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Three Papers on the Politics of Immigration in the United States: Asylum Adjudication, Detention Levels in County Jails, and Geographic Access to Health Services and Legal Aid
Three Papers on the Politics of Immigration in the United States: Asylum Adjudication, Det...
Three Papers on the Politics of Immigration in the United States: Asylum Adjudication, Detention Levels in County Jails, and Geographic Access to Health Services and Legal Aid

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151328
ISBN  
9798384450078
DDC  
320
저자명  
Peng, Stephanie.
서명/저자  
Three Papers on the Politics of Immigration in the United States: Asylum Adjudication, Detention Levels in County Jails, and Geographic Access to Health Services and Legal Aid
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
107 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Anzia, Sarah F.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Political actors embedded in the labyrinthian U.S. immigration system make decisions every day that either uphold or challenge the state's inherent punitiveness towards noncitizens. I argue that some of the variation in punitive outcomes can be explained by partisanship of these actors -- including judges, legislators, and voters themselves. My dissertation evaluates this argument from three different angles. In each paper, I spotlight a different set of political actors and institutions and examine different immigration outcomes depending on the scope of the said political actor or institution's power. First, federal immigration judges have the ability on a daily basis to decide legal outcomes of deportation for many asylum seekers, so I look at whether the appointing party of an immigration judge affects asylum grant rates in immigration courts. Second, county legislators decide whether and how much local detention space to contract to ICE, playing a key role in determining ICE's detention capacity. I conduct a national analysis of whether the partisan majority of a county council affects their local ICE detention capacity over time. Third, given that health and legal nonprofits bear the responsibility of providing vital human services for many immigrants, I examine whether the spatial accessibility of immigrant-serving nonprofits correlates with political characteristics of cities. Across these three separate analyses, I find that the partisan affiliation of appointed and elected officials does shape punitive outcomes of detention and deportation, while non-electoral political mobilization predicts better access to immigrant-serving health and legal services. In the rest of the abstract, I provide a more detailed synopsis of each study.In my first paper, "The Role of Party Politics in Asylum Decisions of Immigration Judges," I examine the puzzling variation in asylum grant rates, both between different courts and between judges in the same court. I argue that the mass hiring of new immigration judges (IJs) in an increasingly polarized political era opens the possibility that party politics plays an important role in asylum adjudication today. Indeed, I find that the appointing party of an IJ likely shapes their asylum adjudication patterns and that IJ behavior has polarized over time. Evaluating all asylum cases between 2003 and 2020, on average, Republican-appointed judges are more likely to deport asylum seekers by 3.8%. Upon further analysis, I find that this difference is entirely attributed to Trump-era IJs, who are more likely to deport by 6.0% compared to all other Republican or Democratic-appointed IJs. My results complement other studies that find no role of partisanship in asylum adjudication during older time periods, because partisan polarization of IJ behavior appears to be a starkly contemporary phenomenon.In my second paper "Do ICE Detention Levels in County Facilities Depend on Partisanship of County Legislators?" I shift my focus away from the federal government to examine the politics of immigration enforcement in counties. Previous studies have shown that a) local legislators behave differently in some policy areas depending on their partisanship and that b) local immigration policy differs based on the partisanship of voters. Yet, little is known about the mechanism that links the partisanship of local voters with local immigration enforcement outcomes. I posit that the linking mechanism could be local legislators directly influencing immigration detention in their jurisdictions. I also posit that local legislators behave differently in the immigration policy area based on their partisan affiliation. I conduct a multi-method analysis to examine whether electing a Democrat or Republican-majority county council affects the level of immigration detention in their respective local jails and prisons. A quantitative "difference-in-difference" analysis shows that newly-elected Democratic majority county councils tend to house about 20 to 40 fewer detainees daily, relative to comparable counties over time. On the other hand, newly-elected Republican-majority county councils tend to have similar levels of ADP as comparable counties over time. I also conduct a qualitative analysis of county minutes and find that federal policies can restrain newly-elected Republican counties' attempts to achieve more punitive detention outcomes. There are also stark discursive differences between newly-elected Republican-majority and Democratic-majority councils; the Republican-led councils focused on fiscal consequences of the details of detention contracts whereas the Democrat-led councils moreso led ideological and morality-focused discussions around immigration policy more generally.My third paper, "Examining Civic and Political Contexts: Why Do Immigrants Have Better Access to Health Services and Legal Aid in Some Places?," examines some of the city-level characteristics that might explain why human services are more accessible to immigrants in some places than in others. This paper takes a slightly different approach than the previous two papers, in that it examines a network of non-state entities and focuses on immigrant integration outcomes instead of enforcement outcomes. A spatial analysis of all cities in California, Nevada and Arizona shows that partisan vote share does not meaningfully predict spatial accessibility of health and legal services for immigrants. Instead, non-electoral political characteristics of a place -- namely, civic infrastructure and social movement history -- are better indicators of whether immigrants can more conveniently access affordable health and legal services. These non-electoral political characteristics likely serve the key function of increasing "civic visibility" of the immigrant community as legitimate and deserving recipients of aid. My results bolster the prevailing idea that immigrants in "established gateway" cities tend to benefit from a long-standing, robust network of immigrant organizations and public-private partnerships. In an analogous way, immigrants in cities with historical NAACP chapters and/or 2006 immigration reform protests likely also benefit from the community's long-standing organizing power and advocacy expertise. In sum, at a grassroots level, electoral party politics are not the end-all-be-all. Investing in civic infrastructure and building organizing power in a place can lower the barriers of advocating for, establishing, and continually funding immigrant-serving health and legal clinics.Taken altogether, this dissertation illustrates the politicization of immigration processes and outcomes at the federal, county, and city-levels. Life-altering outcomes of detention, deportation, and access to human services should not depend on the political preferences of individual actors or the political characteristics of a place. In raising questions about the integrity and legitimacy of the U.S. government's approach to immigration and integration, my work supports scholars and activists who envision an alternate approach to immigration policy that is human-centered instead of security-centered.
