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Statistical Methods for Addressing Missing Data and Evaluating Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Randomized Clinical Trials
Statistical Methods for Addressing Missing Data and Evaluating Treatment Effect Heterogene...
Statistical Methods for Addressing Missing Data and Evaluating Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Randomized Clinical Trials

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152826
ISBN  
9798346567158
DDC  
574
저자명  
Chang, Chia-Rui.
서명/저자  
Statistical Methods for Addressing Missing Data and Evaluating Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Randomized Clinical Trials
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
171 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-05, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Wang, Rui.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new treatments, but analyses of clinical trials can be complicated by missing data and treatment effect heterogeneity. First, when patients drop out of the study or miss visits, many commonly held statistical methods are not suitable to analyze response for interventions due to missing data, which limits investigators to draw robust inference from the study sample. Second, the standard statistical paradigm in clinical trials often lies in estimating or testing the treatment effect for the overall population. However, patients can have heterogeneous responses to treatment, for which the treatment of interest might be beneficial for a specific patient subgroup but could be neutral or harmful to others. This dissertation discusses considerations for these challenges and proposes novel approaches to improve the validity and robustness of statistical inference in randomized clinical trials.In Chapter 1, we address the issue of conducting covariate adjustment in clinical trials in the presence of missing data. Covariate adjustment is a commonly used statistical approach to account for chance imbalance in baseline covariates and to increase precision of the treatment effect estimate. In the light of recent theoretical advancement, we first review several covariate adjustment methods with incomplete covariate data. We investigate the implications of the missing data mechanism on estimating the average treatment effect in randomized clinical trials with continuous or binary outcomes. In parallel, we consider settings where the outcome data are fully observed or are missing at random; in the latter setting, we propose a full weighting approach that combines inverse probability weighting for adjusting missing outcomes and overlap weighting for covariate adjustment. We conduct comprehensive simulation studies to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed methods and compare with a range of common alternatives. We apply the proposed methods to the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial to assess the effect of adenotonsillectomy on neurocognitive functioning scores.In Chapter 2 and 3, we focus on statistical challenges for the analyses of cluster-randomized trial (CRT), an alternative trial design which randomizes all individuals in the same cluster to receive the same intervention condition. In Chapter 2, we propose new estimators for estimating the marginal treatment effect in CRTs with multi-level missing outcomes. When outcomes are missing at random (MAR), methods such as inverse probability weighted generalized estimating equations have been proposed to account for informative missingness by weighting the observed individual outcome data in each cluster. These existing methods have focused on settings where missingness occurs at the individual level and each cluster has partially or fully observed individual outcomes. In the presence of missing clusters, e.g., all outcomes from a cluster are missing due to drop-out of the cluster, these approaches effectively ignore this cluster-level missingness and can lead to biased inference if the cluster-level missingness is informative. Informative missingness at multiple levels can also occur in CRTs with a multi-level structure where study participants are nested in subclusters such as health care providers, and the subclusters are nested in clusters such as clinics. To address informative missing outcomes at multiple levels, we propose the multi-level multiply robust estimator based on weighted generalized estimating equations. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed provided that one set of the propensity score models is correctly specified. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method through extensive simulations and illustrate its use with a CRT evaluating a Malaria risk-reduction intervention in rural Madagascar.In Chapter 3, we turn into the topic of treatment effect heterogeneity in CRTs. Investigation of treatment effect heterogeneity in contemporary clinical research and practice holds promises to inform tailored healthcare services and improve patient outcomes, but current methods for identifying patient subgroups with differential treatment effects for CRTs are limited. To address the methodological gap, we propose a testing procedure to detect the existence of a patient subgroup with an enhanced treatment effect in CRTs. We consider a semi-parametric change-plane model based on the generalized estimating equations approach, which includes an unspecified baseline function for the covariate effects and a subgroup-treatment interaction defined by the change-plane. A score-type test statistic is then formulated based on this model, and the asymptotic distributions of the test statistic are established. When the null hypothesis of no subgroup with an enhanced treatment effect is rejected, the enhanced treatment effect characterized by the change-plane parameters can be estimated. Through extensive simulations, we empirically assess the performance of the proposed method in finite samples. Then, we apply the proposed testing procedure to a CRT evaluating a behavioral intervention program for treating chronic pain among patients receiving long-term opioid therapy.
