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Water Mass Transformation Through the Lens of Numerical Models and Observations
Water Mass Transformation Through the Lens of Numerical Models and Observations
Water Mass Transformation Through the Lens of Numerical Models and Observations

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211153026
ISBN  
9798342741941
DDC  
551.46
저자명  
Bailey, Shanice Tseng.
서명/저자  
Water Mass Transformation Through the Lens of Numerical Models and Observations
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
113 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Abernathey, Ryan P.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The framework of this dissertation work relies heavily on the water mass transformation theory (WMT). The theory conceptualizes the explicit relationship between mechanical and thermodynamic processes on water masses, and subsequently, on ocean circulation due to surface fluxes, advective transport, and diffusive mixing. Through high-resolution model and reanalyses data, computation of WMT budgets were made possible to study the physical drivers of water mass variability using ocean and climate models. More specifically, I have applied WMT to study: 1) the interannual variability of Weddell-Sea-derived Antarctic Bottom Water; 2) the transformation of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water due to eddy-induced lateral mixing in the near surface; and 3) the physical drivers behind the latest marine heatwave (MHW) that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in summer 2023.The study in Chapter 1 investigates the variability of WMT within the Weddell Gyre (WG). The WG serves as a pivotal site for the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and ocean ventilation because it is the primary origin of the largest volume of water mass in the global ocean, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Recent mooring data suggest substantial seasonal and interannual variability of AABW properties exiting the WG, and studies have linked the variability to the large-scale climate forcings affecting wind stress in the WG region. However, the specific thermodynamic mechanisms that link variability in surface forcings to variability in water mass transformations and AABW export remain unclear. This study explores how current state of the art data-assimilating ocean reanalyses can help fill the gaps in our understanding of the thermodynamic drivers of AABW variability in the WG via WMT volume budgets derived from Walin's classic WMT framework. The three ocean reanalyses used are: Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean state estimate (ECCOv4), Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). From the model outputs, we diagnose a closed form of the water mass budget for AABW that explicitly accounts for transport across the WG boundary, surface forcing, interior mixing, and numerical mixing. We examine the annual mean climatology of the WMT budget terms, the seasonal climatology, and finally the interannual variability. Our finding suggests that the relatively coarse resolution of these models did not realistically capture AABW formation, export and variability. In ECCO and SOSE, we see strong interannual variability in AABW volume budget. In SOSE, we find an accelerating loss of AABW during 2005-2010, driven largely by interior mixing and changes in surface salt fluxes. ECCO shows a similar trend during a 4-yr time period starting in late 2007, but also reveals such trends to be part of interannual variability over a much longer time period. Overall, ECCO provides the most useful timeseries for understanding the processes and mechanisms that drive WMT and export variability in the WG. SODA, in contrast, displays unphysically large variability in AABW volume, which we attribute to its data assimilation scheme. We also examine correlations between the WMT budgets and large-scale climate indices, including ENSO and SAM, and find no strong relationships.The goal of Chapter 2 was to gain novel insight to the mechanisms and thermodynamics of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water (NASTMW) creation, destruction and transformation in the North Atlantic through the lens of two high-resolution ocean models. This mode water is found throughout the northwestern part of the subtropical gyre, and its formation area is south of the Gulf Stream Extension. Though studies have looked at the variability of NASTMW, the mechanisms for their variations have not been fully explored. Thanks to the eddy-resolving nature of the two datasets from CESM and CM2.6 control runs, and the water mass transformation framework, we were able to quantify the contributions of NASTMW transformations due to surface eddies in the mixed layer of the North Atlantic. Using these models, we confirm previous findings that air-sea fluxes are the main cause of the formation and destruction of surface water masses over the whole basin. We find that in both models, the haline component of lateral mixing at the surface in the Gulf Stream region is a driver of mode water transformation.Chapter 3 aims to understand the mechanisms of the activation and evolution of the marine heatwave (MHW) that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) during summer 2023. We quantified contributions of the thermodynamic processes that transformed surface waters in the GOM into an unprecedented large volume of extremely warm water ( 31.8). Through water mass transformation analysis of reanalyses data, we find that the genesis of this MHW was due to the compounding effect of anomalously warm winter surface water priming the region for a MHW, coupled with greater exposure to strong solar radiation. Transformation due to total surface fluxes (sensible and latent heat, solar and longwave radiation) contributed to the MHW volume at a peak rate of 17.7 Sv (106 m3 s −1 = Sv), while mixing countered the effect by 14.6 Sv at its peak. Total transformation during this 2023 MHW peaked at 4.9 Sv.
