fluctuations has a power-law dependence on the magnetization. Incorporating magnetic field fluctuations as raised by MHD turbulence into the observed dust polarization enables the simultaneous retrieval of the 3D magnetic field's position and inclination angles.
■520 ▼aSynthetic dust emissions from 3D MHD turbulence simulations reveal the inclination angle's significant role in depolarization, while the contributions from magnetic field strength and density fluctuations are minimal.Our exploration into the non-linear spectroscopic mapping to position-position-velocity space illustrates that spectroscopic channel anisotropy is affected by inclination angle, media magnetization, and plane-of-the-sky magnetic field orientation, allowing for simultaneous estimation of the magnetic field's inclination angle and total magnetization. Utilizing these insights, we have developed a CNN model trained on synthetic emission lines of 13CO (J = 1-0) and C18O (J = 1-0), spanning sub-Alfvenic to super-Alfvenic conditions. We applied these methods to the low-mass star-forming region L1688, employing spectral emissions and polarized dust emissions to present the first comprehensive measurement of its 3D magnetic field. The total magnetic field strength, derived via the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi (DCF) method and the Differential Measure Analysis (DMA) technique, is estimated at 135 µG and 75 µG, respectively. Additionally, applying the trained CNN to the L1478 molecular cloud and comparing results with Planck 353 GHz polarization data demonstrates the CNN's effectiveness in mapping the plane-of-the-sky magnetic field orientation. showcasing strong concordance between CNN-predicted orientations and observed data. This CNN model further successfully reconstructs the 3D magnetic field topology and magnetization for the L1478 cloud.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0262.
■650 4▼aPhysics
■650 4▼aAstrophysics
■650 4▼aAstronomy
■650 4▼aPlanetology
■653 ▼aCosmological studies
■653 ▼aMagnetic field
■653 ▼aTurbulence
■653 ▼aGalaxy clusters
■653 ▼aCosmic rays
■690 ▼a0605
■690 ▼a0596
■690 ▼a0606
■690 ▼a0590
■71020▼aThe University of Wisconsin - Madison▼bPhysics.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g85-12B.
■790 ▼a0262
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2024
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161912▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