일반주제명  
Biostatistics
일반주제명  
Statistics
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
Information science
키워드  
Clinical trials
키워드  
Generalized estimating equation
키워드  
Heterogeneous treatment effect
키워드  
Missing data
키워드  
Propensity scores
기타저자  
Harvard University Biostatistics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-05A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■1001  ▼aChang,  Chia-Rui.▼0(orcid)0009-0009-4025-5159
■24510▼aStatistical  Methods  for  Addressing  Missing  Data  and  Evaluating  Treatment  Effect  Heterogeneity  in  Randomized  Clinical  Trials
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a171  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-05,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Wang,  Rui.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aRandomized  clinical  trials  are  the  gold  standard  for  evaluating  the  efficacy  and  safety  of  new  treatments,  but  analyses  of  clinical  trials  can  be  complicated  by  missing  data  and  treatment  effect  heterogeneity.  First,  when  patients  drop  out  of  the  study  or  miss  visits,  many  commonly  held  statistical  methods  are  not  suitable  to  analyze  response  for  interventions  due  to  missing  data,  which  limits  investigators  to  draw  robust  inference  from  the  study  sample.  Second,  the  standard  statistical  paradigm  in  clinical  trials  often  lies  in  estimating  or  testing  the  treatment  effect  for  the  overall  population.  However,  patients  can  have  heterogeneous  responses  to  treatment,  for  which  the  treatment  of  interest  might  be  beneficial  for  a  specific  patient  subgroup  but  could  be  neutral  or  harmful  to  others.  This  dissertation  discusses  considerations  for  these  challenges  and  proposes  novel  approaches  to  improve  the  validity  and  robustness  of  statistical  inference  in  randomized  clinical  trials.In  Chapter  1,  we  address  the  issue  of  conducting  covariate  adjustment  in  clinical  trials  in  the  presence  of  missing  data.  Covariate  adjustment  is  a  commonly  used  statistical  approach  to  account  for  chance  imbalance  in  baseline  covariates  and  to  increase  precision  of  the  treatment  effect  estimate.  In  the  light  of  recent  theoretical  advancement,  we  first  review  several  covariate  adjustment  methods  with  incomplete  covariate  data.  We  investigate  the  implications  of  the  missing  data  mechanism  on  estimating  the  average  treatment  effect  in  randomized  clinical  trials  with  continuous  or  binary  outcomes.  In  parallel,  we  consider  settings  where  the  outcome  data  are  fully  observed  or  are  missing  at  random;  in  the  latter  setting,  we  propose  a  full  weighting  approach  that  combines  inverse  probability  weighting  for  adjusting  missing  outcomes  and  overlap  weighting  for  covariate  adjustment.  We  conduct  comprehensive  simulation  studies  to  examine  the  finite  sample  performance  of  the  proposed  methods  and  compare  with  a  range  of  common  alternatives.  We  apply  the  proposed  methods  to  the  Childhood  Adenotonsillectomy  Trial  to  assess  the  effect  of  adenotonsillectomy  on  neurocognitive  functioning  scores.In  Chapter  2  and  3,  we  focus  on  statistical  challenges  for  the  analyses  of  cluster-randomized  trial  (CRT),  an  alternative  trial  design  which  randomizes  all  individuals  in  the  same  cluster  to  receive  the  same  intervention  condition.  In  Chapter  2,  we  propose  new  estimators  for  estimating  the  marginal  treatment  effect  in  CRTs  with  multi-level  missing  outcomes.  When  outcomes  are  missing  at  random  (MAR),  methods  such  as  inverse  probability  weighted  generalized  estimating  equations  have  been  proposed  to  account  for  informative  missingness  by  weighting  the  observed  individual  outcome  data  in  each  cluster.  These  existing  methods  have  focused  on  settings  where  missingness  occurs  at  the  individual  level  and  each  cluster  has  partially  or  fully  observed  individual  outcomes.  In  the  presence  of  missing  clusters,  e.g.,  all  outcomes  from  a  cluster  are  missing  due  to  drop-out  of  the  cluster,  these  approaches  effectively  ignore  this  cluster-level  missingness  and  can  lead  to  biased  inference  if  the  cluster-level  missingness  is  informative.  Informative  missingness  at  multiple  levels  can  also  occur  in  CRTs  with  a  multi-level  structure  where  study  participants  are  nested  in  subclusters  such  as  health  care  providers,  and  the  subclusters  are  nested  in  clusters  such  as  clinics.  To  address  informative  missing  outcomes  at  multiple  levels,  we  propose  the  multi-level  multiply  robust  estimator  based  on  weighted  generalized  estimating  equations.  We  show  that  the  proposed  estimator  is  consistent  and  asymptotically  normally  distributed  provided  that  one  set  of  the  propensity  score  models  is  correctly  specified.  We  evaluate  the  performance  of  the  proposed  method  through  extensive  simulations  and  illustrate  its  use  with  a  CRT  evaluating  a  Malaria  risk-reduction  intervention  in  rural  Madagascar.In  Chapter  3,  we  turn  into  the  topic  of  treatment  effect  heterogeneity  in  CRTs.  Investigation  of  treatment  effect  heterogeneity  in  contemporary  clinical  research  and  practice  holds  promises  to  inform  tailored  healthcare  services  and  improve  patient  outcomes,  but  current  methods  for  identifying  patient  subgroups  with  differential  treatment  effects  for  CRTs  are  limited.  To  address  the  methodological  gap,  we  propose  a  testing  procedure  to  detect  the  existence  of  a  patient  subgroup  with  an  enhanced  treatment  effect  in  CRTs.  We  consider  a  semi-parametric  change-plane  model  based  on  the  generalized  estimating  equations  approach,  which  includes  an  unspecified  baseline  function  for  the  covariate  effects  and  a  subgroup-treatment  interaction  defined  by  the  change-plane.  A  score-type  test  statistic  is  then  formulated  based  on  this  model,  and  the  asymptotic  distributions  of  the  test  statistic  are  established.  When  the  null  hypothesis  of  no  subgroup  with  an  enhanced  treatment  effect  is  rejected,  the  enhanced  treatment  effect  characterized  by  the  change-plane  parameters  can  be  estimated.  Through  extensive  simulations,  we  empirically  assess  the  performance  of  the  proposed  method  in  finite  samples.  Then,  we  apply  the  proposed  testing  procedure  to  a  CRT  evaluating  a  behavioral  intervention  program  for  treating  chronic  pain  among  patients  receiving  long-term  opioid  therapy.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aBiostatistics
■650  4▼aStatistics
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aInformation  science
■653    ▼aClinical  trials
■653    ▼aGeneralized  estimating  equation
■653    ▼aHeterogeneous  treatment  effect
■653    ▼aMissing  data
■653    ▼aPropensity  scores
■690    ▼a0308
■690    ▼a0463
■690    ▼a0723
■690    ▼a0573
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bBiostatistics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-05A.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164053▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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