일반주제명  
Physical oceanography
일반주제명  
Geophysics
키워드  
Water mass transformation theory
키워드  
Meridional overturning circulation
키워드  
Seasonal climatology
키워드  
Diffusive mixing
기타저자  
Columbia University Earth and Environmental Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■0820  ▼a551.46
■1001  ▼aBailey,  Shanice  Tseng.
■24510▼aWater  Mass  Transformation  Through  the  Lens  of  Numerical  Models  and  Observations
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a113  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Abernathey,  Ryan  P.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  framework  of  this  dissertation  work  relies  heavily  on  the  water  mass  transformation  theory  (WMT).  The  theory  conceptualizes  the  explicit  relationship  between  mechanical  and  thermodynamic  processes  on  water  masses,  and  subsequently,  on  ocean  circulation  due  to  surface  fluxes,  advective  transport,  and  diffusive  mixing.  Through  high-resolution  model  and  reanalyses  data,  computation  of  WMT  budgets  were  made  possible  to  study  the  physical  drivers  of  water  mass  variability  using  ocean  and  climate  models.  More  specifically,  I  have  applied  WMT  to  study:  1)  the  interannual  variability  of  Weddell-Sea-derived  Antarctic  Bottom  Water;  2)  the  transformation  of  North  Atlantic  Subtropical  Mode  Water  due  to  eddy-induced  lateral  mixing  in  the  near  surface;  and  3)  the  physical  drivers  behind  the  latest  marine  heatwave  (MHW)  that  occurred  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  summer  2023.The  study  in  Chapter  1  investigates  the  variability  of  WMT  within  the  Weddell  Gyre  (WG).  The  WG  serves  as  a  pivotal  site  for  the  meridional  overturning  circulation  (MOC)  and  ocean  ventilation  because  it  is  the  primary  origin  of  the  largest  volume  of  water  mass  in  the  global  ocean,  Antarctic  Bottom  Water  (AABW).  Recent  mooring  data  suggest  substantial  seasonal  and  interannual  variability  of  AABW  properties  exiting  the  WG,  and  studies  have  linked  the  variability  to  the  large-scale  climate  forcings  affecting  wind  stress  in  the  WG  region.  However,  the  specific  thermodynamic  mechanisms  that  link  variability  in  surface  forcings  to  variability  in  water  mass  transformations  and  AABW  export  remain  unclear.  This  study  explores  how  current  state  of  the  art  data-assimilating  ocean  reanalyses  can  help  fill  the  gaps  in  our  understanding  of  the  thermodynamic  drivers  of  AABW  variability  in  the  WG  via  WMT  volume  budgets  derived  from  Walin's  classic  WMT  framework.  The  three  ocean  reanalyses  used  are:  Estimating  the  Circulation  and  Climate  of  the  Ocean  state  estimate  (ECCOv4),  Southern  Ocean  State  Estimate  (SOSE)  and  Simple  Ocean  Data  Assimilation  (SODA).  From  the  model  outputs,  we  diagnose  a  closed  form  of  the  water  mass  budget  for  AABW  that  explicitly  accounts  for  transport  across  the  WG  boundary,  surface  forcing,  interior  mixing,  and  numerical  mixing.  We  examine  the  annual  mean  climatology  of  the  WMT  budget  terms,  the  seasonal  climatology,  and  finally  the  interannual  variability.  Our  finding  suggests  that  the  relatively  coarse  resolution  of  these  models  did  not  realistically  capture  AABW  formation,  export  and  variability.  In  ECCO  and  SOSE,  we  see  strong  interannual  variability  in  AABW  volume  budget.  In  SOSE,  we  find  an  accelerating  loss  of  AABW  during  2005-2010,  driven  largely  by  interior  mixing  and  changes  in  surface  salt  fluxes.  