일반주제명  
Political science
일반주제명  
Law
일반주제명  
Law enforcement
키워드  
County jails
키워드  
Health services
키워드  
Immigration
키워드  
Immigration courts
키워드  
Legal aid
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Political Science
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■020    ▼a9798384450078
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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aPeng,  Stephanie.
■24510▼aThree  Papers  on  the  Politics  of  Immigration  in  the  United  States:  Asylum  Adjudication,  Detention  Levels  in  County  Jails,  and  Geographic  Access  to  Health  Services  and  Legal  Aid
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a107  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-04,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Anzia,  Sarah  F.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2024.
■520    ▼aPolitical  actors  embedded  in  the  labyrinthian  U.S.  immigration  system  make  decisions  every  day  that  either  uphold  or  challenge  the  state's  inherent  punitiveness  towards  noncitizens.  I  argue  that  some  of  the  variation  in  punitive  outcomes  can  be  explained  by  partisanship  of  these  actors  --  including  judges,  legislators,  and  voters  themselves.  My  dissertation  evaluates  this  argument  from  three  different  angles.  In  each  paper,  I  spotlight  a  different  set  of  political  actors  and  institutions  and  examine  different  immigration  outcomes  depending  on  the  scope  of  the  said  political  actor  or  institution's  power.  First,  federal  immigration  judges  have  the  ability  on  a  daily  basis  to  decide  legal  outcomes  of  deportation  for  many  asylum  seekers,  so  I  look  at  whether  the  appointing  party  of  an  immigration  judge  affects  asylum  grant  rates  in  immigration  courts.  Second,  county  legislators  decide  whether  and  how  much  local  detention  space  to  contract  to  ICE,  playing  a  key  role  in  determining  ICE's  detention  capacity.  I  conduct  a  national  analysis  of  whether  the  partisan  majority  of  a  county  council  affects  their  local  ICE  detention  capacity  over  time.  Third,  given  that  health  and  legal  nonprofits  bear  the  responsibility  of  providing  vital  human  services  for  many  immigrants,  I  examine  whether  the  spatial  accessibility  of  immigrant-serving  nonprofits  correlates  with  political  characteristics  of  cities.  Across  these  three  separate  analyses,  I  find  that  the  partisan  affiliation  of  appointed  and  elected  officials  does  shape  punitive  outcomes  of  detention  and  deportation,  while  non-electoral  political  mobilization  predicts  better  access  to  immigrant-serving  health  and  legal  services.  In  the  rest  of  the  abstract,  I  provide  a  more  detailed  synopsis  of  each  study.In  my  first  paper,  "The  Role  of  Party  Politics  in  Asylum  Decisions  of  Immigration  Judges,"  I  examine  the  puzzling  variation  in  asylum  grant  rates,  both  between  different  courts  and  between  judges  in  the  same  court.  I  argue  that  the  mass  hiring  of  new  immigration  judges  (IJs)  in  an  increasingly  polarized  political  era  opens  the  possibility  that  party  politics  plays  an  important  role  in  asylum  adjudication  today.  Indeed,  I  find  that  the  appointing  party  of  an  IJ  likely  shapes  their  asylum  adjudication  patterns  and  that  IJ  behavior  has  polarized  over  time.  Evaluating  all  asylum  cases  between  2003  and  2020,  on  average,  Republican-appointed  judges  are  more  likely  to  deport  asylum  seekers  by  3.8%.  Upon  further  analysis,  I  find  that  this  difference  is  entirely  attributed  to  Trump-era  IJs,  who  are  more  likely  to  deport  by  6.0%  compared  to  all  other  Republican  or  Democratic-appointed  IJs.  My  results  complement  other  studies  that  find  no  role  of  partisanship  in  asylum  adjudication  during  older  time  periods,  because  partisan  polarization  of  IJ  behavior  appears  to  be  a  starkly  contemporary  phenomenon.In  my  second  paper  "Do  ICE  Detention  Levels  in  County  Facilities  Depend  on  Partisanship  of  County  Legislators?"  I  shift  my  focus  away  from  the  federal  government  to  examine  the  politics  of  immigration  enforcement  in  counties.  Previous  studies  have  shown  that  a)  local  legislators  behave  differently  in  some  policy  areas  depending  on  their  partisanship  and  that  b)  local  immigration  policy  differs  based  on  the  partisanship  of  voters.  Yet,  little  is  known  about  the  mechanism  that  links  the  partisanship  of  local  voters  with  local  immigration  enforcement  outcomes.  