ECCO  shows  a  similar  trend  during  a  4-yr  time  period  starting  in  late  2007,  but  also  reveals  such  trends  to  be  part  of  interannual  variability  over  a  much  longer  time  period.  Overall,  ECCO  provides  the  most  useful  timeseries  for  understanding  the  processes  and  mechanisms  that  drive  WMT  and  export  variability  in  the  WG.  SODA,  in  contrast,  displays  unphysically  large  variability  in  AABW  volume,  which  we  attribute  to  its  data  assimilation  scheme.  We  also  examine  correlations  between  the  WMT  budgets  and  large-scale  climate  indices,  including  ENSO  and  SAM,  and  find  no  strong  relationships.The  goal  of  Chapter  2  was  to  gain  novel  insight  to  the  mechanisms  and  thermodynamics  of  North  Atlantic  Subtropical  Mode  Water  (NASTMW)  creation,  destruction  and  transformation  in  the  North  Atlantic  through  the  lens  of  two  high-resolution  ocean  models.  This  mode  water  is  found  throughout  the  northwestern  part  of  the  subtropical  gyre,  and  its  formation  area  is  south  of  the  Gulf  Stream  Extension.  Though  studies  have  looked  at  the  variability  of  NASTMW,  the  mechanisms  for  their  variations  have  not  been  fully  explored.  Thanks  to  the  eddy-resolving  nature  of  the  two  datasets  from  CESM  and  CM2.6  control  runs,  and  the  water  mass  transformation  framework,  we  were  able  to  quantify  the  contributions  of  NASTMW  transformations  due  to  surface  eddies  in  the  mixed  layer  of  the  North  Atlantic.  Using  these  models,  we  confirm  previous  findings  that  air-sea  fluxes  are  the  main  cause  of  the  formation  and  destruction  of  surface  water  masses  over  the  whole  basin.  We  find  that  in  both  models,  the  haline  component  of  lateral  mixing  at  the  surface  in  the  Gulf  Stream  region  is  a  driver  of  mode  water  transformation.Chapter  3  aims  to  understand  the  mechanisms  of  the  activation  and  evolution  of  the  marine  heatwave  (MHW)  that  occurred  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  (GOM)  during  summer  2023.  We  quantified  contributions  of  the  thermodynamic  processes  that  transformed  surface  waters  in  the  GOM  into  an  unprecedented  large  volume  of  extremely  warm  water  (  31.8).  Through  water  mass  transformation  analysis  of  reanalyses  data,  we  find  that  the  genesis  of  this  MHW  was  due  to  the  compounding  effect  of  anomalously  warm  winter  surface  water  priming  the  region  for  a  MHW,  coupled  with  greater  exposure  to  strong  solar  radiation.  Transformation  due  to  total  surface  fluxes  (sensible  and  latent  heat,  solar  and  longwave  radiation)  contributed  to  the  MHW  volume  at  a  peak  rate  of  17.7  Sv  (106  m3  s  −1  =  Sv),  while  mixing  countered  the  effect  by  14.6  Sv  at  its  peak.  Total  transformation  during  this  2023  MHW  peaked  at  4.9  Sv.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aPhysical  oceanography
■650  4▼aGeophysics
■653    ▼aWater  mass  transformation  theory
■653    ▼aMeridional  overturning  circulation
■653    ▼aSeasonal  climatology
■653    ▼aDiffusive  mixing
■690    ▼a0415
■690    ▼a0467
■690    ▼a0373
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEarth  and  Environmental  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-05B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164640▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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