I  posit  that  the  linking  mechanism  could  be  local  legislators  directly  influencing  immigration  detention  in  their  jurisdictions.  I  also  posit  that  local  legislators  behave  differently  in  the  immigration  policy  area  based  on  their  partisan  affiliation.  I  conduct  a  multi-method  analysis  to  examine  whether  electing  a  Democrat  or  Republican-majority  county  council  affects  the  level  of  immigration  detention  in  their  respective  local  jails  and  prisons.  A  quantitative  "difference-in-difference"  analysis  shows  that  newly-elected  Democratic  majority  county  councils  tend  to  house  about  20  to  40  fewer  detainees  daily,  relative  to  comparable  counties  over  time.  On  the  other  hand,  newly-elected  Republican-majority  county  councils  tend  to  have  similar  levels  of  ADP  as  comparable  counties  over  time.  I  also  conduct  a  qualitative  analysis  of  county  minutes  and  find  that  federal  policies  can  restrain  newly-elected  Republican  counties'  attempts  to  achieve  more  punitive  detention  outcomes.  There  are  also  stark  discursive  differences  between  newly-elected  Republican-majority  and  Democratic-majority  councils;  the  Republican-led  councils  focused  on  fiscal  consequences  of  the  details  of  detention  contracts  whereas  the  Democrat-led  councils  moreso  led  ideological  and  morality-focused  discussions  around  immigration  policy  more  generally.My  third  paper,  "Examining  Civic  and  Political  Contexts:  Why  Do  Immigrants  Have  Better  Access  to  Health  Services  and  Legal  Aid  in  Some  Places?,"  examines  some  of  the  city-level  characteristics  that  might  explain  why  human  services  are  more  accessible  to  immigrants  in  some  places  than  in  others.  This  paper  takes  a  slightly  different  approach  than  the  previous  two  papers,  in  that  it  examines  a  network  of  non-state  entities  and  focuses  on  immigrant  integration  outcomes  instead  of  enforcement  outcomes.  A  spatial  analysis  of  all  cities  in  California,  Nevada  and  Arizona  shows  that  partisan  vote  share  does  not  meaningfully  predict  spatial  accessibility  of  health  and  legal  services  for  immigrants.  Instead,  non-electoral  political  characteristics  of  a  place  --  namely,  civic  infrastructure  and  social  movement  history  --  are  better  indicators  of  whether  immigrants  can  more  conveniently  access  affordable  health  and  legal  services.  These  non-electoral  political  characteristics  likely  serve  the  key  function  of  increasing  "civic  visibility"  of  the  immigrant  community  as  legitimate  and  deserving  recipients  of  aid.  My  results  bolster  the  prevailing  idea  that  immigrants  in  "established  gateway"  cities  tend  to  benefit  from  a  long-standing,  robust  network  of  immigrant  organizations  and  public-private  partnerships.  In  an  analogous  way,  immigrants  in  cities  with  historical  NAACP  chapters  and/or  2006  immigration  reform  protests  likely  also  benefit  from  the  community's  long-standing  organizing  power  and  advocacy  expertise.  In  sum,  at  a  grassroots  level,  electoral  party  politics  are  not  the  end-all-be-all.  Investing  in  civic  infrastructure  and  building  organizing  power  in  a  place  can  lower  the  barriers  of  advocating  for,  establishing,  and  continually  funding  immigrant-serving  health  and  legal  clinics.Taken  altogether,  this  dissertation  illustrates  the  politicization  of  immigration  processes  and  outcomes  at  the  federal,  county,  and  city-levels.  Life-altering  outcomes  of  detention,  deportation,  and  access  to  human  services  should  not  depend  on  the  political  preferences  of  individual  actors  or  the  political  characteristics  of  a  place.  In  raising  questions  about  the  integrity  and  legitimacy  of  the  U.S.  government's  approach  to  immigration  and  integration,  my  work  supports  scholars  and  activists  who  envision  an  alternate  approach  to  immigration  policy  that  is  human-centered  instead  of  security-centered.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aPolitical  science
■650  4▼aLaw
■650  4▼aLaw  enforcement
■653    ▼aCounty  jails
■653    ▼aHealth  services
■653    ▼aImmigration
■653    ▼aImmigration  courts
■653    ▼aLegal  aid
■690    ▼a0615
■690    ▼a0398
■690    ▼a0206
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bPolitical  Science.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-04A.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161237▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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